Exam 1 Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
Dictionaries and encyclopedias generally define religion using a _______ approach.
A
substantive
2
Q
Substantive definitions are focused on?
A
what religion is, naming features (such as ethical systems, sacred texts, and divine beings) that represent aspects one would expect to find in a system deemed “religious.”
3
Q
Functionally oriented analysts may define religion in terms of?
A
what it does, drawing from concepts associated with the explanation of natural phenomena, ontological concerns such as the meaning of life, or therapeutic values and the ability of religion to provide succor and comfort in times of difficulty.
4
Q
Pitfalls of substantive definitions:
A
- May seem to narrow in scope, leaving some of the world’s traditions on the periphery or out of the discussion entirely.
- A substantive definition that privileges sacred texts, for example, may not include the world’s indigenous religions for which the sacred stories are transmitted via oral tradition.
5
Q
Pitfalls of functional approach definitions:
A
- Opposite of substantive, may be so broad as to include cultural forms that fall beyond what is accurately called religious.
- Conversely of substantive, functional emphases on the explanation of natural phenomena could include scientific inquiry in the category “religious.”
6
Q
the true analysis of religions as cultural products arose when?
A
the nineteenth century
7
Q
Early anthropologists sought to?
A
characterize the indigenous cultures they encountered in their studies
8
Q
Sociologists…
A
compared religious forms in terms of cultural institutions
9
Q
Psychologists compared religious behavior to?
A
Other types of mental phenomena such as compulsive disorders.
10
Q
The humanities also included religion in…
A
studies of human production, with historians mapping the role religion plays in human thought and action and performing literary analysis of fictional forms containing religious themes, the religious scriptures themselves, and artistic productions that employ religious themes.
11
Q
One of the foundational aspects of the study of religion:
A
that religion is a human construct: people who are collectively oriented develop the actions and beliefs, writing and art, ritual and ceremonies associated with religion.
12
Q
Émile Durkheim
A
who theorized that the origins of religion are found in collective identity establishment and celebration. He advanced the concept of totemism and the notion that tribal people (whom Durkheim somewhat ethnocentrically thought of as “primitive” societies and therefore indicative of early human forms) established natural elements—animals and plants—as representative of the collective, then ritually engaged the representative, the totem, in acts that produced what he called “collective effervescence.” This emotional celebration of the group identity established a “moral community” within which individuals could feel connected and safe.
13
Q
Semiotics
A
the study of symbols
14
Q
Characteristics of Religion:
A
presence of beliefs, concerns with community, myths, rituals, ethics, emotional experiences, material expressions, and the ideas of the sacred
15
Q
We looked at 3 patterns of the characteristics of religions:
A
Worldview, beliefs and practices, and gender views
16
Q
seasonal approaches:
A
incorporate the dynamic nature of the natural world: seasonal changes, the movements of planets and stars, or the human movement through birth, life, and death. Religious communities incorporate time into the observances of the sacred within their particular worldview. The Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, for example, follows a seasonal format that moves from Christmas to Easter, then back to Christmas.
17
Q
Existential concerns are at the core of most religious systems…
A
and answers to questions such as “Why am I here?” and “What is the meaning of life?” are all at least approachable, if not answerable, by the religious worldview. The existential issues that a religious community must work through are often expressed in stories and narratives associated with the relationship to the sacred universe. Whether transmitted orally or in the form of sacred scriptures, myths and stories can frame the human search for meaning to provide a sort of mirror, reflecting back the nature of the religious community.
18
Q
Beliefs or doctrine are:
A
the collections of sacred truths that emerge from the basic elements of the worldview.
19
Q
Religious tradition can be placed in 3 categories:
A
sacramental, prophetic, and mystical orientations
20
Q
Sacramental:
A
a term beholden to Christian analysis and thus somewhat an ill fit, refers to the need for orthopraxy, or correct practice, for ritual effectiveness.
21
Q
Prophetic orientation:
A
describes the desire for contact with the sacred that is at the center of many religious rituals and ceremonies. Included in this aspect of religious patterns is the frequent employment of individuals whose specific role is that of intermediary.
