Exam 1 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
One of the main features of the ___ stage of prenatal development is rapid cell division
A) Embryonic
B) Germinal
C) Fetal
A
B) Germinal
2
Q
In the video we watched in class, babies lose the ability to distinguish one lemur face from another lemur face, but become better at distinguishing one human face from another human face because of \_\_. A) Synaptogenesis B) Myelination C) Transient Exuberance D) Synaptic pruning
A
D) Synaptic Pruning
3
Q
Sharif loves motor vehicles. He used to call everything 'truck' but now he can name buses, trucks, and loaders. In being able to distinguish between different types of vehicles, Sharif is primarily using the process of \_\_. A) Disequilibrium B) Assimilation C) Accommodation D) Cognitive Dissonance
A
C) Accommodation
4
Q
In Piaget’s theory, which of the following statements about disequilibrium is true?
A) It should be avoided as it causes confusion
B) It is generally found in children over two years
C) It prompts cognitive growth
D) It counters the effects of over-assimilation
A
C) It prompts cognitive growth
5
Q
Kellan is 7 months old. When his mom hides her keys under the sofa cushion, he pulls the cushion aside and finds them; but, when she hides them under the blanket on the sofa, he cannot find them. Kellan’s behavior suggests that:
A) He has no concept of object permanence
B) He has some sort of developmental delay
C) He partially understands object permanence
D) He is unable to process information
A
C) He partially understands object permanence
6
Q
Carolyn Rovee-Colier’s research on infant memory.. _____
A) supports Piaget’s description of the sensorimotor stage.
B) showed that 3 month old infants can remember events after a month.
C) provided evidence that questioned Piaget’s description of the sensorimotor stage.
D) was flawed because infants were given a reminder.
A
C) provided evidence that questioned Piaget’s description of the sensorimotor stage.
7
Q
Ryland is 9 months old. When a yogurt is put in front of him, Ryland puts his fingers in and then puts them in his mouth. When he gets his hands on his mother’s face cream, he does the same thing. This is an example of:
A) Assimilation
B) Accomodation
A
A) Assimilation
8
Q
20 month old Kaede says ‘Da’ when she sees her Dad. She used to call all men ‘Da’ but now when she sees the mailman, she says ‘man’. This is an example of:
A) Accommodation
B) Assimilation
A
A) Accommodation
9
Q
Sharif knows what a horse is and when he sees horses, he points at them and says ‘horsey!’.. Sharif goes to the zoo and sees a camel. He points to it and says ‘lumpy horse!’ This is an example of
A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
A
B) Accommodation
10
Q
Landon is 9 months old. His mom, Heather is never really sure why Landon cries. Heather doesn't play or talk much with Landon. It seems that Landon and Heather lack \_\_\_\_. A) Interactional Synchrony B) Social referencing C) Attatchment behaviors D) Proximity seeking
A
A) Interactional Synchrony
11
Q
Which of the following is the most important factor in successful learning?
A) The intention and desire to learn
B) Paying close attention to what you learn
C) What you think about while studying
D) Learning in a way that matches your own learning style
A
C) What you think about while studying
12
Q
Tatyana McFadden's mother and her coaches shared a vision that Tatyana could become a great athelete. The relationship between Tatyana's mother and her coaches is an example of the influence of the \_\_\_ on her life. A) Chronosystem B) Exosystem C) Microsystem D) Mesosystem
A
D) Mesosystem
13
Q
In the Engelhardt et al study about the impact of video games on aggression, the Independent Variable was the
A) loudness of the noise participants could blast as losing opponents
B) type of video game played before playing with an opponent
C) whether participants were in the room with their opponents
D) length of time the participants blasted a loud noise at losing opponents
A
B) type of video game played before playing with an opponent
14
Q
Which of the following was a Dependent Variable in Engelhardt et al’s study?
A) how quickly the game with opponents was played
B) type of video game played
C) game played with the opponent
D) length of the time the participants blasted a loud noise at the opponents
A
D) length of the time the participants blasted a loud noise at the opponents
15
Q
Dr. Lyons wants to find out how year in college affects motivation. She recruits a group of first years and measures their motivation each year that they are in college, up to graduation. This is an example of a \_\_ study. A) Cross-Sectional B) Cross-sequential C) Longitudinal D) Lengthwise
A
C) Longitudinal
16
Q
Milleth and Eugene noticed that their daughter Keilah hummed while she played. They decided to enroll her in music lessons. As it turned out, Keilah seemed to have a natural aptitude for music. This is an example of __ gene-environment interaction.
A) Active
B) Passive
C) Evocative
A
C) Evocative
17
Q
Milleth and Eugene both like music and thought it would be good for their son Kaleb to take music lessons. As it turned out, Kaleb seemed to have a natural aptitude for music. This is an example of __ gene-environment interaction.
