Exam 1 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
All the neurons in the body located outside the brain and spinal cord; provide sensory and motor connections to and from the central nervous system
A
Peripheral nervous system
2
Q
The brain and spinal cord that together mediate behavior
A
Central nervous system
3
Q
Specialized nerve cell engaged in information processing
A
Neuron
4
Q
Major structure of the brain stem specialized for coordinating and learning skilled movements
A
Cerebellum
5
Q
Central structure of the brain responsible for most unconscious behavior
A
Brainstem
6
Q
Part of the central nervous system encased within the vertebrae that provides most of the connections between the brain and the rest of the body
A
Spinal cord
7
Q
The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances it’s adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury
A
Neuroplasticity
8
Q
An individual capacity to develop into more than one phenotype
A
Phenotypic plasticity
9
Q
Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands
A
Autonomic nervous system
10
Q
Information coming into the central nervous system or one of us part
A
Afferent
11
Q
Information leaving the central nervous system are one of its parts
A
Efferent
12
Q
Three layers of protective tissue in case the brain and spinal cord
A
Meninges
13
Q
What are the three layers of the meninges
A
Dura Mater, arachnoid, and Pia Mater
14
Q
Located near or toward the front of the Animal or the front of the head
A
Anterior, frontal, or rostral
15
Q
Located near or toward the tail of an animal
A
Caudal and posterior
16
Q
Cut vertically from the crown of the head down; used in reference to the plane of a brain section that reveals a frontal view
A
Coronal
17
Q
On or toward the back of the animal or in reference to human brain nuclei located above in reference to brain sections, a viewing orientation from above
A
Dorsal
18
Q
Cut along the horizon ; used in reference to the plane of a brain section that reveals a dorsal view
A
Horizontal
19
Q
Located below
A
Inferior
20
Q
Toward the side of the body or brain
A
Lateral
21
Q
Toward the middle, specifically the body’s midline; in reference to brain sections, a side view of the central structures
A
Medial
22
Q
Cut lengthwise from front to back of the skull; the plane that reveals a view into the brain from the side
A
Sagittal
23
Q
A cut that divides the brain into symmetrical halves; reveals a medial view
A
Midsagittal
24
Q
On or toward the belly or the side of the animal where the belly is located; in reference to brain nuclei, located below
A
Ventral
25
all the spinal and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the central nervous system from the muscles, joints and skin also transmits outgoing motor instructions that produce movement
Somatic nervous system
26
Clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that fills the ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
27
Thin, heavily folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is the outer layer of the forebrain
Cerebral cortex
28
Part of the cerebral cortex that functions in connection with hearing, language, and musical abilities
Temporal lobe
29
Part of the cerebral cortex often generally characterized as performing the brain's executive functions such as decision making
Frontal lobe
30
Part of the cerebral cortex that functions to direct movements toward a goal or to perform a task such as grasping an object
Parietal lobe
31
Part of the cerebral cortex for visual processing begins
Occipital lobe
32
A small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex
gyrus
33
A groove in brain matter, usually a groove found in the neocortex or cerebellum
Sulcus
34
Sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely interrupted blood flow to the brain
Stroke
35
Areas of the nervous system composed predominately of the cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that function either to collect and modify information or to support this activity
Gray matter
36
Areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connections between brain cells
White matter
37
One of four cavities in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and may play a role in maintaining brain metabolism
Ventricle
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Band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication between them
Corpus callosum
39
Group of cells forming a cluster that can be identified with special stains to form a functional grouping
Nucleus
40
Large collection of axons coursing together outside the central nervous system
Nerve
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Large collection of axons course in together within the central nervous system
Tract
42
Evolutionarily The oldest part of the brain contains the pons, medulla, reticular formation and cerebellum
Hindbrain
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Midbrain area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed a net like appearance
Reticular formation
44
Central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing as well as orienting movements
Midbrain
45
Roof area above the ventricle of the midbrain
Tectum
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Floor area below the ventricle of the midbrain
Tegmentum
47
Movement related to sensory inputs such as turning the head to see the source of the sound
Orienting movements
48
The between brain that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex
Diencephalon
49
Diencephalon structure that contains many nuclei associated with temperature regulation, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
Hypothalamus
50
Diencephalon structure through which information from all sensory systems is integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neo cortex
Thalamus
51
Evolutionarily the newest part of the brain
Forebrain
52
Brain structure that coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning,
Forebrain
53
Newest outer layer of the forebrain composed of bout six layers of gray matter; creates our reality
Neocortex or cerebral cortex
54
Subcortical forebrain nuclei that coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body; connects to the thalamus and to the midbrain
Basal Ganglia
55
Disorder of the nervous system correlated with a loss of dopamine in the brain and characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity, and a reduction in voluntary movement
Parkinson's disease
56
Disorder of the basal ganglia characterized by tics, involuntary vocalizations and odd, involuntary movements of the head and body, especially the face.
