Exam 2 Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
basic emotion (shared by all animals) that involves the fight or flight response of ANS
A
fear
2
Q
complex blend of unpleasant emotion and cognitions that is more oriented to the future and more diffuse than fear
A
anxiety
3
Q
_______ and ________ conditioning play a role in developing anxiety disorders (life experiences)
A
classical and operant
4
Q
fear response in absence of actual threats
A
panic attack
5
Q
Anxiety can be ________ - a problem occurs when it is excessive (hinders ability to function properly)
A
adaptive
6
Q
What 3 criteria define an anxiety disorder?
A
- out of proportion to dangers truly faced
- severe enough to cause distress and/or impairment
- fear response exists even when stimulus is not present
7
Q
characterized by strongly persistent fear triggered by a specific object or situation plus avoidance of the object/situation
A
specific phobia
8
Q
What is the core fear in a specific phobia?
A
situation/object
9
Q
What kind of conditioning maintains a phobia?
A
operant conditioning
10
Q
What are the 5 subtypes of specific phobias?
A
- animal
- natural disaster
- blood-injection-injury
- situational
- other
11
Q
What is the lifetime prevalence of specific phobias?
A
~12%
12
Q
What is the overall gender ratio for specific phobias? What is the gender ratio for animal specific phobias? What about blood-injection-injury specific phobias?
A
Overall: varies
Animal: 90-90% women
BII: Less than 2:1 female to male
13
Q
What is the comorbidity of specific phobias?
A
75% have at least one other specific phobia
14
Q
What is the overall age of onset for specific phobias? What is the average age of onset for animal phobias? Other phobia categories?
A
Overall: varies
Animal: early childhood
Others: adolescence/early adulthood
15
Q
What are the 4 (psychological) behaviorism causal factors of specific phobias?
A
- classical conditioning
- observational learning
- individual differences in life experiences
- operant conditioning
16
Q
What are the 2 psychological causal factors of specific phobias?
A
- behaviorism (learning)
2. evolutionary preparedness
17
Q
What are the 2 biological causal factors of specific phobias?
A
- temperment/personality
2. genetic contribution (modest)
18
Q
What are the 5 different treatment options for specific phobias?
A
- cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- gradual exposure
- flooding
- SUDs (subjective units of distress)
- Medications
19
Q
What are the 2 processes involved in CBT for specific phobias?
A
- exposure therapy (behavioral technique)
2. cognitive restructuring (cognitive technique)
20
Q
What are the 2 commonly used meds for treating specific phobias?
A
- Anti-anxiety meds (not very effective)
2. D-cycloserine (added to exposure therapy)
21
Q
characterized by disabling fears of specific social situations (affects social interactions)
A
social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
22
Q
What is the only subtype of social anxiety disorder?
A
performance only
23
Q
What is the core fear for social anxiety disorder?
A
negative evaluation
24
Q
What treatment is especially helpful for social anxiety disorder?
A
group therapy
25
What is the lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder?
~12%
26
What is the gender ratio for social anxiety disorder?
3:1 to 2:1, female to male
27
```
Comorbidity of social anxiety disorder:
______% have another anxiety disorder
______% have depression
______% abuse alcohol
Higher rates of _______, lower _______
```
>50
~50%
~33%
unemployment; SES
28
What is the age of onset for social anxiety disorder?
mid to late adolescence, early adulthood
29
What are the 3 psychological causal factors of social anxiety disorder?
1. behaviorism
2. cognitive biases
3. perceptions of uncontrollability/unpredictability
30
What are the 2 biological causal factors of social anxiety disorder?
1. temperment/personality (timid/shy)
| 2. genetic contribution (some)
31
What are the 2 common treatments for social anxiety disorder?