A) Active
B) Passive
C) Evocative
A
B) Passive
18
Q
Matt took every opportunity to play any instruments he could. He asked to try out for band. As it turned out Matt seemed to have a natural aptitude for music. This is an example of __ gene-environment interaction.
A) Active
B) Passive
C) Evocative
A
A) Active
19
Q
The process of \_\_ speeds up the transmission of neural impulses down the axon of the neuron. A) Synaptogenesis B) Myelination C) Synaptic Pruning D) Myelin atrophy
A
B) Myelination
20
Q
Which of the following statements about babbling in infancy is true?
A) If an infant under age 1 year babbles, it means she/he has a language delay
B) Only infants in English-speaking countries babble
C) Babbling in infancy is found in all cultures and all languages
D) Children who have strong linguistic skills in early childhood generally did not babble as infants.
A
C) Babbling in infancy is found in all cultures and all languages
21
Q
What is the first step in the development of attatchment? A) Orientation to people in general B) Attachment to the mother C) Orientation to some people D) Attachment to caregivers
A
C) Orientation to some people
22
Q
Raelynn is 18 months old. She is at the mall with her mother. They meet a work colleague of her mother who bends down to say 'Hi' to Raelynn. Raelynn is unsure how to react and looks at her mother before responding. This is an example of: A) social referencing B) stranger anxiety C) interactional dissonance D) attachment insecurity
A
A) Social Referencing
23
Q
Which of the following statements is true?
A) The Strange Situation paradigm is only valid in North America
B) The Strange Situations paradigm is the best measure of attachment
C) The Strange Situation paradigm can be used to measure attachment in conjunction with other measures
D) The Strange Situation paradigm is equally valid as a measure of attachment in all cultures
A
C) The Strange Situation paradigm can be used to measure attachment in conjunction with other measures
24
Q
Kagan measures children’s reaction to the mobile when they are babies and then measure their reactions to other stimuli when they are older. He then sees whether their earlier reactions are related to their later reactions. What kind of study is this?
A) Experimental
B) Correlational
C) Naturalistic Observation
A
B) Correlational
25
```
Because Kairi's early attachment pattern was insecure-ambivalent, she is anxious in her current relationships. She seems to expect that people will let her down. Kairi's expectations of others are part of her:
A) Behavioral Response System
B) Internal Working Model
C) Attachment Seeking Behaviors
D) Social Referencing Model
```
B) Internal Working Model
26
```
__ refers to our genetic composition and the __ refers to the observable characteristics of a person.
A) Phenotype; Apparition
B) Genotype; Phenotype
C) Phenotype; Genotype
D) Apparition; Genotype
```
B) Genotype; Phenotype
27
Which of the following statements about race is correct?
A) There are distinct genetic differences between human beings of different races
B) Human beings cannot be divided into genetically distinct races
C) Race is a social construction because it is based on physical appearance
D) Ethnicity is a social construct, but race is not
B) Human beings cannot be divided into genetically distinct races
28
```
___ are made up of segments of DNA called ___.
A) Cells; Genes
B) Genes; Cells
C) Genes; Chromosomes
D) Chromosomes; Genes
```
D) Chromosomes; Genes
29
According to Stephen Chew. which of the following is the most important factor in successful learning?
A) The intention and desire to learn
B) Paying close attention to what you learn
C) Learning in a way that matches your own learning style
D) What you think about while studying
D) What you think about while studying
30
```
The method Piaget used in studying Jacqueline's behavior is:
A) Naturalistic Experimentation
B) Naturalistic Observation
C) Experiment Analysis
D) Quasi-experimental
```
B) Naturalistic Observation
31
Randy is 12 months old. He grabs an orange from the fruit basket and tries to bounce it like a ball. This is an example of:
A) Assimilation
B) Accomodation
A) Assimilation
32
Leilah used to drink from a bottle. The first time she tried a sippy cup, she tried to suck it like it was a bottle. Now, she has learned to drink differently. Leilah's learning is an example of:
A) Assimilation
B) Accommodation
B) Accommodation
33
```
The lack or resources in the Russian orphanage that Tatyana McFadden was born in is an example of the impact of the:
A) Microsystem
B) Macrosystem
C) Exosystem
D) Chronosystem
```
C) Exosystem
34
```
Researchers at John Hopkins University found that young children who had half of their brain remover could still function. This was because the other half of their brain adapted and took over some of the functions of the missing half. This is an example of the development as ___.
A) Plastic
B) Relative
C) Multi-contextual
D) Ideational
```
A) Plastic
35
```
To investigate the impact of college on later career choices, Dr. Kranky recruited students in 1970, 1985, and 2000. He then followed the progress of these three groups of students over the next 15 years. This is an example of a __ study.
A) Longitudinal
B) Cross-Sequential
C) Cross-Sectional
D) Historical
```
B) Cross-Sequential
36
Which of the following statements about the use of the concept of the race is true?