Tourette's Syndrome
57
Forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviors and certain forms of memory: includes cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, among other structures
Limbic system
58
One of a set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and internal organs
Cranial nerves
59
The bone that form the spinal column
Vertebrae
60
Body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord
Dermatome
61
The general principal that sensory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally
Law of bell and megendie
62
Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for action, such as mediating the fight-or-flight response to alarm by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure
Sympathetic division
63
Part of the autonomic nervous system that acts to reverse the alarm response and prepare the body to relax
parasympathetic division
64
Increase in the activity of a neuron or brain area
excitation
65
Decrease in the activity of a neuron or brain area
inhibition
66
Core region of the cell containing the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins
cell body or soma
67
Branching extension of a neuron's cell membrane that greatly increases the surface area of the cell and collects information from other cells
dendrites
68
single fiber of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons
axon
69
Protrusion from a dendrite that greatly increases the dendrite's surface area and is the usual point of dendritic contact with the axons of other cells
dendritic spine
70
Junction of soma and axon where the action potential begins
Axon hillock
71
Branch of an axon
Axon collateral
72
Knob at the tip of an axon that conveys information to other neurons
terminal button
73
Junction between one neuron and another that forms the information transfer site between neuron
synapse
74
Neuron that carries incoming information from the sensory receptors into the spinal cord and brain
Sensory neuron
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Association neuron interposed between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
interneuron
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type of neuron that constitutes most of the neurons in the brain
interneuron
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Neuron that carries information from the brain and spinal columns to make muscles contract
motor neuron
78
Sensory neuron with one axon and on dendrite
bipolar neuron
79
Brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord
somatosensory neuron
80
Distinctive interneuron found in the cerebral cortex
pyramidal cell
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Distinctive interneuron found in the cerebellum
Purkinje cell
82
Nervous-system cell that provides insulation, nutrients, and support and that aids in repairing neurons and eliminating waste products
glial cell
83
Glial cell that makes and secretes cerebrospinal fluid: found on the walls of the ventricles in the brain
ependymal cells
84
Mass of new tissue that grows uncontrolled and independent of surrounding structures
tumor
85
Buildup of pressure in the brain, and in infants, swelling of the head caused if the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked
hydrocephalus
86
Star-shaped glial cell that provides structural support to neurons in the central nervous system and transports substances between neurons and blood vessels
astrocytes
87
Tight junction between the cells that compose blood vessels in the brain, providing a barrier to the entry of an array of substances, including toxins, into the brain
blood-brain barrier
88
Glial cells that originate in the blood, aid in cell repair, and scavenge debris in the nervous system
microglia
89
Glial coating that surrounds axons in the central and peripheral nervous system
mylin
90
Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron more likely to produce an action potential.
EPSP / Excitatory post synaptic potential
91
Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron less likely to produce an action potential.
