Exam 1 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Communication
A
the process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media
2
Q
Message
A
the “package” of information that is transported during communication
3
Q
Interaction
A
When people exchange a series of messages, whether face-to-face or online
4
Q
Context
A
Situations
5
Q
Channel
A
The sensory dimension along which communicators transmit information. Can be auditory (sound), visual (sight), tactile (touch), olfactory (scent), or oral (taste)
6
Q
media
A
tools for exchanging messages
7
Q
Linear Communication model
A
communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction, from a starting point to an end point
8
Q
Sender
A
The individual who generates the information to be communicated, packages it into a message, and chooses the channels for sending it
9
Q
Noise
A
factors in the environment that impede messages from reaching their destination
10
Q
Receiver
A
the person for whom the message is intended and whom the message is delivered
11
Q
Interactive communication model
A
Also a process of senders and receivers, but transmission is influenced by two factors: feedback and field experience
12
Q
Feedback
A
comprised of the verbal and nonverbal messages that recipients convey to indicate their reaction to communication
13
Q
Fields of experience
A
consist of the beliefs attitudes values and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event
14
Q
Transactional communication model
A
suggests that is fundamentally multidirectional
Collaborative
15
Q
The maxims of Ptah Hotep (2200 BC)
A
The guidebook for enhancing interpersonal communication skills
16
Q
Interpersonal Communication
A
a dynamic form of communication between two or more people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships. Four important implications: dynamic, transactional, dyadic, impact
17
Q
Dyadic
A
involves pairs of people, or dyads
18
Q
I-Thou
A
Martin Buber
when you don’t agree with everything a person says
19
Q
I-It
A
Martin Buber
we regard other people as objects which we observe that are there for our use and exploitation
20
Q
Impersonal communication
A
exchanges that have a negligible perceived impact on our thoughts emotions behaviors and relationships
21
Q
Content information
A
the actual meaning of your words
22
Q
Relationship information
A
consists of signals indicating how each of you views your relationship
23
Q
Self-presentation goals
A
desires you have to present yourself in certain ways so that others perceive you as being a particular type of person
24
Q
instrumental goals
A
practical aims you want to achieve or tasks you want to accomplish through a particular interpersonal encounter
25
Relationship goals
building, maintaining, or terminating bonds with others
26
Interpersonal communication competence
means consistently communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical
27
Communication skills
repeatable, goal directed behaviors and behavioral patterns that you routinely practice in your interpersonal encounters and relationships
28
Appropriateness
the degree to which your communication matches situational, relational, and cultural expectations regarding how people should communicate
29
Self-monitoring
the process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communication choices
30
Effectiveness
the ability to use communication to accomplish the three types of interpersonal communication goals
31
Ethics
the set of moral principles that guide our behavior toward others
32
Online communication
any interaction by means of social networking sites, email, text, instant messaging, skype, chatrooms, and massively multiplayer online video games
33
Gender
consists of social, psychological, and cultural traits generally associated with one sex or the other
34
Sexual orientation
an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others that exists along a continuum from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality that includes various forms of bisexuality
35
Communication is
1. an ongoing process
2. uses messages to convey meaning
3. occurs in contexts: face-to-face, verbal/ nonverbal, (where/ with whom)
4. happens via channels
5. requires a medium
36
Five most common forms of communication media used by college students
Text, face-to-face, social networking, email talking on the phone
37
Linear communication model
messages communicated through a channel
| *missing receiver might not understand it in the way the sender intended, not a two way arrow
38
Interactive communication model
(picture in book)
between people who have their own field of experience
multidirectional, equally influence interaction
*important for interpersonal comm*
39
What is interpersonal comm?
