Exam #1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Ectoderm
A
- outer skin layers, nervous system, sense organs
- inner ear
2
Q
Mesoderm
A
- bones of middle ossicles
3
Q
Endoderm
A
- digestive canal and respiratory organs
4
Q
embryology
A
the branch of biology that deals with the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms
5
Q
Embryo
A
Up until the 8th week
6
Q
Fetus
A
After the 8th week of development
7
Q
Three Germ Layers
A
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm
8
Q
Full term
A
37 - 40 weeks
- we measure in terms of gestational period, starts from the first day of your last menstral cycle
9
Q
Neural tube
A
gives rise to the spinal cord and brain
10
Q
Neural crest
A
gives rise to a number of different cell types and neurons
11
Q
notochord
A
direts formation of the neural tube - primitive spinal chord
12
Q
3 Week Gestational Age
A
- notochord forms
- neural groove (future spinal chord) forms
- brain bulge at end of embryonic disc
- somites form, precursor to genitalia
- primitive heart tube forms
13
Q
4 Weeks Gestational Age
A
- heart begins to beat
- branchial arches (form face and neck) form
- Neural tube closes **
- Otic Pit form (precursor to ears)
- arm buds visible
- First sign of lungs, mouth & liver appear
(this is when cleft lip & palate happen)
14
Q
When is the earliest you can get an ultrasound?
A
6 weeks - wait until then because you should be able to see a heartbeat by then
15
Q
What is anacephaly?
A
- born without a brain
- you can have live birth, but they will die
16
Q
Spina Bifida
A
- different lobes of brain, there are different ventricles, you have a build up of cerebrospinal fluid in 4th ventricle
- put in a shunt to solve problem
- both the problem, and the shunt can cause HL
17
Q
5 Weeks Gestational Age
A
- Eye begins to develop
- Brain divides into 5 vesicles
- Legs and hands begin to form
- Rudimentary blood begins to move through vessels
18
Q
7 Weeks Gestational Age
A
- All essential organs have at least begun to form
- generally know you are pregnant by now
19
Q
8-10 Weeks Gestational Age
A
- now FETUS (no longer embryo after 8 weeks)
- face is well formed
- eyelids formed - closed and will re-open around week 28
- genitals appear, but you can’t find out gender until 20 weeks
20
Q
When do fetus’ eyes open?
A
28 weeks
21
Q
When can you find out the gender of your baby?
A
20 weeks
22
Q
25 Weeks Gestational Age
A
- brain develops rapidly
- cochlea developed, fully developed by 20 weeks
- respiratory system developed enough to support gas exchange, makes it feasible for baby to be born here and have a chance at breathing
23
Q
Toxic Susceptibility Week 0-2:
A
- Pre organogenesis
- you can’t impact the heart and lungs etc yet because they aren’t there yet, and there is no umbilical chord
- not sensitive to malformation
- significant exposure is lethal
24
Q
Toxic Susceptibility Weeks 3-8:
A
- Embryonic Period
- start being susceptible to toxicity issues
- greatest sensitivity to environmental exposures
- fetal mass increases 2.5 million fold first trimester
- major malformations occur (heart, lungs, liver, neural tube)
25
Toxic Susceptibility Weeks 9-38:
- Fetal Period
- decreasing sensitivity
- functional defects and minor malformations occur
26
What is the most common addiction for newborns?
- pain medication - moms don't think it is effecting the baby
27
Which auricular hillocks come from the first arch?
1. Tragus
| 2. Crus of Helix
28
What is the only part of the ear that doesn't form from hillocks?
The ear lobe - "lobule"
29
Which auricular hillocks come from the second arch?
3. Ascending helix
4. Upper Helix, Scaphoid & Antihelix
5. Descending Helix, Middle Scaphoid, Antihelix
6. Antitragus
30
Three layers of the TM
- Inner layer, endoderm
- middle layer, mesoderm
- outer layer, ectoderm
31
At what point is the pinna fully developed/adult size?
about 9 years of age
32
What is the first pharyngeal arch called?
Mackel's cartilage
33
What is the second pharyngeal arch called?
Reichert's cartilage
34
What forms from the first pharyngeal arch?
1. Head of malleus, body and short process of incus
2. Tensor tympani muscle
3. Trigeminal nerve (V): the mandibular branch supplies tensor tympani muscle
* When you see a problem on the pinna in a spot that has come from the 1st arch - there may something with one of these as well.
35
What forms from the second pharyngeal arch?
1. long process of incus, handle of malleus, stapes superstructure and tympanic surface of footplate
2. stapedius muscle
3. facial nerve (VII): stapedial nerve
36
Auditory experience promotes...
myelination of afferent fibers
37
When is frequency discrimination mature?
