Exam 2 Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
Amaterasu
A
“Shining in heaven”; goddess of the sun.
2
Q
bushido
A
“Warrior knight way”; military devotion to a ruler, demanding loyalty, duty, and self-sacrifice; an ideal promoted by State Shinto.
3
Q
gagaku
A
The stately ceremonial music of Shinto
4
Q
Ise
A
Location in southeastern Honshu of a major shrine to Amaterasu.
5
Q
Izanagi
A
“Male who invites”; primordial male parent god.
6
Q
Izanami
A
“Female who invites”; primordial female parent god.
7
Q
jinja
A
A Shinto shrine
8
Q
kami
A
A spirit, god, or goddess of Shinto
9
Q
kamidana
A
A shelf or home altar for the veneration of kami.
10
Q
kamikaze
A
“Spirit wind”; suicide fighter pilots of World War II
11
Q
Kojiki
A
The earliest chronicle of Japanese ancient myths
12
Q
misogi
A
A ritual of purification that involves standing under a waterfall
13
Q
Nihongi
A
The second chronicle of Japanese myths and history
14
Q
Noh
A
Dramas performed in mask and costume, associated with Shinto
15
Q
Omoto
A
A New Religion, which stresses art and beauty.
16
Q
samurai
A
Feudal soldier
17
Q
shimenawa
A
Twisted rope, marking a sacred spot
18
Q
Tenrikyo
A
A New Religion devoted to human betterment
19
Q
torii
A
A gatelike structure that marks a Shinto sacred place.
20
Q
The term Shinto comes from the Chinese slen-dao, which means “ ______”
A
the way of the gods
21
Q
In the Shinto creation myth, primeval chaos became populated by several generations of deities, or spirits, called ______.
A
kami
22
Q
In Shinto mythology, the sun goddess Amaterasu sent her grandson to bring order to the islands of Japan. From her grandson came Jimmu, the first ______ of Japan.
A
emperor
23
Q
The entry of _____ into Japan forced Shinto to define itself. They preached that their deities were already being worshiped in Japan under Shinto names.
A
Buddhists
24
Q
A turning point in Japanese history was the ______, named after the emperor who began a deliberate process of bringing Japan into the modern world in the late nineteenth century.
A
Meiji Restoration
25
When ____ ended, the Occupation forces demanded that Japan become a secular country, and state Shinto was abolished.
World War II
26
A visit to a shrine begins by passing under a torii, which looks like a ceremonial entrance or gateway. After washing their hands and mouths with water, worshipers proceed to a courtyard building, called the _____, where the kami is worshiped.
haiden
27
Shinto is known for its distinctive music, called ________, which uses instruments that make a flutelike, reedy sound that seems close yet far away, timeless yet fresh and new.
gagaku
28
Daily Shinto worship occurs in the home, where a small shrine called the _____ is maintained.
kamidana
29
One of the so-called New Religions, an offshoot of Shinto, is _______ (“heavenly reason teaching”), which preaches healing by faith. A
central notion of this religion is that physical health comes from mental health.
Tenrikyo
30
What aspects of both Buddhism and Shinto make them compatible enough to be practiced alongside one another in Japan?
The similarities between venerating the kami and the bodhisattvas could allow for the incorporation of both ideas into shrine visits.
31
What aspects of Shinto keep it relevant in modern Japan?
Shinto promotes nationalism, and that can translate into patriotic views of one’s country. The continued presence of natural features such as Mt. Fuji that are associated with the kami and with their creation of the Japanese islands make the land itself a constant reminder of the traditional views and spirituality.
32
Toward what is the primary focus of Shinto directed?
spirits of nature and the ancestors
33
According to Shinto beliefs, what is true of human beings?
They are fundamentally good.
34
On what aspect of religion does Shinto put great emphasis?
careful rituals
35
What does the word kamikaze, or “spirit wind,” often refer to?
suicide pilots
36
What is meant by State Shinto?
a former system of national shrines
37
Ashkenazim
Jews who lived in or came from central Europe
38
bar (bat) mitzvah
“Son (daughter) of the commandment” (Aramaic); the coming-of-age ceremony
that marks the time when a young person is considered a legal adult within the Jewish community.