A) Race is based on proven genetic distinctions between groups of people
B) Recognizing race can be important in forming identity
C) Ethnicity is a social construction but race isn't
D) Some scholars argue that the inclusion of race and ethnicity as separate categories on the U.S. census discourages stereotyping
B) Recognizing race can be important in forming identity
37
If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that:
A) Intelligence is inherited
B) More intelligent parents provide their children with greater opportunities than do less intelligent parents
C) The intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated
D) All of these statements are correct
C) The intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated
38
```
To investigate the impact of feedback on test performance, researchers gave students negative and positive feedback and measured the impact it had on their test results. In this research, the independent variable was:
A) The type of feedback
B) The test results
C) The type of student
D) The negative feedback
```
A) The type of feedback
39
```
The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another is called a:
A) Synapse
B) Myelin
C) Glia
D) Neurotransmitter
```
A) Synapse
40
Research indicates that the IQ of identical twins is more similar than the IQ of fraternal twins. This research suggests that:
A) IQ is not influenced by genetics
B) Environment has very little to do with IQ
C) IQ is influenced by genetics
D) Identical twins are smarter than fraternal twins.
C) IQ is influenced by genetics
41
```
Maya's parents are both artists. They decide to enroll Maya into an art class. As it turns out, Maya is also good at art. This is an example of a __ gene-environment interaction.
A) Active
B) Reactive
C) Passive
D) Evocative
```
C) Passive
42
```
Auggie's family has a pet rabbit. When Auggie goes to visit his friend Ava's house, Ava's family has a hamster. Auggie points at the hamster and says 'Rabbit!'. This is an example of:
A) Accommodation
B) Dissonance
C) Assimilation
D) Deconstruction
```
C) Assimilation
43
```
Sally can lift her bottle with one hand, but when she reaches for her beaker, she has learned to use two hands. This is an example of:
A) Disassociation
B) Assimilation
C) Accommodation
D) Decentration
```
C) Accommodation
44
```
When Jasmine plays with her toy dog, she squeezes it. When she plays with the family's real dog, she strokes him. This is an example of:
A) Assimilation
B) Disassociation
C) Deconstruction
D) Accommodation
```
D) Accommodation
45
```
Which theory of language development is supported by research?
A) Behaviorism
B) Sociocultural Theory
C) Chomsky's Theory
D) All three theories
```
D) All three theories
46
```
Emotions like shame and pride:
A) emerge very early in infancy
B) are influenced by culture
C) only become evident after age 2 years
D) are reactive in nature
```
B) are influenced by culture
47
```
In the video that we watched in class, the process whereby brain growth is encouraged by care-givers' response to babies is called:
A) Push and Pull
B) Serve and Return
C) Act and interact
D) Back and Forth
```
B) Serve and Return
48
```
Danny is 10 months old. Her care-giver plays with him by traditional games like peek-a-boo. Psychological research would predict that this care-giver is:
A) Danny's mother
B) Danny's father
C) Either Danny's mother or dad.
D) Not one of Laura's parents
```
A) Danny's mother
49
```
In the Strange Situation experiment, Zephyr's behavior is bizarre. He is very cautious when he is in the room with his mother, when she leaves he just sits and stare, when she returns he screams and throws things. Zephyr's attachment pattern can be described as:
A) Secure
B) Insecure-Avoidant
C) Insecure-Resistant
D) Insecure disorganized
```
D) Insecure disorganized
50
```
In the Strange Situation experiment, Meghan plays happily when she is in the room with her mother, continues playing when her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Meghan's attachment pattern can be described as:
A) Secure
B) Insecure-Avoidant
C) Insecure-Resistant
D) Insecure disorganized
```
B) Insecure-Avoidant
51
```
According to Erikson, toddlers who do not establish control over their own bodies will develop:
A) Trust
B) Shame
C) Mistrust
D) Autonomy
```
B) Shame
52
When mothers are employed outside of the home:
A) children become aggressive because their mothers are not at home
B) research in the U.S. suggests that children benefit
C) mothers spend a lot less time playing with their infants
D) mothers spend more time with their adult partners and less time with their children.