Frequency discrimination is adult like by 6 months postnatally, but thresholds mature through childhood
38
How many babies are born with hearing loss
3/1000
| - NICU causes bigger issues, approx 2.5/100
39
idiopathic
- no idea what happened
40
Environmental
- drug exposure during birth, the chord wrapped around the neck, we know what happed to cause issues
41
Alport
- progressive SNHL
- renal disease (kidney) eye anomalies, mild to severe (bilateral) physical deformities, chance that loss will progress with age
- more males than females
42
NF2
- progressive SNHL
- neurofibromatosis 2 slowly progressive loss, tumors on auditory nerve (acoustic neuroma or vestibular schwanoma) when you remove them, hearing is last with no chance to help, tumors come back
43
Usher type 3
- Progressive SNHL
- usher 1 & 2 born with hearing loss, only difference
- retinitis pigmentosa (leads to blindness) usually hearing goes first
44
BOR
- branchio-oto-renal
| - lungs, ear, kidney, any type of loss, outer ear malformations, pits/tags/cysts, 90% have hearing loss
45
Apert (CHL)
- congenital HL
- similar to alport, but born with loss
- physical & skeletal abnormalities, a lot have spina bifida, tend to have cognitive impairments, conductive HL, more common with older adult parents (late in life pregnancies)
46
CHARGE
- congenital HL
| - hole in eye, heart problems, narrowing of nasal passage, malformation of genitals, renal issues, and hearing loss
47
Jervell & Lange-Nielson
- congenital profound SNHL
48
Pendred
- Congenital SNHL
| - thyroid problems
49
Usher types 1 & 2
- congenital SNHL
50
Waardenburg
- congenital SNHL
- genetic
- pretty significant loss, wide flat nose, 2 different colored eyes, may have gray or white hair spot, more physical not so much mental problems
51
Nonsyndromic Pendred Syndrome/DFNB4
--
52
Mitochondrial
--
53
AN
--
54
Connexin
--
55
aquired
trait or condition develops later in life
56
congenital
trait or condition present from birth
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nonsyndromic hearing impairment
hearing deficit associated in absence other medical problems
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syndromic hearing impairment
hearing deficit associated with other medical problems
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dominant
a mutation in a gene that is strong enough to make a person affected even if the person also has a normal copy of the gene
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recessive
a mutation in a gene that is not strong enough to make a person affected even if the person also has a normal copy of the gene
61
Why do infants hear better in high frequencies (than adults)?
- infants have smaller ear canals (amplify those frequencies with smaller "tube")
- infants ME impedance favors highs (mass dominated)
- adults lose hearing sensitivity in highs as they age
- frequency-specific differences in localization processes
62
From birth the four months, what dB level can elicit a moro reflex
baby will startle at 65 dB
63
How does a baby respond to sound from birth to four months?
- reflexive auditory responses (eye blinks, eye widening)
- highly variable responses
- moro response (startle)
- 3-4 months can demonstrate slow head turn toward a sound
64
At what age should a baby start being about to sit up without support?
4-9 months
65
At what age should a baby start standing with assistance?
5-11.5 months
66
At what age should a baby start hands & knees crawling?
5-13 months
67
At what age should a baby start walking with assistance?
6-14 months
68
At what age should a baby start standing alone?
7-17 months
69
At what age should a baby start walking alone?
8-18 months
70
How does a baby respond to sound from 4 - 7 months?
- more consistent head turn toward sound source, but wobbly
- by 7 months, can turn to either side well
- localization only on the lateral plane
- any reaction counts for testing, they may turn to the wrong side, but it counts as a response
71
How does a baby respond to sound from 7 - 9 months?
- precise localization occurs (quick, sharp head turn)
| - may not yet have localization about the plane of the head, but much better with correct side (right vs left)
72
How does a baby respond to sound at 9 -13 months?
- by the end of 13th month, can localize in all directions
- considered to have reached full maturation of auditory development
- one year olds can be measured at threshold level
- can make different expressions, follow simple commands, interested in sounds, definite localizations include up and down, communication behaviorally, they can imitate sounds
73
Auditory Skills Hierarchy
- Detection/ Awareness & Attention
- Discrimination
- Recognition
- Comprehension/Understanding
74
Comprehension/Understanding
- words and phrases with cues
- words and phrases auditory only
- sentences
- conversation
75
Speech Perception
- goes beyond threshold detection
| - determine auditory capacity/functional hearing
76
Milestones in Language Development: 0-6 Mos
- produces only "vegetative" sounds
- cooing, imitation of vowels only
- responds to name
- responds to human voices without visual cues by turning head and eyes
- responds appropriately to friendly and angry tones
77
Milestones in Language Development: 6-12 months
- babbling begins in earnest (CV, CVC)
- comprehension of spoken language evident
- single words begin to be produced
- uses one or more words with meaning (this may be a fragment of a word)
- understands simple instructions, especially if vocal or physical cues are given
- practices inflection
- is aware of the social value of speech
78
What are the 4 stages of babbling?