39
biblical Judaism
Judaism before the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE)
40
Canaan
An ancient name for the land of Israel
41
Conservative Judaism
A branch of Judaism that attempts to blend the best of old and new Judaism
42
covenant
A contract; the contract between the Hebrews and their God, Yahweh
43
diaspora
The dispersion of Jews beyond Israel, particularly to Persia, Egypt, and the Mediterranean region
44
Essenes
A reclusive semi monastic Jewish group that flourished from c. 150 BCE to 68 CE
45
Hanukkah
An early-winter festival
recalling the rededication of the Second Temple,
celebrated with the lighting of candles for eight
days.
46
Holocaust
The destruction of European Judaism by the Nazis; also known as Shoah
47
Shoah
Hebrew: extermination
48
Kabbalah
"Received," "handed down"; the whole body of Jewish mystical literature
49
Ketuvim
"Writings"; the third section of the Hebrew scriptures, consisting primarily of poetry, proverbs, and literary works
50
kosher
"Ritually correct"; refers particularly to food preparation and food consumption
51
menorah
A candelabrum usually containing seven—and occasionally nine—branches,
used for religious celebrations.
52
Messiah
A savior figure to be sent by God, awaited by the Jews
53
midrash
"Search"; rabbinical commentary on the scriptures and oral law
54
Nevi'im
“Prophets”; the second
| section of the Hebrew scriptures, made up of historical and prophetic books.
55
Orthodox Judaism
the most traditional branch of Judaism
56
Passover
A joyful spring festival that recalls the Hebrews’ exodus from Egypt and freedom
from oppression.
57
Pharisees
A faction during the Second Temple period that emphasized the observance of biblical rules.
58
prophet
a person inspired by God to speak for him
59
Purim
A joyous festival in early spring
that recalls the Jews’ being saved from destruction,
as told in the Book of Esther.
60
rabbi
A religious teacher; a Jewish minister
61
rabbinical Judaism
Judaism that developed after
| the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE).
62
Reconstructionism
A modern liberal branch of
| Judaism that emphasizes the cultural aspects of Judaism.
63
Reform
A movement beginning in the nineteenth century that questioned and modernized Judaism; a liberal branch of Judaism.
64
Rosh Hashanah
“Beginning of the year”; the celebration of the Jewish New
| Year, occurring in the seventh lunar month.
65
Sabbath
"Rest"; the seventh day of the week (Saturday), a day of prayer and rest from work
66
Sadducees
A priestly faction, influential during the Second Temple period
67
Seder
“Order”; a special ritual meal at
| Passover, recalling the Hebrews’ exodus from Egypt.
68
Sephardim
Jews of Spain, Morocco, and the Mediterranean region
69
Sukkot
“Booths”; a festival in the late
| autumn that recalls the Jews’ period of wandering in the desert after their exodus from Egypt.
70
talit
A prayer shawl worn by devout males
71
Talmud
an encyclopedic commentary on the Hebrew scriptures
72
Tanakh
The complete Hebrew scriptures, made up of the Torah, Prophets (Nevi’im), and
Writings (Ketuvim).
73
tefillin
Phylacteries; two small boxes
| containing biblical passages that are worn by Orthodox males on the head and left arm at morning prayer during the week.
74
theophany
A revelation or appearance of God
75
Torah
“Teaching,” “instruction”; the
first five books of the Hebrew scriptures; also, the additional instructions of God, believed by
many to have been transmitted orally from Moses through a succession of teachers and
rabbis.
76
Western Wall
The foundation stones of the western wall of the last temple of Jerusalem, today a place of prayer.
77
yarmulke
the skullcap worn by devout males
78
Yom Kippur
Day of Atonement, the most sacred day of the Jewish year.
79
Zealots
An anti-Roman, nationalistic Jewish faction, active during the Roman period of control over Israel.
80
Zionism
A movement that has encouraged the creation and support of the nation of Israel.
81
The destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 ce brought
about the end of the ______ ceremonial religion of Israel.
temple-based
82
The Hebrew Bible is divided into three sections: _____.
Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim
83
________ is the first Hebrew patriarch. God entered into a solemn covenant with him, which involved a promise of land, protection, and descendants.
Abraham
84
In a story from Genesis, Jacob wrestles all night long with a mysterious stranger—God or God’s Angel. At dawn, the fight is over, and Jacob receives from the stranger a new name, _______ , which means “wrestles with God.”
Israel
85
In Hebrew, the name for God, usually associated with the verb hayah (“to be”), is commonly written _______.
Yahweh
86
The Babylonian _______ contains legal material and nonlegal anecdotes and tales.
Talmud
87
In eighteenth-century central Europe, Jewish traditionalism expressed itself in both Talmudic scholarship and the devotional movement _______ (“devotion,” “piety”).