22
Q
Mystical orientation:
A
is the ineffable realm beyond the immediate natural one—the realm of gods and spirits—that the believer hopes to influence with rituals and mediators.
23
Q
Gender view
A
can be thought of in terms of symbolic representations of gender as well as the gendered social roles that emerge from a religious worldview
24
Q
matrilineal
A
the family lines are traced through the mother
25
matrilocal
a husband becomes a member of his wife's clan
26
multidisciplinary approach:
Some of the most recent research has been in the area of cognitive science and evolutionary psychology.
27
What are the two main approaches to defining religion, and how are they different?
The two main approaches to defining religions are the functional and the substantive. Functional types suggest what religion does for people and how they use it. Substantive types emphasize what religion is, offering some of the key elements that make up a religion.
28
In what ways can the patterns discussed in your textbook and in this lesson inform the study of human culture generally?
All three patterns reflect other areas of human interaction, such as proper behavior and social mores, issues of power and control, and the formation of cultural institutions such as economics, politics, and law.
29
What does the word *religion* mean literally?
connect again
30
What does the prophetic orientation in religion emphasize?
beliefs and moral codes
31
What early anthropologist saw religion as rooted in a belief in spirits and the worship of them?
E.B. Tylor
32
What characterizes a mystical orientation in religion?
the seeking of a union with something greater than oneself
33
Anthropology typically study religions as what?
an influence on social systems such as family, social roles, property rights, etc.
34
academic study of religion:
(1) the academic study of religion isn’t about proving one religion right or wrong – it simply isn’t an issue of right or wrong, but what people do when they practice religion; (2) the academic study of religion doesn’t look to prove or disprove things about religions; (3) studying religion isn’t about trying to get people to doubt their own beliefs.
35
Religions manifest 8 possible elements: belief system, community, central myths, ritual, ethics, characteristic emotional experiences, material expression, and _______.
sacredness
36
The belief that all is divine is called _______.
pantheism
37
_______ agrees that the existence of God cannot be proven.
Agnosticism
38
Anthropologist _______ believed that religion was rooted in spirit worship.
E.B. Tylor
39
_________ theorized that belief in a God or gods arises from the long-lasting impressions made on adults by their childhood experiences.
Sigmund Freud
40
Rudolf Otto argued that religions emerge when people experience that aspect of reality which is essentially mysterious; while ______ believed that religion was a noble human response to the complexity and depth of reality.
Carl Gustav Jung
41
Religions express truth ____. For example, water can represent spiritual cleansing; the sun, health; a mountain, strength; and a circle, eternity.
Symbolically
42
In early religions, the most significant female
deity was particularly associated with _______
and motherhood and has been known by many names, such as Asherah,
Aphrodite, and Freia.
fertility
43
When we look at the world's dominant religions, we see 3 basic orientations in their conceptions and location of the sacred: sacramental, prophetic, and ______.
mystical
44
As an academic discipline, the field of religious studies is now more than _____ years old.
200
45
agnosticism
"Not know"; a position asserting that the existence of God cannot be proven.
46
animism
From the Latin anima, meaning "spirit," "soul," "life force"; a worldview common among organ religions that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits.
47
atheism
"Not God"; a position asserting that there is no God or gods
48
deconstruction
A technique, pioneered by Jacques Derrida, that sets aside ordinary categories of analysis and makes use, instead, of unexpected perspectives on cultural elements; it can be used for finding underlying values in a text, film, artwork, cultural practice, or religious phenomenon.
49
dualism
The belief that reality is made of two different principles (spirit and matter); the belief in two gods (good and evil) in conflict
50
immanent
existing and operating within nature
51
nontheism
a position that is unconcerned with the supernatural, not asserting or denying the existence of any deity.
52
pantheism
The belief that everything in the universe is divine.