IPSP/ inhibitory postsynaptic potential
92
Graded potentials that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summed
Temporal summation
93
Graded potentials that occur at approximately the same location and time on a membrane are summed
Spatial summation
94
Individual characteristics that can be seen or measured
Phenotype
95
Particular genetic makeup of an individual
Genotype
96
Differences in gene expression related to environment experience
Epigenetics
97
Collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain
Ganglia
98
Animal that has both a brain and the spinal cord
Chordate
99
Glial cells in the central nervous system that myelinate axons
Oligodendroglia
100
Glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that myelinates sensory and motor axons
Schwann cell
101
Nervous system disorder that results from the loss of myelin around nerves
Multiple sclerosis
102
Loss of sensation and movement due to nervous system injury
Paralysis
103
Membranous structure that packages protein molecules for transport
Golgi body
104
Sacs containing enzymes that break down wastes
Lysosomes
105
Thread like fibers making up much of the cells skeleton
Microfilaments
106
Structure containing the chromosomes and genes
Nucleus
107
Membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear membrane
108
Structure that gathers, stores, and releases energy
Mitochondria
109
Folded layers of membrane where proteins are assembled
Endoplasmic reticulum
110
Fluid in which the cells internal structures are suspended
Intracellular fluid
111
Tiny tube that transports molecules and helps give the cell its shape
Tubule
112
Membrane surrounding the cell
Cell membrane
113
Opening in a protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows the passage of ions
Channel
114
Protein embedded in a cell membrane that allows substances to pass through the membrane on some occasions, but not on others
Gate
115
Protein in the cell membrane that actively transports a substance across the membrane
Pump
116
Passage of an electrical current from the uninflated tip of an electrode through tissue resulting in changes in the electrical activity of the tissue
Electrical stimulation
117
Movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through random motion
Defusion
118
Differences in concentration of a substance among regions of a container that allow the substance to diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Concentration gradient
119
Difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected
Voltage gradient
120
Electrical charge across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation; a store of potential energy produced by a greater negative charge on the intracellular side relative to the extracellular side
Resting potential
121
Small voltage fluctuation in the cell membrane restricted to the vicinity on the axon where ion concentrations change to cause a brief increase or decrease in electrical charge across the cell membrane
Graded potential
122
Increase in electrical charge across a membrane usually due to the inward flow of chloride or sodium ions or the outward flow of potassium ions
Hyperpolarization
123
Decrease in electrical charge across a membrane usually due to the inward flow of sodium ions
Depolarization
124
Large, brief reversal in the polarity of an axon
Action potential
125
Voltage on a neural membrane at which an action potential is triggered by the opening of sodium and potassium voltage sensitive channels
Threshold potential
126
How many millivolts difference from inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is the threshold potential
-50 mV
127
Gated protein channel that opens or closes only at specific membrane voltages
Voltage sensitive channel
128
Refers to the state of an axon in the repolarizing period During which a new action potential cannot be elicited because gate two of sodium channels, which is not voltage sensitive, is closed
Absolute refractory
129
Refers to the state of an axon in the latter phase of an action potential during which increased electrical current is required to produce another action potential A phase in which potassium channels are still open
Relative refractory
130
Propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon
Nerve impulse
131
The part of an axon that is not covered by myelin
node of ranvier
132
Propagation of an action potential at successive nodes of ranvier
Salvatore conduction
133
Reverse movement of an action potential into the dendritic field of a neuron
Back propagation
134
Ion channel on a tactile sensory neuron that activates in response to stretching of the membrane initiating a nerve impulse
Stretch sensitive channel
135
On a muscle, the receptor-ion complex that is activated by the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron
End plate
136
Receptor complex that has both a receptor site for a chemical and a pore through which ions can flow
Transmitter sensitive channel
137
First neurotransmitter discovered in the peripheral and central nervous system activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system and may either excite or inhibit internal organs in the autonomic system
Acetylcholine
138
Chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Epinephrine
139
Neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system accelerates heart rate in mammals
Norepinephrine
140
Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect
Neurotransmitter
141