CBT and medications
32
what are the two processes involved in CBT for social anxiety disorder?
exposure therapy
| cognitive restructuring
33
What are the 2 common meds used in treatment for social anxiety disorder?
antidepressants and D-cycloserine (paired with CBT)
34
characterized by recurrent panic attacks that come out of the blue and fears about having additional panic attacks
panic disorder
35
What is the core fear of panic disorder?
fear itself (fear of fear)
36
characterized by fear of situations in which escape might be difficult if you have a panic attack (or other embarrassing symptoms)
agoraphobia
37
discrete period of intense fear in which 4 of 10 symptoms develop abruptly and peak within 10 minutes
panic attack
38
characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry about implications of attacks, and/or significant change of behavior
panic disorder
39
What is the typical timing of a person's first panic attack?
frequently follows feelings of stress or highly stressful life circumstances
40
characterized by anxiety about being in precesses where escape may be difficult/embarrassing or where help may not be available if a panic attack (or other situation) occurs; situations are avoided word endured with distress of having a panic attack
agoraphobia
41
What is the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder?
4.7%
42
What is the gender ratio of panic disorder?
2:1 female to male
43
What is the comorbidity of panic disorder?
83% will experience at least one other disorder; other anxiety disorders or 50-70% experience major depression
44
What is the age of onset for panic disorder?
early adulthood
45
What is the course of panic disorder?
chronic, often disabling, symptoms wax and wane
46
What are the 3 biological causal factors of panic disorder?
1. genetic influence (moderate)
2. increased activity in amygdala
3. biochemical abnormalities (dysfunction in noradrenergic and seratonergic activity)
47
What are the 6 psychological causal factors of panic disorder?
1. comprehensive theory of learning (interoceptive/exteroceptive conditioning)
2. cognitive theory
3. anxiety sensitivity
4. perceived control
5. safety behaviors
6. cognitive biases that maintain
48
What are the 2 common treatment methods for panic disorder?
1. medications
| 2. CBT (panic control treatment)
49
What are the 2 common meds used to treat panic disorder?
1. benxodiazepines (Xanex, Klonopin)
| 2. antidepressants (Tricyclics, SSRIs)
50
characterized by excessive and unreasonable anxiety or worry about many different aspects
generalized anxiety disorder
51
What is the core fear for generalized anxiety disorder?
everything (characterized by worry)
52
What is the lifetime and one year prevalence rate for generalized anxiety disorder?
1 year: 3%
| Lifetime: 5.7%
53
What is the gender difference for generalized anxiety disorder?
2:1 female to male
54
What is the age of onset for generalized anxiety disorder?
varies
55
What is the comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder?
often occurs with other mood/anxiety disorders
56
What is the course for generalized anxiety disorder?
tends to be chronic
57
What are the 4 psychological causal factors of generalized anxiety disorder?
1. perceptions of uncontrollability/unpredictibility
2. role of worry
3. worry makes negative experience better
4. cognitive biases for threat
58
What are the 2 biological causal factors of generalized anxiety disorder?
1. genetics (some heritability, predisposition with depression)
2. neurotransmitter and neuro-hormonal abnormalities
59
What are the 2 treatments for generalized anxiety disorder?
1. medications
| 2. CBT
60
What 2 medications are used for generalized anxiety disorder?
1. benzodiaxepines
| 2. antidepressants
61
What are the 2 components of CBT for generalized anxiety disorder?
1. muscle relaxation (meditation)
| 2. cognitive restructuring
62
characterized by unwanted intrusive obsessive thoughts or distressing images; often accompanied by compulsive behaviors to cope with thoughts
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
63
recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are intrusive/inappropriate and cause marked anxiety or distress
obsessions
64
repetitive behaviors or mental acts the individual feels driven to perform, usually in response to an obsession; aimed at preventing or reducing distress or some dreaded event or situation
compulsions
65
What is the one year and lifetime prevalence of OCD?
1 year: 1%
| Lifetime: 2%
66
What is the gender difference for OCD?
1.4 to 1 female to male
67
What is the age of onset for OCD?
late adolescence, early adulthood
68
What is the course of OCD?
gradual onset, chronic, symptom severity waxes and wanes
69
What is the comorbidity of OCD?
frequently co-occurs with mood/anxiety disorders; higher rates of unemployment and divorce
70
What are the 2 psychological causal factors of OCD?
1. learning (Mowrer's 2 process theory of avoidance learning)
2. cognitive factors
71
What are the 3 cognitive factors of OCD?
1. thought suppression
2. appraisals of responsibility for intrusive thoughts
3. cognitive biases/distortions
72
What are the 2 biological causal factors of OCD?