53
polytheism
belief in many gods
54
post-structuralism
An analytical approach that does not seek to find universal structures that might underlie language, religion , art, or other such significant areas, but focuses instead on observing carefully the individual elements in cultural phenomena
55
structuralism
An analytical approach that looks for universal structures that underlie language, mental processes, mythology, kinship, and religions; this approach sees human activity as largely determined by such underlying structures.
56
transcendent
"Climbing beyond"; beyond time and space
57
The 2 major biases of indigenous religions?
1) primitive 2) all the same
58
Indigeneity
Latin indigena meaning "sprung from the land" and "native", which alludes to a particular birth place.
59
Tribe
From the Latin tribus, was used to delineate 3 main cultural groups in Rome: Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans.
60
locale
place where things occur
61
Wakan
The indigenous Lakota believed waken flows through things like a power
62
Dreamtime
can refer to a general sense of Australian spiritual culture or specifically to the period of creation in which ancestral beings traveled throughout the country
63
Which aspect associated in your textbook with indigenous religions is most reflected in the concept of embeddedness?
The aspect most reflected in embeddedness is the idea that indigenous religions are located in holistic cultures, where any object, act, or place can be associated with the sacred.
64
What aspect of indigenous religious life would be the most likely tool for a connection between sacred places and power?
Likely tools are ceremonial actions that provide opportunities for enacting the worldview and engaging the spiritual world.
65
What aspect of indigenous religious traditions would most affect contemporary views about ecological concerns and the ability for indigenous communities to have insight into issues regarding the environment?
The most influential aspect is embeddedness in the natural cycles and a close relationship to particular landscapes.
66
The transmission of indigenous religions is made more difficult because teachings are often conveyed in what ways?
They are conveyed in ways that are relatively impermanent.
67
What is not a way the teachings of indigenous religions are typically conveyed?
sacred scripture
68
What does a libation involve?
the pouring of a liquid on the ground as an offering
69
What is associated with a special ability to know or even enter the spirit world?
the shaman
70
Although there is no agreement on how to speak of ancient religious ways, they are often inadequately referred to as traditional, aboriginal, indigenous, tribal, ____, primal, native, oral, and basic.
non literate
71
Indigenous religions exist generally within ____ cultures, in which every object and act may have religious meaning.
holistic
72
In many Native American religious traditions, there is little distinction between the human and animal worlds. These native religions see everything in the universe as being alive, a concept known as _______.
animism
73
Sacred time is "the time of _______." Among the Koyukon people of the Arctic, it is called "distant time," and it is the holy ancient past in which gods lived and worked. Among Australian Aborigines it is often called Dreamtime, and it is the subject of much of their highly esteemed art.
eternity
74
______ is the doorway through which the "other world" of gods and ancestors can contact us and we can contact them. It is associated with the center of the universe and can be constructed, often in a symbolic shape such as a circle or square.
Sacred space
75
Most indigenous religions have cosmic tales of their _____. They frequently speak of a High God and make little distinction between a god and an ancestor.
origins
76
In native societies, everyday religious activity and practice are significant, because their primary purpose is often to place individuals, families, and groups in "right _____" with gods, ancestors, other human beings, and nature.
relationships
77
Special rituals make a person's entry into adulthood. In Native American religions, a common ritual of early maturity is the "vision quest," or "________."
dream quest
78
A _______ is a rule that forbids specific behavior with regard to certain objects, people, animals, days, or phases of life.
taboo
79
A(n) ______ acts as an intermediary between the visible, ordinary world and the spirit world.
shaman
80
calumet
A long-stemmed sacred pipe used primarily by many native peoples of North America; it is smoked as a token of peace.
81
Divination
A foretelling of the future or a look into the past; a discovery of the unknown by magical means
82
holistic
Organic, integrated; indicating a complete system, greater than the sum of its parts; here, refers to a culture whose various elements (art, music, social behavior) may all have religious meaning.
83
libation
the act of pouring a liquid on the ground as an offering to a god.
84
Shaman
A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group
85
Sympathetic magic
An attempt to influence the outcome of an event through an action that has an apparent similarity to the desired result- for example, throwing water into the air to produce rain or burning an enemy's fingernail clippings to bring sickness to that enemy.