B) research in the U.S. suggests that children benefit
53
Developmental Theory
A systematic sense of principles and generalizations that provide a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow
54
Cross-Sectional
People within a certain age range/cohort
55
Allele
Variation of a gene
56
Genotype
Genetic Composition
57
Phenotype
Physical manifestation of your genetic composition
58
Social Construction
An idea based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality
59
Germinal Period
First 2 weeks of life; time of rapid cell growth
60
Embryonic Period
2-8 weeks; beginning of brain development; most vulnerable stage
61
Fetal Period
9 weeks - birth
62
Teratogenic
Any physical condition/agent that can hurt prenatal development
63
Synaptic pruning
Unused synapses die off
64
Synaptogenesis
Process of forming synapses; growing dendrites and creating connections
65
Colic
Uncontrollable crying
66
Social smile
6 weeks
67
Laughter/curiosity
3 months
68
Crying/contentment
Birth
69
```
U.S. time zones were created so that train timetables from one town to the next could be synced. Time zones could be considered as
A) a reified (real) tool
B) a cultural tool
C) a natural phenomenon
D) an objective phenomenon
```
B) a cultural tool
70
```
In early childhood, young children's desire to do things for themselves is a sign of their growing need for
A) guilt
B) autonomy
C) trust
D) initiative
```
D) initiative
71
Which of the following statements about effortful control in early childhood is accurate?
A) effortful control in early childhood causes greater self-control in adulthood
B) People who demonstrate effortful control in early childhood tend to be more helpful later in life
C) Effortful control early on in life predicts levels of conscientiousness in adult women but not in men.
D) People who demonstrate effortful control in early life tend to experience anxiety problems in adulthood
B) People who demonstrate effortful control in early childhood tend to be more helpful later in life
72
```
Dr. Rothstein believes that children acquire gender roles by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Dr Rothstein subscribes to the __- view of gender role development
A) psychoanaytic
B) learning
C) humanistic
D) evolutionary
```
B) learning
73
```
Elvira never knows what is going on in her children's lives and does not really care. Elvira's parenting style is best described as
A) permissive
B) neglectful
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative
```
B) neglectful
74
```
Gene explains to his children that if they do no put their toys away, they cannot watch their tv show. When they get upset that they cannot watch the show, Gene says 'I know you are upset but that's the rule'. Gene is demonstrating a(n) __ parenting style
A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) neglectful
```
C) Authoritative
75
```
When Maria's children get into trouble in school, Maria says 'After everything I have done for you, how could you be so ungrateful!' Maria is using __ to manage her children's behavior
A) psychological control
B) induction
C) psychological rewards
D) tangible rewards
```
A) psychological control
76
Which of the following can be concluded from Varela et al's comparison of the parenting styles of Mexican descent immigrant parents, Mexican parents and Caucasian parents (not of Mexican descent)
A) Parents from the same culture all parent the same way
B) Culture is the determining factor in parenting style
C) Culture has little impact on parenting style
D) Culture and context interact in influencing parenting style
D) Culture and context interact in influencing parenting style
77
```
When it comes to the abilities of younger children, Piaget __ what children can do.
A) underestimated
B) overestimated
C) was completely accurate
D) was completely innaccurate
```
A) underestimated
78
Martin Hughes (1975) study in which young children could successfully hide a boy doll from a policeman doll demonstrated that children were __ Piaget thought.
A) more egocentric
B) less egocentric
C) just as egocentric as
B) less egocentric
79
```
Vygotsky's belief that we build our knowledge in conjunction with other people is called
A) Constructivism
B) Social Constructivism
C) Culturalism
D) Socio-culturalism
```
B) Social Constructivism
80
Milleth is helping her son Kaleb build a volcano for his science project. She asks him questions about how he is going to build it and gives him help as he needs it, pulling back when he becomes more competent. A Vygotskyan educator would say that
A) Milleth should tell Kaleb exactly what to do if he is to learn
B) Milleth is using the right approach
C) Milleth should let Kaleb do the whole project on his own
D) No matter what Milleth does, Kaleb will only be able to do the project if he is smart enough
B) Milleth is using the right approach
81
```
According to Erikson when toddlers get a sense of control over their bodies they develop a sense of __.
A) Trust
B) Mistrust
C) Autonomy
D) Doubt
```
C) Autonomy
82
```
According to Erikson, if infants can rely on their caregivers, they develop a sense of
A) Trust
B) Mistrust
C) Shame
D) Autonomy
```
A) Trust
83
```
Increased connections between the limbic system of the brain and the prefrontal cortex enables children in early childhood to
A. recognize faces
B. learn language
C. improve motor skills
D. control emotions
```
D) control emotions
84
```
Dr Rothstein believes that children acquire gender roles by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Dr Rothstein subscribes to the _____ view of gender role development
A. Psychoanalytic
B. Learning
C) Humanistic
D) Evolutionary
```
B) Learning
85
Dr Nassir wants to study how friendships change as people get older. He selects a group of 8 yr olds, a group of 10yr olds and a group of 12yr olds and compares friendship patterns between the groups. He then tests these groups 2 years, 4 years and 6 years later. At each time point he compares how the groups have changed over time and how they compare with the other groups. This is an example of a ____ study.
A. Cross-sectional
B. Longitudinal
C. Cross-sequential
C) Cross-sequential
86
```
Piaget’s A-not-B task measured children’s
understanding of
A. Assimilation.
B. Object
permanence.