Amine neurotransmitter that plays a role in coordinating movement,in attention, and learning and behaviors that are reinforcing
Dopamine
142
Organelle consisting of a membrane structure that encloses a quantum of neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicle
143
Gap that separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
144
Large compartment that hold synaptic vesicles
Storage granule
145
Contains receptor molecules that receive chemical messages
Postsynaptic membrane
146
Site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds
Postsynaptic receptor
147
The four steps of neural transmission
1) synthesis: some neurotransmitters are transported from the cell nucleus to the terminal button, others made from building blocks imported into the terminal are packaged into vesicles
2) release: in response to an action potential the transmitter is released across the membrane by exocytosis
3) receptor action: the transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor
4) Inactivation: the transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft
148
Junction at which messenger molecules are released when stimulated by an action potential
Chemical synapse
149
Membrane on the transmitter – output side of the synapse
Presynaptic membrane
150
Membrane on the transmitter input side of the synapse
Postsynaptic membrane
151
Membranous compartment that hold several vesicles containing a neurotransmitter
Storage granule
152
Fused pre-junction and post junction cell membrane in which connected ion channels form a poor that allows ions to pass directly from one neuron to the next
Gap junction or electrical synapse
153
Protein molecule that pumps substances across a membrane
Transporter
154
Four ways of neurotransmitter deactivation
Diffusion
Degradation by enzymes
Reuptake into the pre-synaptic axon terminal
Glial uptake
155
Synapse in which dendrites send messages to other dendrites
Dendrodendritic
156
The type of synapse in which an axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another
Axodendritic
157
A type of synapse in which the terminal end has no specific target and secretes transmitter into the extracellular fluid
Axoextracellular
158
A type of synapse in which the axon terminal ends on a cell body
Axosomatic
159
A type of a synapse in which the axon terminal ends on another terminal
Axosynaptic
160
Type of synapse in which axon terminal ends on another axon
axoaxonic
161
Type of synapse in which the axon terminal ends on tiny blood vessels and secretes transmitter directly into the blood
Axosecretory
162
Protein that has a binding site for a specific neurotransmitter and is embedded in the membrane of a cell
Transmitter activated receptor
163
Self receptor in a neural membrane that response to the transmitter released by the neuron
Autoreceptor
164
Amount of neurotransmitter, equivalent to the contents of a single synaptic vesicle, that produces a just observable change in postsynaptic electric potential
Quantum
165
Deactivation of a neurotransmitter when membrane transporter proteins bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic axon terminal for subsequent reuse
Reuptake
166
Four criteria for identifying a neurotransmitter
1) produced by the body/endogenous
2) release due to an action potential/Ca2+ dependent release
3) removed from the synapse by an active process
4) produces an observable effect at relatively small concentrations
167
Small molecule neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, glycine
168
Peptide neurotransmitters
Opioids, neurohypophyseals, secretins, insulins, gastrins, somatostatins, corticosteroids
169
Neurotransmitter that controls arousal and waking; can cause the constriction of smooth muscles and so, when activated in allergic reactions, contributes to asthma, a construction of the airways
Histamine
170
Any enzyme that is in limited supply, thus restricting the pace at which a chemical can be synthesized
Rate limiting factor
171
On the neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and aggression, appetite and arousal, the perception of pain, and respiration
Serotonin
172
Amino acid neurotransmitter that excites neurons
Glutamate
173
Amino acid neurotransmitter that inhibits the neurons
GABA
174
Multifunctional chain of amino acids that acts as a neurotransmitter
Neuropeptide
175
Gas that acts as a chemical neurotransmitter to dilate blood vessels, aid digestion, and activate cellular metabolism
Nitric oxide
176
Gas that acts as a neurotransmitter in the activation of cellular metabolism
Carbon monoxide
177
Embedded membrane protein that acts as a binding site for a neurotransmitter, and a pore that regulates ion flow to directly and rapidly change membrane voltage
ionotropic receptor
178
Embedded membrane protein, with a binding site for a neurotransmitter but no pore, linked to a G protein that can affect other receptors or act with second messengers to affect other cellular processes
metabotropic receptor
179
Chemical that carries a message to initiate a biochemical process when activated by a neurotransmitter
Second messenger
180
Neuron that uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter
Cholinergic neuron
181
Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a single neurotransmitter
Activating system
182
Learning behavior in which a response to a stimulus weakens with repeated stimulus presentation
Habituation
183
Learning behavior in which the response to a stimulus strengthens with repeated presentations of that stimulus
Sensitization