86
taboo
A strong social prohibition (Tongan: tabu; Hawaiian: kapu)
87
totem
an animal (or image of an animal) that is considered to be related by blood to a family or clan and is its guardian or symbol
88
How does puja reflect a devotee's relationship to the dharma?
Ritual recognition of the role the gods play in everyday life helps maintain focus on one's obligations to the dharma and therefore builds on the individual's positive karma.
89
How does the concept of shakti complement the nature of deities in Hinduism?
As the feminine energy, shakti complements the masculine energy of the Trimurti, appearing as the consorts of the gods.
90
How would you characterize the Chipko movement discussed in your textbook in relation to Hinduism and modernity?
Rising environmental concerns in the twentieth century allow for a connection between traditional values associated with Hinduism and the protection of natural resources.
91
Hinduism is the majority religion of what geographic region?
Nepal
92
What term describes the goal of ultimate liberation from egotism and rebirth?
moksha
93
What is puja?
a devotional ritual
94
Krishna is considered an incarnation of what other deity?
Vishnu
95
Krishna is often portrayed holding what?
a flute
96
The culture that flourished in the Indus River valley before 2000 BCE is named the ______ culture.
Harappa
97
The ancient scriptures of India are called the _____. There are four basic text collections: the Rig, the Yajur, the Sama, and the Atharva.
Vedas
98
Around 500 BCE, Indian civilization experienced such widespread and important changes that the period is called the _______ Age.
Axis
99
In the Upanishads, the term _______ refers to the experience of the sacred within nature and the external universe, while _____ refers to the experience of the sacred within oneself. Both terms may be used interchangeably.
Brahman; Atman
100
The _______ is part of a very long epic poem called the Mahabharata; it recalls themes from the Upanishads.
Bhagavad Gita
101
Hinduism has a(n) _______ system with five main social classes: brahmin (priest), kshatriya (warrior-noble), vaishya (merchant), shudra (peasant), and dalit (untouchable).
caste
102
The word yoga means "________."
union
103
Shankar's belief that spiritual liberation was achieved when the individual personally came to understand the unity of all things is called _______.
monism
104
When linked together, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are often called the _____.
Trimurti
105
Mohandas Gandhi's use of ______ techniques, including marches, hunger strikes, talks, demonstrations, and publicity, was adopted by Martin Luther King Jr. to help protest racial segregation in the United States.
nonviolent
106
ahimsa
"non harm", "nonviolence"
107
ashram
a spiritual community
108
atman
the spiritual essence of all individual human beings
109
avatar
an earthly embodiment of a deity
110
Bhagavad Gita
a religious literary work about Krishna
111
bhakti
devotion to a deity or guru
112
bhakti yoga
the spiritual disciple of devotion to a deity or guru.
113
Brahma
God of creation
114
Brahman
the spiritual essence of the universe
115
brahmin
member of the priestly caste
116
caste
a major social class sanctioned by Hinduism
117
Devi
"Goddess"; the Divine Feminine, also called the Great Mother
118
dhyana
meditation
119
Durga
"Awe-inspiring," "distant"; a mother-goddess; a form of Devi
120
guru
a spiritual teacher
121
hatha yoga
the spiritual discipline of postures and bodily exercises
122
jnana yoga
the spiritual discipline of knowledge and insight
123
Kali
"Dark," a form of Devi; a goddess associated with destruction and rebirth.
124
karma
the moral law of cause and effect that determines the direction of rebirth.
125
karma yoga
the spiritual discipline of selfless action
126
Krishna
a god associated with divine playfulness; a form of Vishnu
127
kundalini yoga
a form of raja yoga that envisions the individual's energy as a force that is capable of being raised from the center of the body to the head, producing a state of joy.
128
mantra
a short sacred phrase, often chanted or used in meditation
129
moksha
"Liberation" from personal limitation, egotism, and rebirth
130
monism
the philosophical position that all apparently separate realities are ultimately one; the belief that God and the universe are the same, that the universe is divine.