C. Symbols.
D. Perceptual
constancy.
```
B) Object Permanence
87
When 2 year old Jamal goes to the park with his
father, he points at a squirrel and says ‘monkey’. His father says ‘no, that’s a squirrel’. According to Piaget,
this conversation with his father could lead Jamal to experience
A. Disequilibrium.
B. Equilibrium.
C. Deferred imitation.
D. Equalization
A. Disequilibrium.
88
```
By the end of the sensorimotor stage of development, children understand object permanence. This is significant because it shows that
A. children can mentally
represent objects.
B. children are no longer
afraid of strangers.
C. children can think
logically.
D. children can co-
ordinate their senses and their actions
```
A. children can mentally
| represent objects.
89
```
As children get older, their temper tantrums tend to decrease, partially because of the development of their
A. Hippocampus.
B. Prefrontal cortex.
C. Amygdala.
D. Corpus callosum.
```
B) Prefrontal Cortex
90
When the little girl in this clip thinks that two halves of the Graham cracker are the same as two whole Graham crackers, is she in equilibrium?
A. Yes
B. No
UNSURE
91
```
What is the name of the method that we see being used in this video clip – it was a method commonly used by Piaget?
A. Clinical
assessment
B. Naturalistic
observation
C. Clinical interview
D. Naturalistic
experiment
```
C) Clinical Interview
92
```
B B B B B
RRRRR
What answer would Piaget expect a child in the preoperational stage to give?
A. There are more
red counters
B. There are more
blue counters
C. They are the same
```
B) There are more blue counters
93
```
McGarrigle and Donaldson found that when the teddy moved the counters, children were more likely to give the correct answer. This result
A. supports Piaget’s ideas
about pre-operational children.
B. questions Piaget’s
ideas about pre-operational children.
C. does not tell us
anything about
children‘s thinking.
D. shows that these
children lack object
permanence.
```
B) questions Piaget's ideas about pre-operational children
94
```
The biological events that begin puberty are governed by the HPA and HPG axes. In these axis the hypothalamus sends a signal to the ___ gland.
A. Positronic
B. Pituitary
C. Pineal
D. Phallic
```
B. Pituitary
95
```
Which of the following US ethnic groups have the lowest median age of menarche according to Chumleaet al (2003)?
A. European Americans
B. Asian Americans
C. African Americans
D. Mexican
Americans
```
C. African Americans
96
```
When faced with Piaget’s balance scale
problem, people in formal operations are most likely to
A. figure out the answer
using trial and error
B. figure out a rule for
solving the problem by testing hypotheses
C. give illogical answers to
the problem
D. give up on trying to find
an answer
```
B. figure out a rule for
| solving the problem by testing hypotheses
97
```
Kayleigh joined the same sorority that her mother and grandmother joined. She says
‘its just what we do’ Kayleigh is showing
evidence of
A. Identity
foreclosure.
B. Moratorium.
C. Identity
achievement.
D. Identity diffusion.
```
A. Identity
| foreclosure
98
```
In his theory Piaget ____ young children and ____ older children.
A. overestimated;
overestimated
B. underestimated;
overestimated
C. underestimated;
underestimated
D. overestimated;
underestimated
```
B. underestimated;
| overestimated
99
```
Of the characteristics of family closeness, which two are generally helpful regardless of context?
A. Support & control
B. Communication &
connectedness
C. Communication &
support
D. Support &
connectedness
```
C. Communication &
| support
100
```
In middle childhood, the capacity of working memory is improved by
A. a decrease in
myelination.
B. an increase in
automatization.
C. dendrite formation in
the cerebellum.
D. a decrease in emotional
regulation.
```
B. an increase in
| automatization.
101
```
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
A. George is playing
chess and believes he can win
B. Marcy thinks that
overall she is a good person
C. Andy knows that he
gets angry when people tease him
D. Jody thinks she is a
bad person because she lies sometimes
```
A. George is playing
| chess and believes he can win
102
```
Tina is 3 years old. She likes to point at
trucks and say ‘Truck!’. One day she sees
a delivery van and points at it and says
‘Baby Truck!’. This is an example of
A. Trust vs Mistrust.
B. Assimilation.
C. Initiative vs Guilt
D. Accommodation
```
D. Accommodation
103
```
When it comes to bullying, popular children
A. Are likely to be
victims
B. May be bullies
C. Are likely to be
ignored by their
peers
D. Are likely to be
bully-victims
```
B. May be bullies
104
Su-Lynn has high levels of social support but the gap between her real and ideal self is high. Her self-esteem is likely to be
A. High
B. Low
C. Moderate
C) Moderate
105
```
Derek does not care for the future, because it is in the future and he doesn't have to worry about it yet. What identity status does Derek show?
