Exam 1 Flashcards by Guy DaWalt

Skeletal muscle is an _______ system.

ORGAN system

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Muscle makes up about __% of total body weight.

50% (muscle)

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Skeletal muscles are used for (5)

movement
stability
communication
control of body openings and passages
heat production

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type of muscle that controls body opening and passages.

Sphincter

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skeletal muscles produce as much as __% of our body heat.

85% of our body heat

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protection, elimination of heat and contraction of skeletal muscles depends on the _________ system

Integumentary System

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Muscles would be unable to contract without the _______ system.

Nervous System

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Skeletal muscle connective tissue from inside - out. (3 layers)

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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Which metabolic phase(s) of exercise benefits the most from carb loading

Phase 3

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Which metabolic phase(s) benefit most from blood doping

Phase 2 (mostly, but also help other two phases)

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Anabolic refers to the stimulation of _______ _______ and thus induction of growth

Protein Synthesis

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3 forms of the anabolic steroid drug.

Oil Based (injected)
Water Based (pills)
Patches/gels

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Development of breast tissue from steroids.

Gynecomastia

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Anabolic steroid works physiologically by: (2)

Increase secretion of growth hormone

Activate protein synthesis and prevent protein breakdown

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Chemical composition of muscle (%’s)

75% water
20% protein
5% others

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Each muscle is provided with a _____ nerve fiber and _____ nerve fiber

Motor

Sensory

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Motor nerves transmit ______/______ ______ from the CNS to each individual muscle fiber.

Efferent/Motor Impulses

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Motor neuron + group of muscle fibers =

Motor Unit

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More motor units = more _______

Precision

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The branch of anatomy that deals with the skeletal muscle system

Myology

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Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles known as _________

Fasciculi

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Muscle fibers and fasciculi are bound together by _________ _______

Connective Tissue

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Muscle fibers are extremely ________ and ____________

Long

Multinucleate

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Each muscle fiber contains dozens to hundreds of _________

Myofiliments

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Term used to describe the type of muscle increase, which is due to an INCREASE in the SIZE of each individual fiber.

Hypertrophy

Term used to describe the type of muscle increase, which is due to an increase in the number of muscle fibers

Hyperplasia

Cytoplasm of a muscle fibers

Sarcoplasm

Type I Fibers (_____) are found in muscles where ______, ________ or __________ contraction are required.

Type I Fibers (DARK) | long, sustained or continuous (contraction)

______ __ fibers are associated with endurance activities.

Type I

Type I fibers are also associated with relatively higher levels of __________ _______ activity.

``` Continuous Metabolic (activity) (type I fibers/endurance) ```

Type II fibers (_____) are found in muscles that are used for _______, _______ activities.

Type II Fibers (LIGHT) | Quick, Powerful (activities)

______ __ fibers are associated with speed and strength and __________ metabolism.

Type II (fibers) (speed and strength) Anaerobic (metabolism)

_________ and _________ make muscles red

Sarcoplasm | Myoglobin

_____ __ fibers have fewer capillary beds.

Type II | fewer capillary beds

_____ __ fibers have more mitochondria.

Type I | more mitochondria

______ __ fibers: more glycogen/less fatty acids | ______ __ fibers: more fatty acids/less glycogen

Type II fibers: more glycogen/less fatty acids | Type I fibers: more fatty acids/ less glycogen

Which fiber type atrophy with aging

Type II Fibers | speed/power

Which fiber type contain more oxygen.

Type I Fibers | endurance

Muscle fibers that contract faster than type I but slower than type II fibers.

Intermediate Fibers

Intermediate Fibers have a greater resistance to ________ but histologically resemble type __ fibers.

(resist) Fatigue | (resemble) Type II Fibers

Muscles of weight lifters and sprinters contain a higher proportion of _____ __ fibers.

Type II Fibers

Muscles of marathon runner contain higher proportions of ______ __ fibers.

Type I Fibers

Cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

Sarcolemma

Part of muscle fibers that store and transport calcium ions to the myofibrils.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Invagination of the sarcolemma which allow electrical impulses to enter the muscle fiber.

Transverse Tubules (T-System)

A red protein pigment which is found in the sarcoplasm of the fiber

Myoglobin

Myoglobin not only gives color to the muscle, but also stores the needed ________ that the fibers need to utilize for its metabolism.

Oxygen

Contractile apparatus of the muscle fiber

Myofibrils

Myofibrils are formed from longitudinally oriented bundles of ______ and ______ _________ known as __________

Thick and thin filaments | Myofilaments

Light areas of myofibrils

I-Bands

Dark areas of myofibrils

A-Bands

Light areas in the middle of each dark band

H-Bands

Thin dark line down the center of each H-band

M-Bands

Thin dark line in the middle of each I-band

Z-Lines

Each myofibril is composed of numerous units known as the __________

Sarcomere

The main protein of skeletal muscle

Contractile Protein

Contractile protein consists of ______ which is found mainly in the __-band, and ______ found mainly in the __-band.

Actin --> I-Bands | Myosin --> A-Bands

Two proteins that interact with one another to created movement - a contraction

Actin and Myosin

_________ _________ - Inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin and thus prevent __________ __________.