131
puja
offerings and ritual in honor of a deity
132
raja yoga
the "royal" discipline of meditation
133
Rama
a god and mythical king; a form of Vishnu
134
samadhi
a state of complete inner peace resulting from meditation
135
samsara
the everyday world of change and suffering leading to rebirth
136
sannyasin
a wandering holy man
137
Shiva
a god associated with destruction and rebirth
138
Trimurti
"Three forms" of the divine- the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
139
Upanishads
Written meditations on the spiritual essence of the universe and the self
140
Vedas
Four collections of ancient prayers and rituals
141
Vishnu
a god associated with preservation and love
142
yoga
A spiritual discipline; a method for perfecting one's union with the divine
143
What is the reason for the Buddhist concern with attachment to things and people?
Attachment inevitably leads to suffering, because all in this world is impermanent. Detachment relieves the practitioner of suffering by eliminating its sources.
144
In what way is the practice of meditation oriented toward Buddhist tradition?
Meditation allows the practitioner to experience detachment from the physical self and practice mindfulness.
145
For the Buddha, what was the main source of the desire that leads to suffering?
The main source of that desire is living one's life without being aware of the limitations inherent in the human condition.
146
What is the essential collection of sacred books of Buddhism?
Tripitaka (Tipitaka)
147
Zen comes from a word that means what?
meditation
148
What is the ideal of the Theravada branch of Buddhism?
arhat (arahat)
149
Tibetan Buddhism includes elements of what other religion?
Shamanism
150
What is the general term for the books believed to contain the words of the Buddha?
sutra
151
What is one key way that Jain Dharma differs sharply from Hinduism?
One difference is the lack of a concept corresponding to "gods." Another is the Jain idea of karma as a physical substance.
152
What is one similarity between Jainism and Sikhism?
A similarity is the use of meditative prayer and chants as part of the devotional practice.
153
Why would an American Sikh have a difficult time in the US military, even though Sikhs have a long history of military prowess?
The US military insists on compliance with dress and grooming codes that conflict with Sikh practices, such as refraining from cutting one's hair.
154
On what does Jainism place great emphasis?
ahimsa
155
In the Jain worldview, what is true of a creator?
The creator does not exist.
156
What is true of hylozoism, the metaphysical philosophy of Jainism?
It sees life in everything, even what is inanimate.
157
Jains allow and even recommend what practice?
gentle suicide after a long life of virtue
158
What do the Jains consider Mahavira to be?
the greatest of the "crossing‐makers"
159
What Buddhist idea is most evocative of Taoist notions of action with non-action, relativism, gentleness, and simplicity?
The Buddhist concept of detachment, ridding oneself of desire, is similar to these Taoist goals.
160
What connections can be made between Taoist practices and aspects of Chinese folk traditions?
Folk traditions in China derive from small-scale agricultural communities and have many connections to indigenous traditions. Taoism retains the animistic aspects of that earlier worldview.
161
What might be the main opposition to Confucian beliefs and practices by the communist Chinese government?
The emphasis in Confucianism is on individual behavior rather than on the collective.
162
Taoists aim at enjoying a long life. Why do they also accept death?
Death is a part of the natural order of things
163
For what quality is the Tao Te Ching known?
deliberate obscurity
164
Taoism began as part of early Chinese attempts to understand what?
the rhythms of nature
165
Confucius's ideal society would live according to the ideals of what?
the Five Great Relationships
166
What are the Analects?
the sayings of Confucius
167
Siddhartha’s encounters with an old man, a sick
man, a corpse, and a wandering holy man, which
prompted him to leave his luxurious and carefree life, are called the _______.
four passing sights
168
After Siddhartha spent an entire night meditating under a full moon, he finally achieved
insight into release from suffering and rebirth.
Buddhists believe that he reached a profound
understanding, called his ________.
enlightenment
169
At the core of what is generally regarded as basic ______ are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.