1. genetic
| 2. brain and neurotransmitter abnormalities
73
What are the 2 brain and neurotransmitter abnormalities of OCD?
1. cortico-basal-ganglionic-thalamic circuit (orbitofrontal cortex out of wack)
2. serotonin
74
What are the 2 treatments for OCD?
1. behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapy
| 2. medication
75
What are the 2 components of behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapy for OCD?
1. exposure
| 2. response prevention
76
What kind of medication is used for treatment of OCD?
meds that affect SSRIs
77
characterized by obsessions about perceived/imagined flaws in one's appearance to the point one firmly believes one is disfigured or ugly; usually focused on one particular body area
body dismorphic disorder
78
What are the most common body areas focused on for people with body dismorphic disorder?
1. Hair
2. Nose
3. Skin
79
What is the prevalence of body dimorphic disorder?
1-2% of general population
80
What is the gender ratio for body dismorphic disorder?
men = women
81
What is the age of onset for body dismorphic disorder?
usually adolescence
82
What is the comorbidity of body dismorphic disorder?
depression (50%), suicidal behavior, eating disorders, OCD, psychosis (delusions)
83
What are the 3 causal factors of body dismorphic disorder?
1. personality (neuroticism)
2. difference in visual processing of faces (detail)
3. sociocultural context
4. cognitive style
84
What are the 2 treatments for body dismorphic disorder?
1. antidepressants (SSRIs)
| 2. CBT (focus on distorted perceptions)
85
What are the 2 components of CBT for body dismorphic disorder?
1. exposure
| 2. response prevention
86
How long does the normal grieving process last?
2-6 months
87
At what point do DSM 4 and DSM 5 diagnose someone with depression in relation to the grieving process?
DSM 4: no diagnosis within the first 2 months
| DSM 5: allows depression diagnosis even within first 2 months if criteria are met
88
Is giving birth a risk factor for major depression?
no
89
Is postpartum blues a positive or negative stressor?
positive
90
What are the 4 symptoms of postpartum blues?
1. emotional lability
2. crying easily
3. irritability
4. intermixed happiness
91
50-70% of mothers with postpartum blues experience symptoms within _____ days of giving birth
10
92
What are the 2 types of moods in mood disorders?
mania and depression
93
extreme sadness/gloominess
depressive episodes
94
intense/unrealistic feelings of euphoria
manic/hypomanic episodes
95
disorder in which the person experiences only depressive episodes
unipolar depressive disorder
96
disorder in which the person (usually) experiences both manic and depressive episodes
bipolar disorder
97
characterized by a persistent down/depressed mood occurring often; intense and episodic
major depressive disorder (MDD)
98
What are the 3 categories of symptoms for a major depressive episode (MDE)?
1. emotional
2. physiological/behavioral
3. cognitive
99
In order to be diagnosed with MDD, a person must have experienced at least ____ major depressive episode(s) that cause(s) clinically significant distress and impairment
1
100
MDD characterized by one depressive episode and then a return to normal mood
single episode MDD
101
MDD characterized by two or more MDEs
recurrent MDD
102
How long does a typical MDE last?
6-9 months
103
What is it called when someone with MDD goes more than two months without having a MDE?
remission of symptoms
104
return of MDE symptoms within a short period of time (often happens when meds are discontinued early)
relapse
105
new occurrence of MDD after remission (40-50% of MDD patients)
recurrence
106
The likelihood of recurrence in MDD _____ with the number of MDEs.
increases
107
What are the 5 MDD specifiers?
1. melancholic features
2. psychotic features
3. atypical features
4. catatonic features
5. seasonal pattern
108
What is the 1 year and lifetime prevalence of MDD?
1 year: 7%
| Lifetime: 17%
109
What is the gender ratio of MDD?
2: 1 female to male in adolescence/adulthood
1: 1 male to female in childhood
110
What is the age of onset for MDD?
late adolescence/early adulthood, sometimes childhood and sometimes later adulthood
111
What is the comorbidity for MDD?
relationship with anxiety disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, personality disorders
112
characterized by chronicity; some have mild depressive mood, some meet criteria for MDD the whole time; intermittent normal moods appear briefly but never more than two months; never really reach normal mood, but may never reach severity of MDD
Persistant Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
113
In order to be diagnosed with Persistent Depressive Disorder, the symptoms must last for at least _______, or _____ in children
2 years; 1 year
114
What are the 5 biological causal factors for unipolar mood disorders?