A. Identity
achievement
B. Identity diffusion
C. Moratorium
D. Identity
foreclosure
```
B. Identity diffusion
106
```
What identity status does Jared show?
A. Identity achievement
B. Identity diffusion
C. Moratorium
D. Identity
foreclosure
```
B. Identity diffusion
107
```
Why does induction facilitate the development of prosocial behavior in children?
A. It involves psychological control
B. It does not involve punishment
C. It encourages empathy
D. It encourages antipathy
```
C. It encourages empathy
induction: the caregiver talks extensively with the offender, helping the child understand why their behavior was wrong
108
```
If I wanted to increase a child’s resilience by
making a change in their microsystem, I would
A. Enact new laws to make
sure every child has health insurance
B. Conduct support groups to
strengthen parent-child
relationships
C. Increase policing to make
neighborhoods safer
D. Encourage the child’s self-
esteem
```
B. Conduct support groups to
strengthen parent-child
relationships
109
```
According to the American Psychological Association, which of the following statements about immigrant children is true?
A. They often have very little
interest in school
B. They are frequently placed
in high-achieving classrooms
C. Their parents don’t value
education
D. They enter the U.S. school
system with tremendous
optimism
```
D. They enter the U.S. school
system with tremendous
optimism
110
Shannon is 9 years old. Her ability to remember concepts taught in school has increased since she was 6 years old most likely due to
A. increased myelination in her cerebellum.
B. an increase in her knowledge about a variety of topics.
C. a decrease in her selective attention.
D. a decrease in effortful control.
B. an increase in her
| knowledge about a variety of topics.
111
Ms. Taylor has posted a rule on her classroom wall – ‘Respect others’. However, she is very authoritarian
and expects the children to do as they are told, without any discussion. Which of the following are the children
most likely learning from Ms. Taylor’s hidden
curriculum?
A. Be respectful towards others
B. Might is right
C. Treat others as you would have them treat you
D. Adults practice what they preach
B. Might is right
112
```
Which of the following is an example of metacognition?
A. Reading over a paper
before turning it in to check if you have answered the question.
B. Learning a definition by
heart.
C. Comparing and
contrasting two theories.
D. Reading the textbook over
and over
```
A. Reading over a paper
before turning it in to check if you have answered the question.
metacognition: "thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
113
```
Dermot is 5 years old and is in the school play. He refuses to wear stage make up saying, ‘Boys don’t wear make up!!’, even though older boys in the play are wearing make up. The connection between Dermot’s belief or concept of gender and his behavior is best explained by
A. Learning theory.
B. Freudian theory.
C. Social learning
theory.
D. Gender schema
theory.
```
D. Gender schema
| theory.
114
Kara’s three year old daughter yells to her that she is hungry. Kara says, “Dinner is in two hours. You have to wait until then to eat.” Her
daughter persistently yells about being hungry so Kara gives in gets her a snack. What parenting style does Kara have?
A. Authoritarian
B. Permissive
C. Authoritative
D. Neglectful
B. Permissive
115
```
Jake told his 4 year old son that he had to pick up his play room before his friend could come over . His son replied "whyyyyy?" And Jake said "Because I said so don't talk back to me.“ What parenting style does Jake have?
A. Authoritarian
B. Permissive
C. Authoritative
D. Neglectful
```
A. Authoritarian
116
```
Which of the following theorists would say that playing helps children’s cognitive development
and learning at school?
A. Piaget
B. Vygotsky
C. Piaget & Vygotsky
D. Erikson
```
C. Piaget & Vygotsky
117
When Janine’s children get into trouble in school, Janine says ‘After everything I have
done for you, how could you be so
ungrateful!’ Janine is using ___ to manage her children’s behavior
A. Psychological control
B. Induction
C. Psychological rewards
D. Tangible rewards
A. Psychological control
118
Which of the following can be concluded from Varela et al’scomparison of the parenting styles of Mexican descent immigrant parents, Mexican parents and Caucasian parents (not of Mexican descent)?
A. Parents from the same culture all parent the same way
B. Culture is the determining
factor in parenting style
C. Culture has little impact on parenting style
D. Culture and context interact in influencing parenting style
D. Culture and context interact in influencing parenting style
119
```
In early childhood communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain speeds up because of increased myelination in the
A. Corpus callosum
B. Hypothalamus
C. Amygdala
D. Prefrontal cortex
```
A. Corpus callosum
120
```
Which of the following is a strength or advance in the thinking that is evident in the preoperational stage of development?
A. Centration
B. Irreversibility
C. Symbolic function
D. Abstract reasoning
```
C. Symbolic function
121
Connie is 4 years old and is taking part in
Piaget’s conservation of volume task. She fails
to realize that a short, wide beaker holds the same amount of water as a tall, narrow beaker. She says that the taller beaker holds more
because it is higher. Connie’s tendency to
focus on height is an example of
A. Centration
B. Reversibility
C. Egocentrism
D. Static reasoning
A. Centration
122
```
Some parents have difficulty being responsive to their infants and forming nurturing relationships with them. In these cases
A. it is best if these
infants are fostered.