Dynamic- constantly changing
typically transactional
primarily dyadic
impactful
40
Principles
1. Conveys context and relationship information (content, relationship)
2. Can be intentional, unintentional
3. Irreversible
4. Dynamic, always changing
41
Motives for IPC
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
5. self-actualization (top)
4. self-esteem
3. social
2. safety
1. physical
42
Content
factual stuff, meaning of words you can exchange, usually verbal
43
Relationship
signals that indicate how we convey it. Conveys levels of intimacy/ status. Influence how we interpret signals, usually nonverbal
44
3 types of goals
Self presentation, instrumental, relationship goals
45
Self presentation goals
The way we dress, how you hold yourself, how you present yourself in person/ online, how you avoid different people
46
Instrumental goals
practical goals we want to achieve
47
Relationship goals
building or ending a relationship
48
IPC competence
communicating in ways that are appropriate, effective, and ethical
49
Appropriateness
judged through self monitoring
50
high self monitoring
follow expectations, observing relation to make norm
51
low self monitors
"act like themselves"
52
effectiveness
the ability to use our communication to accomplish self presentation self-presentation, instrumental, or presentational goals
53
Ethics
set of moral principles that guide behavior toward others, obligated to avoid intentionally hurting others
54
IPC competence online
```
Choose the appropriate medium
Don't assume online comm is more efficient
Presume posts are public
Remember posts are permanent
Practice creating drafts
```
55
Self
an evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem
56
Self-awareness
the ability to view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment and to reflect on your thoughts feelings and behaviors
involves social comparison and critical self-reflection
57
Social comparison
observing and assigning meaning to others behavior and comparing it against ours
58
Critical self-reflection
practicing a targeted kind of self-awareness
59
Self-concept
your overall perception of who you are
| influenced by your beliefs, attitudes, and values about yourself
60
Looking glass self
the idea of defining our self-concepts through thinking about how others see us
61
Self-fulfilling prophecies
predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted
62
self-esteem
the overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves
We show our self esteem through communication
63
self-discrepancy theory
Suggests that your self-esteem is determined by how you compare your ideal self vs. ought-to self
64
Ideal self
the characteristics (mental, physical, emotional, material, and even spiritual) that you want to possess based on your desired perfect you
65
Attachment anxiety
the degree to which a person fears rejection by relationship parters
66
Attachment avoidance
the degree to which someone desires close interpersonal ties
67
Secure attachment
low in both anxiety and avoidance, comfortable with intimacy and seek close ties with others
68
Preoccupied attachment
high in anxiety and low in avoidance. desire closeness but are plagued with the fear of rejection. They may use sexual contact to satisfy their compulsive need to be loved
69
Dismissive attachment
people with low anxiety but high avoidance, view relationships as important but prioritize self-reliance
70
Fearful attachment
high in both anxiety and avoidance, fear rejection and shun relationships
71
Culture
an established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people (religion, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, age, ability levels)
72
Face
whenever you communicate with others, you present a public self that you want others to see and know.
73
Mask
a public self designed to strategically veil your private self
74
Embarrassment
Feelings of shame, humiliation, and sadness
75
Warranting value
the degree to which the information is supported by other people
76
Social penetration theory
"onion skin structure, consisting of sets of layers"
77
Outermost, peripheral layers (Social penetration theory)
demographic characteristics such as birthplace, age, gender and ethnicity.
78
Intermediate layers (Social penetration theory)
your attitudes and opinions about music, politics, food, entertainment, and other such matters
79
Central layers (Social penetration theory)
self-core characteristics such as self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem, personal values, fears, and distinctive personality traits
80
Intimacy
the feeling of closeness and "union" that exists between is and our partners
81
self-disclosure
revealing private info to others
82
Interpersonal process model of intimacy
the closeness we feel toward others in our relationships is created through two things: self disclosure and responsiveness of listeners to disclosure
83
Best type of interpersonal communication?
Face to face
84
Self
evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem that develops over time based on life experience
85
Self-fulfilling prophecies
believe something to be true very often we behave accordingly, behave in ways so it comes true
86
Self-esteem
overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves
87
ought-to self
what others believe you should be
88
perception
the process of selecting organizing and interpreting information from our senses
89
selection
involves focusing attention on certain sights, sounds, tastes, touches, or smells in our environment
90
salience
the degree to which particular people or aspects of their communication attract our attention
91
organization
once you've selected something as focus of your attention, you take that information and structure it into a coherent pattern inside your mind
92
punctuation
structuring the information you've selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you've experienced the order of events
93
interpretation
assigning meaning to information
94
schemata
mental structures that contain information defining the characteristics of various concepts as well as how those characteristics are related to each other
95
attributions
explanations for others' comments or behaviors
96
internal attributions
presume that a person's communication or behavior stems from from internal causes, such as character or personality
97
external attributions
hold that a person's communication is caused by factors unrelated to personal qualities
98
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute others' behaviors solely to internal causes
99
actor-observer effect
the tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors
100
self-serving bias
in cases where our actions result in noteworthy success, we typically credit by making an internal attribution
101
ego protection
by crediting ourselves for our life successes, we can feel happier about who we are
102
uncertainty reduction theory