``` Regulatory Proteins (prevent) Indiscriminate Movement ```

The two most common regulatory proteins are....

Troponin | Tropomyosin

Both regulatory proteins recognize ________ as the signal to allow actin and myosin to interact with one another

Calcium

_______ eliminates the inhibition caused by regulatory proteins thus allowing contraction

Calcium

The nerve impulse from the _______ _______ stimulates the release of calcium from the __________ _________

(impulse from) Transverse Tubules | (release calcium from) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

The released calcium binds with the _________ molecules on the ______ ________

(calcium binds with) Troponin molecules | (on the) Actin Filaments

The binding of calcium with troponin changes the shape of the nearby __________ molecule (moving it aside) and exposing the ______ ________ ______ on the actin molecule

(changes shape of) Tropomyosin molecules | (exposing) Myosin Binding Site

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

_____ allows myosin to interact with actin

ATP

It requires (less/same/more) ATP to relax aa muscle as it does to cause contraction

Same (amount of ATP)

Energy is provided by the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate into...

Adenosine Diphosphate

The ________ pathway takes place in the mitochondria

Aerobic

Which pathway is the more efficient way to breakdown ATP

Aerobic

The aerobic pathway prefers _____ ______ to produce ATP

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids are stored in the body's fat cells as __________ and released into the blood during exercise.

Triglycerides

Phase one of metabolic... | time frame and fuel sources

Few minutes | Creatine Phosphate & Glycogen (are fuel sources)

As much as __% of the total glycogen stored in the muscle may be utilized during phase one of metabolic

20%

Phase two of metabolic shifts to...

The more efficient aerobic metabolism

Phase three of metabolic...

Shifts back to the anaerobic production of ATP... | Uses the remaining stored glycogen

Which phase of metabolic does carb loading benefit the most?

Phase 3

Which phase of metabolic does caffeine benefit the most?

Phase 2

Risks associated with blood doping... (4)

Rashes and Fever Acute Hemolysis (breakdown of RBCs) Transmission of Viruses Fluid Overload (lead to kidney failure and clotting)

Two alternative methods to increase RBC concentration...

Erythropoietin (EPO) | High Altitude Bed

(anabolic steroids) Anabolic refers to... _________ refers to the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Anabolic - Stimulation of protein synthesis | Androgenic - Sexual characteristics

Stacking is the term used when the user takes...

Several forms of the drug

_________ is a procedure where the user starts with a low dosage, raises to a peak, and then tapers back down

Pyramiding

Anabolic steroids are usually taken in cycles of... | And can be as high as ______ what would be used for therapeutic reasons

6 to 8 weeks | 500x

The _____ the motor unit, the _____ fibers, the more precision a muscle carries out

SMALLER motor unit LESS fibers (more precision)

The _____ the motor unit, the _____ fibers, the more broad (less precise) activity a muscle carries out

LARGER motor unit MORE fiber (more broad activity/less precision)

The motor unit originates in a ______ ______ in the ________ (anterior) horn of the _____ ______ of the spinal cord or brain stem.

Motor Neuron (in) Ventral (horn of) Gray Matter

Motor unit terminates at the _________ of the ______ ______ at the _____________ ________.

Sarcolemma (of the) Muscle Fiber (at the) Neuromuscular Junction

Nerve ending portion of the neuromuscular junction

Presynaptic Portion

Sarcolemma of muscle fiber of the neuromuscular junction

Postsynaptic Portion

Space between nerve ending and sarcolemma

Synaptic Cleft

____ is released when a nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic portion.

ACH - Acetylcholine

ACH binding with specific receptor sites on the sarcolemma sets off an ______ _____ down the _______ _______ which leads to an interaction between actin and myosin and a muscle contraction

Action Potential (down the) Transverse Tubules

When ACH has completed its task, it will be broken down by the enzyme...

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHe)

The most common neuromuscular junction disorder

Myasthenia Gravis

With an autoimmune disorder involving the neuromuscular junction, the body produces abnormal antibodies, which damage and destroy the _____ _______ _____ on the ________ of the muscle fibers

(destroy) ACH Receptor Sites (on the) Sarcolemma

Myasthenia Gravis almost always starts by affecting...