1. genetics (seratonin-transporter gene)
2. Neurochemical factors (monoamine theory of depression, dopamine)
3. Hormonal abnormalities (HPA, HPT axis)
4. neurophysiological factors (asymmetry in prefrontal cortex activity)
5. biological rhythms (sleep, sunlight/seasons)
115
may be related to anhedonia and low positive affect, responsible for pleasure sensation
dopamine
116
What is the HPA axis associated with in depressed patients?
increased cortisol levels; dexamethasone non-suppression
117
What is the HPT axis associated with in depressed patients?
hyperthyroidism associated with depressive symptoms, disturbances associated with mood disorders
118
The ______ prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions and approach motivation while the _____ prefrontal cortex is associated with negative emotions. In depressed patients, the _____ prefrontal cortex is larger than the ______ prefrontal cortex. This can be improved with treatment.
left; right; right; left
119
MDD specifier associated with loss of interest in activities, loss of appetite, less sleep, excessive guilt
melancholic features
120
MDD specifier associated with hallucinations and delusions only during a MDE
psychotic features
121
MDD specifier associated with more sleep, increased appetite, sensitivity to rejection by others, coincides with social anxiety disorder
atypical features
122
MDD specifier associated with psychomotor (bodily movement) and pronounced agitation/muscle rigidity
catatonic features
123
MDD specifier associated with symptoms that happen with the seasons
seasonal pattern
124
What two neurotransmitters are involved in the monoamine theory of depression?
norepinephrine and serotonin (not enough)
125
People with depression typically experience more ____ sleep and less ___ sleep
REM, deep
126
What are the 6 psychological causal factors of unipolar mood disorders?
1. stressful life events
2. personality
3. Beck's Cognitive Model
4. helplessness theory
5. Hopelessness theory
6. Ruminative response styles theory
127
stressful life events that have nothing to do with behavior and personality
independent life events
128
stressful life events that are at least partially generated by behavior or personality
dependent life events
129
______ life events have a stronger association with depression
dependent
130
What personality and trait is associated with depression?
neuroticism; low positive affectivity (lack of positive mood)
131
states that depressogenic schemas (dysfunctional beliefs) lead to negative automatic thoughts; negative cognitive triad (self, future, world) - automatic thoughts revolve around these
Beck's Cognitive Model
132
states that depressed people use internal, stable, and global attributions for everything that happens to them (pessimistic attributional style)
helplessness theory
133
states that helplessness leads to hopelessness; perception that one has no control over what is going to happen and certainty that bad outcomes will occur (hopelessness expectancy)
hopelessness theory
134
people with depression focus intensely on how they feel and why
ruminative response styles theory
135
What are the 5 treatments for MDD?
1. medication
2. ECT
3. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
4. psychotherapy
5. bright light therapy
136
What 3 drugs are used to treat MDD?
1. MAOIs (used for atypical depression)
2. TCAs (high doses can lead to death)
3. SSRIs (takes 3-4 weeks to take effect)
137
What 3 psychotherapy techniques are used to treat someone with MDD?
1. CBT
2. Behavioral Activation (BA)
3. Interpersonal Therapy (IT)
138
elevated, expansive, irritable mood lasting at least one week with at least 3 of the 7 symptoms; causing clinically significant distress, impairment, hospitalization, and/or psychotic features
manic episode
139
follows same criteria as manic episode except it lasts for at least 4 days and is noticeable by others, but not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning
hypomanic episode
140
characterized by the presence or history of one or more manic episodes and clinically significant distress or impairment; history of MDE is not required but is usually present; back and forth in extremes of moods
Bipolar I Disorder
141
characterized by the presence or history of one or more MDEs and one or more hypomanic episodes; no history of manic episode; clinically significant distress/impairment
Bipolar II Disorder
142
characterized by numerous periods of hypomania symptoms and sub-clinical depressive symptoms for two years; no symptom-free periods of two months; no MDE or manic episodes; clinically significant distress/impairment
cyclothymic disorder
143
What is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorders?