B. intervention from
skilled professionals can help parents become responsive.
C. the parents are most
likely single parents.
D. fathers are more likely
to have difficulties
than mothers
```
B. intervention from skilled professionals can help parents become responsive.
123
Hughes (1975) Policeman task suggests that
A. Young children are not
as egocentric as Piaget thought they were.
B. Young children do not
use egocentric speech.
C. Young children are just
as egocentric as Piaget thought they were.
D. Young children are
more egocentric than Piaget thought they
were.
A. Young children are not
| as egocentric as Piaget thought they were
124
Which of the following is an example of a cultural tool?
A. A laptop computer
B. A cellphone
C. Programming code used to run a computer
D. Bluetooth keyboards used to communicate with computers
C. Programming
| code used to run a computer
125
```
Dr Sanchez is interested in how use of social media changes over time. He recruits a group of 12 year olds, 16 year olds and 18 year olds and compares their social media habits. He follows up with each group 2 years and 5 years later. At each time point he compares social media use between the groups and with the previous time point. Dr. Sanchez is conducting a __ study.
A. Longitudinal
B. Cross-sequential
C. Cross-sectional
D. Cohort
```
B. Cross-sequential
126
Jorge is a devout Catholic and a gay man. The influence of the church’s views on homosexuality on
Jorge is an example of an ____ influence on development.
A. Microsystem
B. Macrosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
127
```
Dr Serkin is interested in how use of social media changes over time. She recruits a group of 12 year olds and follows up with them 2 years and 5 years later. At each time point she compares social media use of the group with the previous time point. Dr. Serkin is conducting a __ study.
A. Longitudinal
B. Cross-sequential
C. Cross-sectional
D. Cohort
```
A. Longitudinal
128
```
Dr Madeais studying the impact of pet ownership on loneliness. She recruits a group of 25 year olds, a group of 35 year olds and a group of 60 year olds who are all pet owners. She measures and compares the loneliness of each group. Dr Madea is conducting a __ study.
A. Cross-sectional
B. Longitudinal
C. Cross-sequential
D. Cohort-sequential
```
A. Cross-sectional
129
```
Dr Madea hypothesizes that petting a dog will improve people’s mood. She brings a group of participants into a lab. Half of them pet a dog for 10 minutes. Half of them sit quietly for 10 minutes. She measures the positivity of their mood afterwards. In this study the independent variable is
A. Petting or not
petting the dog
B. Positive mood
C. Negative mood
D. Liking or not liking
dogs
```
A. Petting or not
| petting the dog
130
```
Harry is 9 mthsold. His brother hides Harry’s
favorite toy under a blanket. Harry pulls the blanket away and grabs the toy. Harry’s brother then puts the toy under a cushion. Harry acts as if the toy has disappeared. Piaget would suggest
A. Harry has no object
permanence
B. Harry’s object permanence
is partially developed
C. Harry has passed the A-not-
B task
D. Harry’s object permanence
is fully developed
```
B. Harry’s object permanence
| is partially developed
131
```
Ramallah goes to the zoo and points at the zebra, saying ‘look at the stripeyhorse’. Ramallah is
demonstrating
A. Assimilation
B. Accommodation
C. Conservation
D. Egocentrism
```
B. Accommodation
132
```
Studies of infant memory suggest that
A. Piaget’s description of the sensorimotor stage is completely accurate.
B. Piaget underestimated the
abilities of young children.
C. Piaget overestimated the
abilities of young children.
D. Piaget’s ideas about objec
```
B. Piaget underestimated the
| abilities of young children.
133
```
Rosa is at the playground. She sees an elderly lady and points at her, saying ‘grandma!’. Rosa
is demonstrating
A. Assimilation
B. Conservation
C. Accommodation
D. Animism
```
A. Assimilation
134
In the strange situation, Lia clings to her
mother and doesn’t explore much. She gets
upset when her mother leaves. When her mother returns, Lia clings to her but also
pushes her away. Lia’s attachment can
probably be described as
A. Secure.
B. Insecure-resistant/ambivalent.
C. Insecure-avoidant.
D. Insecure-disorganized.
B. Insecure-resistant/ambivalent.
135
```
Jodie is an 8 mth old infant whose caregivers are inconsistent. Sometimes they take care of Jodie when she cries and sometimes they don’t. Erikson would suggest that Jodie will develop ___ at this stage.
A. Mistrust
B. Guilt
C. Autonomy
D. Initiative
```
A. Mistrust
136
```
In the limbic system, the ___ helps to process emotions, especially fear and aggression.