Cranial Nerves (muscles of the eyes and face)

Many patients with myasthenia gravis will suffer from hyperplasia of the _______ ______

Thymus Gland

Tumor to the thymus gland

Thymoma

Competes with ACH molecules in binding to ACH receptors.

Nicotine

Prevents ACH from binding to the ACH receptor sites (but does NOT compete)

Snake Venom

Inactivates ACHe resulting in an accumulation of ACH at the postsynaptic portion.

Organophosphates

Blocks the release of ACH

Botulin Toxin

Botulin toxin is the toxin that is released from the bacteria know as _________ ________

Clostridium Botulinum

Define contracture

Muscle is in a contractive state for a prolonged period or permanently

The clavicle has how many primary and secondary ossification centers

2 primary | 1 secondary

The secondary ossification center of the clavicle occurs around ___ years of age near the _______ end and is of the _________ type of ossification. This process finishes around ___ years of age

17 Sternal Endochondral 25

Fracture of the clavicle usually occurs near the ______ ______

First Curvature

Hereditary condition in which ossification is defective and the clavicle is missing or abnormally formed.

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

Scapula is found between the ___ and ___ rib and the ___ and ___ thoracic vertebrae

2nd - 7th rib | 1st - 7th thoracic

The scapula articulates with acromial end of the clavicle to form the _____________ joint and with the head of the humorous to form the _________ joint

Acromioclavicular joint | Shoulder Joint

Scapula is formed form __ ossification centers - __ primary and __ secondary

7 1 primary 6 secondary

Scapula primary center develops in the body of the bone around the ___ week of development. The 6 secondary centers develop right _____ _____ and complete between ___ and ___ years of age.

(primary) 8th week | (secondary) After Birth - 15-18 years of age

The CLINICAL arm is measured from the ________ _______ of the scapula to the distal end of the humerus

Acromion Process

Most commonly fractured part of the scapula. | With a scapula fracture, what must be carefully examined for injury?

Acromion Process | Underlying Chest Wall and Lungs

An undescended scapula brought about by attachment to cervical vertebrae, cartilage or fibrous attachment.

Sprengel's Deformity

Failure of the acromion process to fuse with the rest of the scapula

Os Acromidae

Paired, cutaneous sweat glands which are found in both sexes, but are rudimentary and functionless in males

Mammary Glands

Primary functions of the mammary gland in females (2)

Nourishment for infant | Immune benefits for infant

Portion of mammary gland that projects into axillary region. | Opening in nipple.

Axillary tail | Lactiferous Duct

Portion of the mammary gland that projects into the axillary region

Axillary Tail

Two external parts of the mammary gland

Nipple | Areola

The nipple contains the opening to the __________ _____

Lactiferous Ducts

Just deep to the lactiferous ducts is a _________ ______ for each lobe of the gland (same goes for ducts)

Lactiferous Sinus

The areola contains numerous _________ _____ which enlarge during pregnancy and secrete an oily substance that provides __________ ________ for breast feeding

Sebaceous Glands | (provide) Protective Lubrication

Each mammary gland consists of ___ to ___ lobes

15 to 20 lobes

The piece of connective tissue that separates each lobe

Suspensory Ligament

Lobes are subdivided into _______ which consist of _______

Lobules | (consist of) Alveoli

The ______ are the secretory portion of the glands and are lined with secretory cells.

Alveoli

``` Mammary gland changes in females... Puberty - Menstrual Period - Pregnancy - Menopause - ```

Puberty - Increase rapidly Menstrual Period - Enlarge slightly/Tenderness Pregnancy - Enlarged/Functional; return to normal size after lactation Menopause - Atrophy

Mammary Gland Hormones... Estrogen - secreted by the _______ and _______, and promotes the growth of the ______ _______ Progesterone - secreted by the _______ and _______, and promotes growth of the ___________ _______

Estrogen - secreted by OVARIES and PLACENTA, and promotes growth of DUCT SYSTEM Progesterone - Secreted by OVARIES and PLACENTA, and promotes growth of SECRETORY CELLS

Prolactin is secreted by the _________ ________ and promotes ______ ______ Oxytocin is secreted by the _________ _______ and promotes the release of _____

Prolactin - ANTERIOR PITUITARY - MILK PRODUCTION | Oxytocin - POSTERIOR PITUITARY - (release of) MILK

The forst secretion from the functional mammary gland

Colostrum

Colostrum is especially rich in ______________ and __________ to impact immune function

Immunoglobulins | Lactoferrin

Besides immune function, colostrum also contains growth factors that affect the infant's ____ ______

G.I. Tract

Transitional milk is present about day __ to day __

day 6 to day 15

Transitional milk has lower immunoglobulin level compared to colostrum, but higher amounts of ________ and _____

Lactose | Fat

Mature Milk is present from about day __ to ________

day 15 to WEANING

Components and percentages of mature milk...

Water - 88% Lactose - 7% Fat - 4% Protein - 1%

Mammary glands have extensive _______ and ________ supply

Blood | Lymphatic

The lymphatic drainage supply to the mammary gland is important because of its role in the __________ of ________ cells

Metastasis of Cancer cells

A recently inverted nipple may be caused by an underlying _________ pulling on the _________ ______

Carcinoma | Lactiferous Duct

Extra nipples

Supernumerary Nipples

Breast cancer tumors are of the ___________ variety and usually arise from ________ cells of the lactiferous duct

Adenocarcinoma | Epithelial

Two factors which are thought to increase risk of breast cancer