Hasidism
88
By the end of World War II, an estimated six million Jews had been killed. This immense loss is called the ________ (Greek: "completely burned") or Shoah (Hebrew: "extermination").
Holocaust
89
Traditional Judaism is often called ______ Judaism.
Orthodox
90
________, the newest and smallest branch of Judaism, grew out of the thought of
its founder, Mordecai Kaplan.
Reconstructionist Judaism
91
How is it that the Jewish dietary laws can be said to give women an opportunity to express a certain amount of social power?
Given that the law is very specific with regard to what can be eaten and when, as well as what activities can take place while a woman is menstruating, women have an important task in keeping the domestic sphere kosher.
92
How would you characterize the role of history in the formation of Jewish religious identity?
The historic reality of places, nations, and empires in the sacred narrative can serve to verify the truth of the more miraculous aspects such as Moses parting the Red Sea.
93
Why might it be that the conversion to Judaism is a more difficult path than in some other religious traditions?
The idea of a genealogical peoplehood is very important in the Jewish identity and their special relationship to God as his chosen people. To commit to Judaism is to participate in the entire history of Israel.
94
What is Zionism?
a movement that urges Jews to live in Israel
95
How does the Hebrew Bible treat historical events?
as signs of divine activity
96
Who were the moral conscience of the Hebrew people?
prophets
97
According to the Book of Exodus, what plague was the last to strike the Egyptians?
the death of first‐born sons
98
How is the Jewish view of God best expressed?
God is creator and judge.
99
apocalypticism
The belief that the world will soon come to an end; this belief usually includes the notion of a great battle, final judgment, and reward of the good.
100
apostle
One of Jesus’s twelve disciples; also, any early preacher of Christianity.
101
baptism
The Christian rite of initiation, involving immersion in water or sprinkling with water.
102
Bible (Christian)
The scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.
103
bishop
“Overseer” (Greek); a priest and church leader who is in charge of a large geographical
area called a diocese.
104
canon
“Measure,” “rule” (Greek); a list
| of authoritative books or documents.
105
ecumenism
Dialogue between Christian denominations
106
Eucharist
"Good gift" (Greek); the Lord's Supper
107
evangelical
Emphasizing the authority of scripture; an adjective used to identify certain Protestant groups.
108
evangelist
“Good news person” (Greek); one of the four “authors” of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
109
filioque
“And from the Son”; a Latin word added to the creeds in the Western Church to state that the Holy Spirit arises from
both Father and Son. The notion, which was not accepted by Orthodox Christianity, contributed to the separation between the Western and Eastern churches.
110
gospel
"Good news" (Middle English); an account of the life of Jesus
111
icon
“Image” (Greek); religious painting on wood, as used in the Orthodox Church; also spelled ikon.
112
incarnation
"in flesh" (Latin); a belief that God became visible in Jesus
113
indulgence
“Kindness-toward” (Latin); remission of the period spent in purgatory (a state of temporary punishment in the afterlife); an aspect of
Catholic belief and practice.
114
Lent
“Lengthening day,” “spring” (Old English); the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days.
115
Messiah
“Anointed” (Hebrew); a special messenger sent by God, foretold in the Hebrew scriptures and believed by Christians to be Jesus.
116
original sin
An inclination toward evil, inherited by human beings as a result of Adam’s disobedience.
117
orthodox
"Straight opinion" (Greek); correct belief
118
Orthodoxy
The major Eastern branch of Christianity
119
patriarch
“Father source” (Greek); the bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and
Moscow).
120
pope
“Father” (Latin and Greek); the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church;
the term is also used for the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria.
121
predestination
The belief that because God is allpowerful and all-knowing, a human being’s ultimate reward or punishment is already decreed by God; a notion emphasized in Calvinism.
122
Protestant Principle
The right of each believer
| to radically rethink and interpret the ideas and values of Christianity, apart from any church authority.
123
redemption
“Buy again,” “buy back” (Latin); the belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of
justice for all human wrongdoing.
124
righteousness
Being sinless in the sight of God; also called justification.
125
sacrament
“Sacred action” (Latin); one of the essential rituals of Christianity.
126
sin
Wrongdoing, seen as disobedience to God
127
Testament
“Contract”; the Old Testament and New Testament constitute the Christian scriptures.
128
Trinity
The three “Persons” in God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
129
In what way would acceptance of scientific principles create problems for more conservative Christians?