Buddhism
170
According to Buddhism, reality manifests three characteristics: constant change, lack of permanent identity, and the existence of _____.
suffering
171
According to a view common to all forms of Buddhism, reality manifests constant change. This view is the foundation for the ______ and the _______.
Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path
172
In Buddhism, as in Hinduism, _____ suggest(s) decay and pain.
samsara
173
Liberation from decay and pain is called ________.
nirvana
174
The key notions of _______ Buddhism are trikaya (the "three-body doctrine"), shunyata ("emptiness"), and tathata ("thatness").
Mahayana
175
In ______ Buddhist countries, one great celebration (Vesak) recalls the birth, the enlightenment, and the death of Buddha. It is celebrated at the time of the full moon in May.
Theravada
176
In Tibetan Buddhism, the executive head of the Gelug-pa is called the Dalai Lama, which means "_______."
ocean superior one
177
Amitabha Buddha
The Buddha of the Western Paradise, a bliss-body Buddha in Mahayana
178
anatta
"No self"; the doctrine that there is no soul or permanent essence in people and things
179
anichcha
Impermanence, constant change
180
arhat
In Theravada, a person who has practiced monastic disciplines and reached nirvana, the ideal
181
bodhi
Enlightenment
182
Bodhisattva
“Enlightenment being”; in Mahayana, a person
of deep compassion, especially one who does
not enter nirvana but is constantly reborn to help
others; a heavenly being of compassion.
183
Dharma
the totality of Buddhist teaching
184
dhyana
"meditation"; focusing of the mind; sometimes, stages of trance.
185
dukkha
Sorrow, misery
186
Guanyin
A popular bodhisattva of compassion in Mahayana
187
karuna
Compassion, empathy
188
koan
In Chan and Zen Buddhism, a
question that cannot be answered logically; a
technique used to test consciousness and bring
awakening.
189
lama
A Tibetan Buddhist teacher; a title of honor often given to all Tibetan monks.
190
Maitreya
A Buddha (or bodhisattva) expected to appear on earth in the future.
191
mandala
A geometrical design containing deities, circles,
squares, symbols, and so on that represent totality,
the self, or the universe.
192
mudra
A symbolic hand gesture
193
nirvana
The release from suffering and rebirth that brings inner peace.
194
samadhi
A state of deep awareness, the result of intensive meditation
195
samsara
Constant rebirth and the attendant suffering; the everyday world of change
196
Sangha
The community of monks and nuns; lowercased, sangha refers to an individual monastic community
197
satori
In Zen, the enlightened awareness
198
shunyata
The Mahayana notion of
emptiness, meaning that the universe is empty
of permanent reality.
199
stupa
a shrine, usually in the shape of a dome, used to mark Buddhist relics or sacred sites.
200
sutra
A sacred text, especially one said to
| record the words of the Buddha.
201
tathata
“Thatness,” “thusness,”
“suchness”; the uniqueness of each changing
moment of reality.
202
trikaya
The three “bodies” of the
Buddha—the Dharmakaya (cosmic Buddha
nature), the Nirmanakaya (historical Buddhas),
and the Sambhogakaya (celestial Buddhas).
203
Tripitaka
The three “baskets,”
| or collections, of Buddhist texts.
204
vajra
The “diamond” scepter
used in Tibetan and other types of Buddhist ritual,
symbolizing compassion.
205
In Jainism, the greatest of all _____ was Nataputta Vardhamana, who is usually referred to by the honorary title Mahavira.
tirthankaras
206
As a result of his liberating experience, following
twelve years of meditation, wandering, and
mortification, Mahavira is called a __________
. It is the title from which
Jainism takes its name.
jina
207
The Jain goal is to reach a state of _______.
total freedom
208
One of the five ethical recommendations of Jainism is _____.
ahimsa
209
Although Buddhism followed a deliberate path of moderation, Jainism gloried in ______.
austerity
210
The founder of Sikhism, Guru _____ is recognized as the first in a line of ten Sikh gurus ("spiritual teachers").
Nanak
211
Sikhism was mostly influenced by Hinduism and _____.
