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A&P 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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2
Q

Amino acid derivatives

A

thyroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, melatonin

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3
Q

melotonin

A

a derivative of of tryptophan that is secreted by the pineaal gland.

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4
Q

prohormones

A

inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they’re secreted

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5
Q

Eicosanoids

A

important paracrine factors that coordinates cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes (blood clotting) in extracellular fluids

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6
Q

Leukotrienes (eicosanoids)

A

have secondary roles as hormones

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7
Q

prostaglandins (eicosanoids)

A

involved primarily in coordinating local cellular activities

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8
Q

steroid hormones

A

are released by the reproductive organs (androgens by the testes in males, estrogen and progestins by the ovaries in females) by the cortex of the adrenal glands (corticosteroids), and by the kidneys (calcitrol)

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9
Q

endocrine

A

secreting directly into the bloodstream

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10
Q

thyroid

A

affects the way you’re body uses energy

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11
Q

hormones

A

either lipids or proteins in ES

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12
Q

cell membranes made up of:

A

lipids

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13
Q

cell membranes and lipids

A

both lipids, lipids will dissolve right through

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14
Q

Protein based hormones

A

hormones can not diffuse right through

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15
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary

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16
Q

parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hormone helps control calcium

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17
Q

calcium (what it helps with)

A

bones
blood clotting
muscle contraction
release neural transmitters

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18
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine part: insulin
exocrine part: digestive secretions (secretions follow ducts outside of the body)

most of your digestive enzymes come from the pancreas

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19
Q

hypothalamus –> pituitary gland

A

controls posterior pituitary gland by sending an electrical signal

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20
Q

hypothesis

A

means pituitary

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21
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

blood flows through 2 capillaries before going into circulation

hypothalamus –> anterior pituitary –> target cell

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22
Q

capillary

A

smallest blood vessel you have=exchange gases and nutrients

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23
Q

hypothalamus =anterior pituitary

A

controls using circulation

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24
Q

veins

A

get larger as they get closer to the heart

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25
anterior pituitary
controls thyroid gland
26
hypothalamus will detect
low levels of thyroid | will release stimulating hormone to the thyroid, telling it to release more hormone
27
adrenals
release coritsol
28
nervous system
cannot run on glucose
29
promoting growth in a cell
protein synthesis
30
FSH
sperm and egg development
31
oxytocin
simulates uterus to contract
32
cortisol has a ______ effect on your body
glucose sparing
33
Your nervous system can only run on _____
glucose
34
second messenger system (protein hormone)
hormone binds to receptors --> g protein --> ATP to AMP --> activate enzymes (help catalyze our chemical reactions)
35
reducing activity (protein hormone)
hormone binds to receptors --> g protein --> ATP to AMP --> inhibit enzymes
36
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
controlled by the posterior pituitary
37
Hypothalamus controls posterior pituitary using ____
electrical impulses
38
Cortisol is released by the _____
adrenal glands
39
Cortisol tells the rest of the body to ___
burn lipids for fuel
40
Parathyroid hormone is released when there is ____
low calcium levels
41
parathyroid hormones prevent the kidneys from ____
secreting calcium through urine
42
Anterior Pituitary uses the ____ system
portal
43
Nervous system uses ____ which is very fast but also short lived
direct communication
44
Endocrine uses ____ which is secreted into the ____
hormones, bloodstream
45
Nervous system is ____ & _____ _____ | Endocrine system takes _____ but lasts ____
quick, short lived longer, longer
46
calcitonin is released when there is _____
high levels of calcium
47
Aldosterone conserves _____ in order to conserve ___. This increases _____
sodium, water, blood pressure
48
When blood sugar rises _____ is released
insulin
49
Insulin lowers blood sugar by ________
packing it into cells
50
when blood sugar is low ____ is released
glycogen
51
Glycogen is made & stored in the ____
liver
52
In the Pineal Gland, lack of ____ causes _____ to be released
UV light, melatonin
53
An example of Globulins is ____
antibodies
54
RBCs are made in _____
bone marrow
55
Hemostasis stops ____
blood loss
56
Thrombin converts _____ to _____. ____ strengthens the clot and secures it
fibrinogen, fibrin, fibrin
57
Plasmin is a ____ that digests the _____
enzyme, protein fibers
58
Antidiuretic hormone helps you to conserve ____
water
59
When blood pressure is low, _____ is released
Aldosterone
60
albumins
major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroid hormones
61
Globulins transport ___, ___, ___
ions, hormones, lipids
62
Globulins primarily come from _____
immune system
63
fibrinogen is an essential component of the _____
clotting system
64
fibrinogen can be converted to insoluble ____
fibrin
65
Regulatory proteins are ___, ___, ___
enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
66
There are ____ white blood cells in a blood sample
10,000
67
A typical person usually has ___ liters of blood
5 liters
68
There are ____ red blood cells in a typical blood sample
5 million
69
Red blood cells have no ____, meaning they can't ___ themselves
nucleus, repair
70
Red blood cells are loaded with ____ because their primary function is to _____
hemoglobin, transport oxygen
71
Hemoglobin is made of ____, ____, ____
protein, iron, heme
72
Sickle cell anemia is a _____ in the code for the ____ chains
mutation, beta
73
Proteins are made up of four different chains, 2 ____ and 2 ____. These all come together to make up ____
alpha, beta, hemoglobin
74
Thalassemia have difficulty producing both ____ and ____ chains
alpha, beta
75
Iron deficiency= lack of ____
iron
76
Hemoglobin recycling happens in the ____
liver
77
Hemoglobin recycling: White blood cells in the liver pull ____ out of circulation and _____
red blood cells, break them apart
78
Hemoglobin recycling: ____ & ____ you attempt to recycle (reuse it)
iron, amino acids
79
Hemoglobin recycling: Heme is converted to ____ and becomes a component of _____
bilirubin, bile
80
Hemoglobin recycling: bile helps us to ____
digest lipids
81
Hemoglobin recycling: bilirubin is ____ into the intestine's ____ and then is eliminated from your body in ___
secreted, bile, feces
82
Erythropoietin is a ____ that gets into circulation straight into your ____ and stimulates ____ production & helps get ____ levels back to normal (erythropoiesis)
hormone, bone marrow, oxygen
83
Most abundant WBC is ____
neutrophil
84
Least abundant WBC is ____
Basophil
85
This WBC fights parasitic infection
eosinophil
86
This WBC elevates in number during an allergic response
basophil
87
This WBC primarily deals with viral infections
lymphocyte
88
This WBC elevates in all types of infections
Monocyte
89
Vascular phase --> ____ to the point of ____ or ____ blood flow
constricts, slowing, stopping
90
Platelet blood phase --> stick to _____ tissue & when they stick they ____
damage, break open
91
We call it a clot when we release ____ which is collagen.
Fibrin
92
Fibrin (collagen) ____ the clot and ____ it to tissues
strengthens, attaches
93
When Platelets break open they release ____ attracting other ____
chemicals, platelets
94
Adrenalcorticotropin releasing hormone tells the ____ to release ____
adrenals, cortisol
95
Prolactin activates ____
milk production
96
Growth hormone targets ___ cells
all
97
Follicle stimulating hormone promotes ____ & ____ development
sperm, egg
98
Lutinizing hormone stimulates ____ in males & ___ in females
testosterone, estrogen
99
Gonads are ____ & ____
testes & Ovaries

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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