Opening the Bible text to literary analysis and miraculous events to scientific inquiry may seem to contradict issues of faith.
130
Regarding the relationship to God, what is one key difference between the story associated with Judaism and that of Christianity?
Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come, while Christians believe that Jesus was this Messiah.
131
What is the key way that ideas of gender are affected by scriptural references to God?
Because God is referred to as male and Jesus was a male, the images associated with holiness are naturally going to be masculine.
132
In Jesus's time, what power controlled Israel?
Rome
133
Which book is found in the New Testament?
Hebrews
134
Paul, John the Baptist, and Jesus may have been influenced by the celebration of celibacy common among what Jewish sect?
Essenes
135
What was an essential part of the teaching of Jesus?
to love one another
136
When early Christian belief spread outside Israel, it was spread particularly by what missionary?
Paul
137
caliph
(Arabic: khalifa) “successor”; a religious and political leader.
138
dhikr
A devotional remembrance of Allah through the recitation of his ninety-nine names
and other devotional practices.
139
fana
“Extinction”; the sense of loss of self in mystical experience.
140
hadith
“Recollection”; a remembrance
of an act or saying of Muhammad. (The plural is
spelled hadiths or ahadith.)
141
Hajj
pilgrimage to Mecca
142
Hijra
"Flight"; Muhammad's escape from Mecca to Yathrib (medina)
143
Id al-Adha
The Day of Sacrifice during the month of the Hajj when an animal is sacrificed to recall the submission of Abraham.
144
Id al-Fitr
The festival at the end of the month of Ramadan during which people feast and visit friends and often the graves of
ancestors.
145
imam
A religious leader; specifically,
one of the hereditary successors of Muhammad,
venerated in Shiite Islam.
146
Islam
“Submission”; the Muslim religion and the community of believers who have submitted
themselves to Allah.
147
jihad
“Struggle”; the ideals of (1) spreading Islamic belief and (2) heroic self-sacrifice.
148
Kabah
“Cube”; the square shrine at the center of the Grand Mosque of Mecca.
149
Khadijah
First wife of Muhammad
150
mihrab
the decorated niche inside a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca
151
minaret
a tower used by a chanter to call people to prayer
152
mosque
a Muslim place of worship
153
muezzin
A chanter who calls people to prayer
154
Muslim
a person who submits to Allah
155
qiblah
The direction toward Mecca; the direction toward which Muslims pray.
156
Qur'an
“Recitation”; God’s words as revealed to and recited by Muhammad; an authorized edition of the written words that appeared after Muhammad’s death.
157
Ramadan
The month of fasting; the ninth month of the Muslim calendar
158
Sharia
“Path”; the whole body of Islamic laws that guides a Muslim’s life. (Also spelled Shariah.)
159
Shiite
A minority branch of Islam, which holds that Muhammad’s genuine successors descended from his son-in-law Ali.
160
Sufism
a group of devotional movements in Islam
161
Sunni
The majority branch of Islam,
| which holds that genuine succession from Muhammad did not depend on hereditary descent from his son-in-law Ali.
162
sura
A chapter of the Qur'an
163
Islam literally means "_____."
submission
164
Muslims refer to God as _____. The word is a contraction of two Arabic words that mean “the” and “God.”
Allah
165
The ______ is the single sentence, when recited with belief, that makes a person a Muslim.
Shahadah
166
Fasting is thought to be an important bond that unites Muslims during the period of shared fasting known as _______.
Ramadan
167
All Muslims, unless prevented by poverty or sickness, are expected to visit Mecca at
least once in their lifetime in the religious journey (pilgrimage) known as _______.
Hajj
168
The name Qur'an means "_____."
recitation
169
______ was the water of Muhammad's youngest wife and was recognized as the first Caliph.
Abu Bakr
170
______ derive their name from an Arabic word that means “faction” and are the group that followed Ali.
Shiites
171
______ take their name from the Arabic word for “tradition,” referring back to the entire body of traditional teachings that are based on the life and teachings of Muhammad, as given in the Qur’an and the authoritative hadiths.
Sunnis
172
Islamic law, called ____ , is the entire body of laws that guides the believer in this life.
Sharia
173
How do Muslims view the Qur'an in the context of the Hebrew and Christian scriptures?
Islam sees the Qur'an as the last and final prophetic word of God that began with Genesis.
174
What is one key way that Christianity and Islam are alike in the response to modernity?