Islam
212
Nanak accepted, as does Hinduism, a belief in reincarnation and _____.
karma
213
Sikhs wear a bracelet of steel, called _____, which symbolizes strength.
Adi Granth
214
Adi Granth
"Original collection"; the primary scripture of the Sikhs.
215
ajiva
Matter without soul or life.
216
Digambara
“Clothed in sky”; a
member of the Jain sect in which monks ideally
do not wear clothing.
217
gurdwara
A Sikh temple
218
hylozoism
The belief that all physical matter has
| life and feeling.
219
Japji
A poem by Guru Nanak that begins the Adi Granth; the poem is recited daily by pious Sikhs.
220
jina
“Conquerer”; the Jain term for a perfected person who will not be reborn.
221
jiva
Spirit, soul, which enlivens matter
222
puja
Ritual in honor of a tirthankara or deity
223
sallekhana
“Holy death”; death
by self-starvation, valued in Jainism as a noble
end to a long life of virtue and detachment.
224
Shvetambara
“Clothed in white”; a member of the Jain sect in which monks and nuns wear white clothing.
225
Sikh
"Disciple"; a follower of the Sikh religion
226
Sthanakavasi
“Building person”; a member of a Jain sect that rejects the use of statues and temples.
227
Terapanthi
"Thirteen"; a member of the newest Jain sect.
228
tirthankara
“Crossing maker”; in Jainism, one of the twenty-four ideal human beings of the past, Mahavira being the most recent.
229
Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism have been collectively called the Three _______.
Doctrines
230
The legendary founder of Daoism is __________, which means "old master" or "old child."
Laozi
231
The great classic of Daoism, accepted by most Daoists as a central scripture, is the ________.
Daodejing
232
According to Daoism, the ______ is the origin of everything, and all individual things are "manifestations" of it.
Dao
233
One of the stimuli that influenced Daoism to take an organizational path was _____.
Buddhism
234
For Confucians, the Dao of primary interest is the Dao within the human world, manifested in ______.
right relationships and a harmonious society
235
The Five Great Relationships signify that each person must live up to his or her social status. This has been called the ______.
rectification of names
236
The devotion that all members have to their entire family's welfare is _____.
xiao
237
The most authoritative Confucian literature is
made up of the Five Classics (Wujing) and the ________
Books (Sishu).
Four
238
The Neo-Confucianist ______ attempted to formulate a general vision of reality by using notions found in the teachings of Confucius and Mencius.
Zhu Xi
239
Analects
A book of the sayings attributed to Confucius
| and his early disciples.
240
Dao
The mysterious origin of the universe, which is present and visible in everything.
241
Daodejing
The classic scripture of Daoism
242
Five Classics
The classical literature of the time preceding Confucius, including poetry, history, and
divination.
243
Four Books
The major Confucian books, which include the sayings of Confucius and Mencius.
244
junzi
“Noble person”; the refined human ideal of Confucianism.
245
Laozi
The legendary founder of Daoism.
246
Legalists
The strictest of the Chinese philosophical schools, which advocated strong laws and punishments.
247
li
Appropriate action, ritual, propriety, etiquette
248
Mohists
The strictest of the Chinese philosophical schools, which advocated strong laws and punishments.
249
qi
The life force
250
ren
Empathy, consideration for others, humaneness; a Confucian virtue.
251
shu
Reciprocity, a Confucian virtue
252
wen
Cultural refinement; a Confucian virtue
253
wu wei
“No action,” “no strain,” “effortlessness”; doing only what comes spontaneously
and naturally.
254
xiao
Family devotion, filial piety; a
| Confucian virtue.
255
yang
The active aspect of reality that expresses itself in speech, light, and heat.
256
Yijing
An ancient Confucian book of divination, one of the Five Classics, still in use today.
257
yin
The receptive aspect of the universe that expresses itself in silence, darkness, coolness, and rest.
258
Zhuangzi
Author of the Zhuangzi, a book of whimsical stories that express themes of early Daoist thought.