2-3%
144
What is the gender ratio of bipolar disorder?
1:1 male to female
145
What is the age of onset for bipolar disorder?
late adolescence/early adulthood (avg. 22)
146
What is the course of bipolar disorder?
episodic
147
What is the comorbidity of bipolar disorder?
substance abuse
148
______ episodes are much shorter than _______ episodes
manic; depressive
149
Depressive episodes of bipolar disorder are (more/less) severe than in unipolar depression.
more
150
Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are ______ than MDD, but there are a ______ number of episodes during the lifetime of the patient (rapid cycling)
shorter; greater
151
What is the prognosis for bipolar disorder?
multiple episodes likely for recurrence
152
What are the 4 biological causal factors for bipolar disorder?
1. genetic factors (one of the most heritable disorders)
2. neurochemical factors (elevated NE and dopamine during manic phases)
3. Hormonal factors (elevated cortisol during depressive episodes, thyroid hormone can precipitate manic episodes)
4. Biological rhythms (sleep pattern disruption can trigger manic episodes)
153
What are the 4 psychological causal factors for bipolar disorder?
1. stressful life events
2. personality (neurotic and risk seeking)
3. cognitive variables (pessimistic attributes)
4. interpersonal processes important (dysfunctional family interactions linked to manic episodes)
154
Prevalence rates of unipolar depression often _____ across countries. There is _____ variability in rates of bipolar disorder. Symptom expression differs across countries.
differ; less
155
What are the 4 treatments for bipolar disorder?
1. medications
2. ECT
3. CBT
4. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (add on to meds)
156
What are the 2 major medications given to patients with bipolar disorder?
1. mood stabilizers (lithium, anticonvulsants)
| 2. antidepressants (SSRIs)
157
thoughts about suicide without harming oneself (52 million each year)
suicide ideation
158
non-fatal injury that is self-inflicted with some degree of intent to die (over 1 million each year)
suicide attempt
159
self-inflicted death (over 40,000 each year; 13 in 100,000 people in US; for every 2 homicide deaths there are 3 suicide deaths; for every 1 AIDS/HIV death there are 2 suicide deaths)
suicide
160
What is the gender ratio of suicide attempts? deaths?
attempts: 3:1 female to male
deaths: 4:1 male to female
161
What age group has more likelihood of death by suicide? 16th leading cause of death; 1 suicide every 97 minutes; 4 attempts for every death
older adults (85+)
162
age group with the highest suicide attempt rates; suicide is 3rd leading cause of death; 1 suicide every 131 minutes; 100-200 suicide attempts for every death
adolescents (teenagers)
163
What are the 3 components of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide?
1. thwarted belongingness
2. perceived burdensomeness
3. acquired capability
164
loneliness and lack of reciprocal care
thwarted belongingness
165
self-hate and liability on others
perceived burdensomeness
166
high pain tolerance and fearlessness about death
acquired capability
167
(men/women) have higher acquired capability
men
168
____% of people that die by suicide were not seen by a mental health professional in the year before death
68
169
What are the 2 general suicide prevention strategies?
1. high risk
| 2. universal
170
suicide prevention strategy focused on just the people who are already known to be at risk
high risk
171
suicide prevention strategy focused on preventing the onset of the disease/condition in everyone
universal
172
Few if any forms of depression occur without _______
anxiety
173
GAD and MDD appear to share ________
genetic diathesis
174
Anxiety more often than not ________ depression
precedes
175
What are the 3 components of the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression?
1. high negative affect (neuroticism) (both anxiety and depression)
2. low positive affect (unique to depression)
3. physiological hyperarousal (unique to anxiety)
176
Anxiety and depression share _________ but differ in ________
helplessness (uncontrollability)
| hopelessness (negative outcome expectancy - only depression)
177
oversensitivity to criticism, social distress, feelings of inferiority and rejection
high negative affect
178
anhedonia, appetite disturbance, crying spells, loneliness, suicidal ideation
low positive affect
179
tension, nervousness, shakiness, panic
physiological hyperarousal