Both see modern values and ideas as potentially corrupting, drawing attention away from God's desires for the world.
175
How does Islam interact with civil society in Muslim majority countries?
The Qur'an is often used to dictate the actions of individuals. The call to prayer is heard throughout the area by both Muslims and non-Muslims, announcing the presence of the religious community.
176
What is required during the month‐long fast that observant Muslims keep?
no eating or drinking of anything during daylight hours
177
What is the minaret?
a tower used to call Muslims to prayer
178
Where did Muhammad receive his first revelations?
in a cave
179
During the pilgrimage, men must wear the robe of Abraham. What is an accurate description of this robe?
a two‐piece robe of white cloth
180
What is one part of the pilgrimage ritual?
throwing stones at walls
181
alliance
In Cao Dai, one of three periods of special divine revelation
182
Anthroposophy
“Human wisdom” (Greek); a movement that grew out of
| Theosophy and emphasizes education and other practical means for spiritual development.
183
auditor
In Scientology, a counselor who, through a series of questions, works to guide a person to greater self-understanding.
184
Bab
“Door,” “gate”; a prophet who was the forerunner of Baha’u’llah, the founder of Baha’i.
185
Baha'i
A modern monotheistic religion that grew out of Islam and emphasizes unity and equality of individuals, cultures,
and religions; a follower of the Baha’i religion.
186
Baha'u'llah
“Glory of Allah” (Arabic);
| the founder of Baha’i.
187
bard
A first-level initiate in Druidism; also, a follower of a path in Druidism.
188
Bridge
In Scientology, a diagram of the stages toward personal liberation.
189
Candomble
The syncretic religion of Brazil that blends elements of Portuguese Catholicism and African religions.
190
Cao Dai
“High palace”; a syncretic religion that began in Vietnam and that blends Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Catholic Christianity.
191
Church Universal and Triumphant
A religion that unites elements from Theosophy and Christianity; also referred to as CUT.
192
clear
In Scientology, the state of mental liberation; the person who has achieved mental liberation; also referred to as operating thetan, or OT.
193
Contemporary Paganism
A general name for several
| movements that attempt to reestablish a preChristian European nature religion; also called Neo-Paganism.
194
dreadlocks
the long coiled hair worn by some Rastafarians
195
Druid
“Oak-tree wisdom”; a Celtic priest of two thousand years ago; a follower of the modern re-creation of Druidism.
196
e-meter
In Scientology, an electronic machine that reads galvanic skin response; sometimes used to assist the auditing process.
197
engram
In Scientology, an experience of earlier suffering (even from a past life) that keeps a person
from relating healthily to the present.
198
equinox
“Equal night” (Latin); the two days of the year, in the spring and autumn, when the hours
of daylight and nighttime are equal.
199
Esbat
In Wicca, the time of the full moon, often marked by a meeting or ceremony
200
eurhythmy
“Good rhythm” (Greek); a type of interpretive dance utilized in Anthroposophy as a technique for spiritual growth.
201
falun
“Law wheel” (Chinese); an invisible spiritual wheel, believed by followers of Falun
Gong to spin in the abdominal region, distilling and spreading energy from the universe.
202
Falun Gong
“Law-wheel energy” (Chinese); a modern Chinese religion that uses meditation and physical exercises in its practice.
203
loa
A deity in Voodoo
204
MEST
In Scientology, an acronym for matter, energy, space, and time; the world of time and space, the world in which spirits must live.
205
ocha
In Santeria, any deity
206
operating thetan
In Scientology, a fully liberated person; also referred to as OT or clear
207
orisha
A general name for a deity in the Yoruba-tradition religions
208
Oshun
A female deity in Santería who
| is associated with love and marriage.
209
ovate
A second-level initiate in Druidism; also, a follower of a path of Druidism.
210
pre-clear
In Scientology, a person who is not yet spiritually liberated and who is just beginning to
undergo the auditing process.
211
Qigong
“Energy force” (Chinese); a type of martial art that is thought to increase health and strength.
212
Ras Tafari
The original name of Emperor Haile Selassie, often used by Rastafarians to emphasize his religious significance.
213
Rastafarianism
A religion that began in Jamaica in the 1920s to emphasize African pride; it considers Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) to be divine.
214
Rede
“Advice,” “counsel”; a term used in Wicca to describe its maxim that an act is allowable if it does no harm: “An [if] it harm none, do what you will.”
215
Sabbat
One of eight seasonal turning
| points marked by Wiccans and Druids.