A. Reticular formation
B. Amygdala
C. Medulla
D. Corpus callosum
```
B. Amygdala
137
```
Adele is behaviorally inhibited. At her preschool, her carers allow Adele to have quiet time when she needs it. The interaction between Adele and her carers demonstrates
A. Goodness-of-fit.
B. Macrosystem
C. Behavioral activation
D. Independent behavior
```
A. Goodness-of-fit.
138
```
Toby is three years old and is playing hide-and-seek with his Mom. He hides behind the curtain but his feet are visible. Toby believes he is hidden. Since he cannot see his Mom, she cannot see him. According to Piaget, Toby is demonstrating the feature of preoperational thought called
A. Irreversibility.
B. Centration.
C. Egocentrism.
D. Animism.
```
C. Egocentrism.
139
Which of the following is the best example of scaffolding?
A. Ben’s coach explains the rules of basketball to him and then puts him in a game
B. Holly’s pottery teacher takes over when Holly makes a mistake and finishes the pot for her
C. Elise’s TA sits with her while she works on an excel sheet, pointing out her errors when needed and asking Elise questions
D. Travon’s Dad is helping him build a birdhouse. He lays out all the tools for him and takes over when
C. Elise’s TA sits with her while she works on an excel sheet, pointing out her errors when needed and asking Elise questions
140
Which of the following is an educational recommendation of Piaget and Vygotsky?
A. Children learn through play
B. Create disequilibrium
C. Language is very important for learning
D. Teaching should be stage appropriate
A. Children learn through play
141
Which of the following is a cultural tool?
A. A cellphone
B. Fahrenheit & Celsius temperature scales
C. Paper and pencil
D. A balance scale
B. Fahrenheit & Celsius temperature scales
142
```
Vonda spills her juice all over the kitchen table. She starts to cry. Vonda’s Dad says sternly ‘Stop crying! Clean that up!’ Vonda’s Dad’s parenting style could be described as
A. Authoritarian
B. Permissive
C. Authoritative
D. Neglectful
```
A. Authoritarian
143
```
Latitiais 4 years old. When Latitiagets upset, her mother can help her to learn emotional regulation by
A. Soothing her.
B. Using
psychological control to discipline her.
C. Ignoring her.
D. Distracting her
with a treat.
```
A. Soothing her
144
Which of the following best demonstrates the gender schema theory of gender development?
A. Roger’s Dad praises him when he scores a touchdown.
B. Eric develops an unconscious jealousy of his Dad.
C. Jose believes that men are strong and fierce
D. Alan’s Dad laughs at him when he dances.
C. Jose believes that men are strong and fierce
145
```
Aroon is a gay man. He has just started to come out. He does not feel bad about being gay, the way he used to. He has told his close friends that he is gay. Aroon is a the __ stage of coming out
A. Confusion
B. Synthesis
C. Acceptance
D. Tolerance.
```
D. Tolerance.
146
```
Which of the following aspects of family closeness is generally positive for adolescents, regardless of other circumstances?
A. Support
B. Control
C. Connectedness
D. Centeredness
```
A. Support
147
```
When faced with the following question, ‘If a feather can break glass, and I hit a glass with a feather, what will happen to the glass?’ adolescents in formal operations will answer
A. The glass won’t break
B. The glass will break
C. The feather will break
D. The feather will bend
```
B. The glass will break
148
```
George has learned that distracted walking injures many people every year. Yet he still texts while he walks to his high school. George is demonstrating
A. An imaginary audience
B. A personal fable
C. Adolescent egocentrism
D. An invincibility fable
```
D. An invincibility fable
149
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Children always do better in two-parent than in single-parent families
B. The impact of family structure is affected by
culture
C. Adoptive families typically do not function as well as biological families
D. Researchers agree that
divorce is always bad
for children
B. The impact of family structure is affected by
| culture
150
```
My overall and specific evaluation of myself is my
A. Self-esteem
B. Self-efficacy
C. Self-concept
D. Self-awareness
```
A. Self-esteem
151
Which of the following is an example of metacognition?
A. Figuring out the time of the day when I am most alert so that I know when to study
B. Learning definitions by heart
C. Reading a chapter from beginning to end
D. Writing down what my professor says
A. Figuring out the time of the day when I am most alert so that I know when to study
152
Jane is in Piaget’s concrete operational stage. What
answer is she likely to give to this problem? Bob is taller than Joe. Joe is taller than Tom. Who is taller, Bob or Tom?
A. Tom is taller than Bob
B. Bob is taller than Tom
C. You can’t tell who is taller
D. Bob and Tom are the same height
A. Tom is taller than Bob
153
Patrick is in kindergarten. When another child
knocks water all over Patrick’s painting, Patrick
punches him. This is an example of
A. Reactive aggression
B. Relational aggression
C. Instrumental aggression
D. Bullying aggression.
A. Reactive aggression