- Marginal
- reduplicated/canonical
- nonreduplicated/variegated
- jargon
79
Marginal babbling stage
- 4-6 months
| - CV or VC only (ba or ab)
80
Reduplicated/Canonical
- 6-8 months
- alternation of consonants and vowels (babababa)
- deaf babies will do this, but it starts to drop off after this point
81
Non-reduplicated/Variegated
- 8-10 months
- alternating consosnants and vowels (babigatadaba)
- mimics adult intonation
82
Jargon
- 9-12 months
| - strings of syllables that mirror adult stress patterns
83
Milestones in Language Development 2 months of age:
- startles to loud sound(moro)
- quiets to familiar voices (in quiet environments)
- makes vowel sounds like "ohh" "ahh" (reflexive sounds)
84
Milestones in Language Development 4 months of age:
- look for sound sources (on lateral plane)
- starts babbling (CV, CVC)
- uses variety of voice sounds, squeals and chuckles
85
Milestones in Language Development 6 months of age:
- turns head toward loud sound (consistently)
- begins to imitate speech sound
- babbles ("baba" "mama" "gaga")
86
Milestones in Language Development 9 months of age:
- imitates speech sounds of others
- understands "no-no" or "bye-bye"
- turns head toward soft sounds
* This is good for testing, more able to test near threshold when they will react to softer sounds
87
Milestones in Language Development 12 months of age:
- correctly uses "mama" or "dada"
- gives toy when asked
- responds to singing or music
- readily turns toward all sounds
88
Milestones in Language Development 12- 18 months of age:
- has vocabulary of approximately 5-20 words (reaches 50 word stage by 18 months on avg)
- vocabulary made up chiefly of nouns
- some echolalia (repeating word or phrase over and over)
- much jargon with emotional content
- is able to follow simple commands
89
Milestones in Language Development 18-24 months:
- vocabulary "spurt" /acceleration
- begins to use relational words (verbs, adjectives)
- using multi-word utterances
- can name a number of objects common to his surroundings
- combines words into a short sentence - largely noun-verb combos (mean) length of sentences is given as 1.2 words
- approx 2/3 of what child says should be intelligible
- vocab of approx 2/3 of what child says should be intelligible
- vocab of approx 150 - 300 words
- volume and pitch of voice not yet well- controlled
- responds to such commands as "show me your eyes (nose, mouth, hair)
90
Milestones in Language Development 24 - 36 months
- Inflectional morphology (possessives, past tense)
- sentence structure complexity increases
- is using some plurals and past tense
- knows chief parts of body and should be able to indicate these if not name
- handles three word sentences easily
- has in the neighborhood of 900 - 1000 words
- about 90% of what child says should be intelligible
- verbs begin to predominate
- understands most simple questions dealing with his environment and activities
91
Milestones in Language Development 48 months
- knows names of familiar animals
- names common objects in picture books or magazines
- knows one or more colors
- can repeat 4 digits when they are given slowly
- can usually repeat words of four syllables
- demonstrates understanding of over and under
- has most vowels and diphthongs and the consonants p, b, m, w, n, well established
- often indulges in make-believe
- extensive verbalization as he carries out activities
92
Red Flags - by 12 months
- no differentiated babbling or vocal imitation
93
Red Flags - by 18 months
no use of single words
94
Red Flags - by 24 months
less than 10 single words
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Red Flags - by 30 months
- fewer than 100 words
- no 2 word combos
- unintelligible speech
96
Red Flags - by 36 months
- fewer than 200 words
- no telegraphic sentences
- clarity of speech less than 50%
97
Red Flags - by 48 months
- fewer than 600 words
- no use of simple sentences
- clarity of speech less than 80%
98
Milestones in Language Development 60 months
- can use many descriptive words spontaneously, both adverbs and adjectives
- knows common opposites: big-little, hard-soft, heavy-light, etc
- can count to ten
- speech should be completely intelligible , in spite of articulation problems
- should be able to repeat sentences as long as nine words
- should be able to follow three commands given without interruptions
- should know his age
- speech on the whole should be grammatically correct
99
What are the 5 aspects of language?
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
- semantics
- pragmatics
100
Phonology
- system of rules that govern sounds and their combination
- phoneme: smallest linguistic unit of speech that signals a difference in meaning (p@t vs b@t)
- rules - don't start a word with RS or NG
101
Morphology
- rules that govern internal word formation
- morphemes: smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning, they cannot be broken into smaller parts that have meaning: ball, happy, play vs balls, unhappy, played
102
Syntax
- rules that govern sentence structure: specifies word order
- English is SVO, the boy (s) hit (v) the ball (o)
- Allows user to transform sentences according to rules of the language
- - Did the boy hit the ball? (interrogative)
- - The ball was hit by the boy. (passive)
- - Hit the ball was by the boy (not allowed)
103
Semantics
- word meanings and how they are related
- word meanings evolve over time - doggie
- relationships mature over time - car
104
Pragmatics
- rules that govern the use of language in social contexts
- intension, goal of speaker
- needs of listener
- organization of content of a conversation
- easiest for deaf people to understand
- personal space, interrupting, reading facial expressions, turn taking, knowing if the needs of listeners are not being met, figure out how to change this
105
Hearing loss and language effects
- severity
- configuration
- duration
- stability
- age at onset, identification
- age at intervention
- extent/type of intervention
- type and timing of amplification
- other handicapping conditions
- cultural and family support
106
Issues in Intervention
- age at time of identification, amplification and intervention
- parental involvement
- type of intervention