our primary compulsion during initial interactions is to reduce uncertainty about our communication partners by gathering enough information about them so their communication becomes predictable
103
passive strategies
these approaches can help you predict how he or she may behave when interacting with you
104
active strategies
asking other people questions about the person you're interested in
105
interactive strategies
starting a direct interaction with the person you're interested in
106
ingroupers
you naturally perceive those who share these values with you as fundamentally similar to yourself
107
outgroupers
how you may perceive people who aren't similar to you
108
personality
individuals characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on traits
109
implicit personality theories
personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together
110
interpersonal impressions
mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them
111
Gestalt
a general sense of a person thats either positive or negative
112
positivity bias
when gestalts are formed, they are more likely to be positive than negative, an effect known
113
negativity effect
we don't treat all information that we learn about people as equally important. Instead, we place emphasis on the negative information we learn about others
114
halo effect
the tendency to positively interpret what someone says or does because we have a positive Gestalt of them
115
horn effect
the tendency to negatively interpret the communication and behavior of people for whom we have negative Gestalts
116
algebraic impressions
by carefully evaluating each new thing we learn about a person
117
stereotyping
a term first coined by journalist Walter Lippmann, to describe overly simplistic interpersonal impressions
118
empathy
we "feel into" others thoughts and emotions making an attempt to understand perspectives and be aware of their feelings in order to identify with them
the ability to feel into other people's thoughts/ emotions
119
perception checking
5 step process in which you apply everything to the perception of others (check punctuation, check knowledge, check perceptual influences, check your impressions)
120
Perception
the process of selecting organizing and interpreting info from our senses
121
salience
the degree to which something is noticeable and significant to us
122
punctuation
structuring the info you've selected into a sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events
123
schemata
mental structures containing familiar info that defines concepts' characteristics and interrelationships to enable interpretation
124
attributions
explanations for others comments or behaviors
125
internal attribution
presume a persons behavior comes from internal causes (personality)
126
external attribution
hold that persons behavior is caused by situational
127
attribution errors
mistake internal/ external
128
fundamental attribution error
assume other errors are own
129
actor- observer effect
attribute external factors to explain
130
self serving bias
?
131
culture
affects how you perceive others as similar to different groups from yourself. changes schemata
132
personality
characteristic way of thinking feeling and acting based on traits
133
Big five personality traits
openness conscientiousness extroversion agreeable neuroticism
134
gestalts
general impressions of people that make. positive or negative
more likely to be positive than negative
135
positivity effect
?
136
negativity effect
when we learn something negative about someone we emphasize it. deviation from the norm because it becomes more salient
137
halo effect
tendency to positively interpret what people do (NE says tom brady is innocent)
138
horn effect
tendency to negatively interpret what someone does if we have a negative gestalt (can't see through horns)
139
algebraic impressions
weighing some info more heavily than other info depending on its importance and positivity/ negativity
140
emotion
intense reaction to an event that involves interpreting event meaning, becoming physiologically aroused
141
emotion sharing
disclosing emotions, talking about them, pondering
142
emotional contagion
when the experience of the same emotion rapidly spreads from one person to another
occurs when the emotion experience of the same emotion spreads
143
feelings
the short term emotional reactions to events that generate only limited arousal; they typically do not trigger attempts to manage their experience or expression
"small emotions" that generate only limited emotions
144
moods
low-intensity states such as boredom contentment grouchiness or serenity that are not caused by particular events and typically last longer than feelings or emotions
low intensity states that typically last longer than feelings or emotions
145
primary emotions
emotions that involve unique and consistent behavioral displays across cultures
surprise, joy, disgust, anger, fear, sadness
146
blended emotions
when you trigger two or more primary emotions simultaneously
147
emotional intelligence
the ability to interpret emotions accurately and to use this information to manage emotions, communicate them competently and solve relational problems
ability to interpret your own and others emotions accurately
148
emotion management
involves attempts to influence which emotions you have, when you have them and how you experience and express them
149
suppression
involves inhibiting thoughts, arousal and outward behavioral displays of emotion
150
venting
allows emotion to dominate our thoughts and explosively expressing them
151
encounter avoidance
staying away from people, places, or activities that you know will provoke emotions you don't want to experience
152
encounter structuring
intentionally avoiding specific topics that you encounter with others
153
attention focus
intentionally devoting your attention only to aspects of an event or encounter that you know will not provoke an undesired emotion
154
deactivation
systematically desensitizing yourself to emotional experience
155
reappraisal
actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotion-eliciting situations so that their emotional impact is changed
156
anger
negative primary emotion that occurs when you are blocked or interrupted from attaining an important goal by what you see as the improper action of an external agent
157
chronic hostility
always suppressing anger
| causes physical and mental problems. you put yourself in a near constant state of arousal and negative thinking
158
catharsis
holds that openly expressing your emotions enables you to purge them
159
jefferson strategy
count slowly to 10 before you speak or act
160
passion
blended emotion, a combination of surprise and joy coupled with a number of positive feelings such as excitement, amazement and sexual attraction
161
grief
the intense sadness that follows a substantial loss
162
supportive communication
sharing messages that express emotional support and offer personal assistance