216
santera
a priestess of Santeria
217
Santeria
“Saint-thing” or “saintway” (Spanish); a Yoruba-based religion that developed in Cuba and was influenced by Spanish Catholicism.
218
santero
A priest of Santeria
219
Scientology
“Knowledge-study” (Latin and Greek); a modern religion that promotes a process of focusing thought and clarifying life goals.
220
Shango
In Santería, a popular
| god associated with lightning and powerful storms.
221
solstice
“Sun-stands” (Latin); the two days of the year, at midwinter and midsummer, when the
season begins to reverse itself.
222
Theosophy
“Divine wisdom” (Greek); an eclectic movement, particularly influenced by Hinduism, that focuses on the mystical elements of all religions.
223
thetan
In Scientology, the human soul
224
Voodoo
A religion that developed in Haiti that blends elements from French Catholicism and African religions.
225
Wicca
A Contemporary Pagan movement that seeks harmony with the forces of nature and
worships both the female and male aspects of the divine.
226
The term _____ is used to describe the mixture of various elements from different religions.
syncretic
227
______ is the best-known manifestation of the Contemporary Pagan movement. It is an Old English word that suggests associations with magic, separation, and holiness.
Wicca
228
______ were an elite group of ancient Celtic professionals who acted as judges, teachers, counselors, doctors, and priests.
Druids
229
_____, a religion that grew up in Spanish colonial Cuba, is a mixture of Yoruba religions and Catholicism.
Santeria
230
______, a religion that developed in French colonial Haiti, is a mixture of Yoruba religions and Catholicism.
Voodoo
231
______ shows a strong interest in mystically oriented teachings from all sources—among them, Hindu Vedanta, the Jewish Kabbalah, and Gnosticism.
Theosophy
232
_______ was founded by L. Ron Hubbard. It holds that the core of the human being is a spiritual reality, which it calls the thetan.
Scientology
233
In Falun Gong, the _____ is believed to be an invisible spiritual wheel located in the
lower abdomen that can be activated by a master.
falun
234
_____ is the most important early figure of Rastafarianism.
Marcus Garvey
235
The term Baha’i means follower of _______. The Baha’i faith is among the most universalistic of religions.
Baha'u'llah
236
The modern culture of _______ betterment will increasingly challenge religions to produce what material cultures value.
money-based
237
Entirely new religions may frequently blend
elements from several religions. For example,
the ______ Church, which began in Korea, blends Christianity and Confucianism.
Unification
238
One of the earliest examples of modern religious
| dialogue was the first _____, held in Chicago in 1893.
World Parliament of Religions
239
In Christianity, there is growing interest in medieval female mystics such as ________.
Hildegard of Bingen
240
In 2003, the ______ Church in the United States consecrated as bishop a man who is in a gay relationship; this has caused conflict with other branches of the Church of England.
Episcopal
241
The term _______ has come to refer to a way of looking at life in which human values and rules for living are taken from experience in this world, not from divine revelation.
secularism
242
_____, even where it has been abandoned as an official ideology, succeeded in creating a fairly secular milieu.
Communism
243
Scottish-born naturalist _____ helped ignite the establishment of the national park system and local nature preserves.
John Muir
244
In Europe, a contemplative interest in nature can be traced back many centuries to the nature mysticism of some medieval monks and friars,
beginning with Saint ______.
Francis of Assisi
245
The key belief of those who embrace ______ is the interrelatedness of all elements in the universe—a belief that is expressed in an attitude of respect and reverence for all people and creatures.
eclectic spirituality
246
How would the meeting of various religious traditions in modernity lead to conflict?
Many religious traditions view themselves as the exclusive holders of the truth, which can lead to differences if there is variance between them.
247
Why might people seek out alternative religious paths?
Reasons might include the shifting of identity away from those of family and/or community that are seen as restricting individual expression. In addition, the presence of these new traditions opens up the religions of origin for comparison, and many people find their original religious orientation failing to measure up. A desire for a new approach to what are seen as mounting problems in the world that have not been addressed by mainstream traditions may also drive some people to seek out alternative approaches.
248
What is one sign that a movement is a religious cult?
Contact between its members and nonmembers is strictly regulated.
249
The word pagan comes from pagus, a Latin word meaning what?
countryside
250
What is one topic about which Abraham Maslow, a psychologist interested in spirituality, talked?
peak experiences
251
What is applied science?
science used for practical purposes
252
What term describes living and thinking without reference to a religion?
secularism