``` Family History (of breast cancer) Never had a child or had child after 35 ```

Internal mammary gland subdivisions from smaller to largest.

Alveoli Lobules Lobes

Nipple Discharge

Galactorrhea

Galactorrhea -

Breast secretion NOT related to pregnancy

Largest and longest bone on the upper extremity

Humerus

Ossification centers of humerus: __ primary __ secondary

1 primary | 7 secondary

Ossification centers of humerus: Primary ossification center is for... Secondary ossification centers is for...

Primary - SHAFT | Secondary - Everything else

Nerve that circles the neck of the humerus and can be damaged if neck is fractured.

Axillary Nerve

Fracturing the shaft of the humerus may damage the _______ nerve

Radial

Fractures at the distal end of the humerus may damage the ______ and ______ nerve and the ________ blood vessels.

Median Nerve Ulnar Nerve Brachial blood vessels

Origins of pectoralis major

Clavicle Sternum/upper ribs External Oblique

Insertion of pectoralis major

Intertubercular Groove

Pectoralis minor origin

Ribs 3-5

Pectoralis minor insertion

Coracoid Process/Scapula

Secondary ossification centers of the Humerus (7)

``` Head Greater Tuberosity Lesser Tuberosity Medial Epicondyle Lateral Epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea ```

Two actions of the pectoralis minor:

Protraction/Abduction of Scapula | Elevates Rib Cage (forced respiration)

Unilateral condition in which both the pectoralis major and minor muscles are missing

Poland Syndrome

Three other symptoms of Poland Syndrome besides absence of pectoralis muscles

Atrophy of Mammary Gland Absence of Several Ribs Smaller/Webbed Hand (on affected side)

Term for webbing between digits.

Syndactylism

Muscle between clavicle and first rib

Subclavius

Origin of subclavius

First Rib

Insertion of subclavius

Clavicle/Subclavian Groove

Two functions of subclavius

Stabilize Sternoclavicular Joint | Cushion for underlying blood vessels if clavicle is fractured

Space between arm and chest wall

Axilla

The nerves that are about to enter the upper extremity, come together to for a nerve plexus called the ________ _______.

Brachial Plexus

5 spinal nerves that form the brachial plexus

C5-C8 and T1

(Brachial Plexus) | The upper trunk is formed by which spinal nerve(s)

C5 and C6

(Brachial Plexus) | The middle trunk is formed by which spinal nerve(s)

(Brachial Plexus) | The lower trunk is formed by which spinal nerve(s)

C8 and T1

What forms them medial wall of the axilla? (2 parts)

Serrates Anterior | Upper Ribs

What forms the anterior wall of the axilla?

Pectoralis Major

What forms the posterior wall of the axilla? (2)

Latissimus Dorsi | Teres Major

3 bones that form the apex of the axilla

Clavicle Scapula First Rib

The base of the axilla is made of (2)

Skin | Fascia

Deep fascia that encloses the brachial plexus and the blood vessels

Axillary Sheath

Nerves of pectorals major and their spinal origin

``` Medial Pectoral (C8-T1) Lateral Pectoral (C5-C7) ```

Nerve and spinal origin of pectorals minor

Medial Pectoral (C8-T1)

Nerve of sublcavius and its spinal nerve origin

Nerve to the subclavius (C5-C6)

(Nerves of the Brachial Plexus) | Directly from the spinal nerves

Dorsal Scapular | Long Thoracic

(Nerves of the Brachial Plexus) | From Upper Trunk

Suprascapular | Nerve to the Subclavius

(Nerves of the Brachial Plexus) | From Lateral Chord

Lateral Pectoral Musculotaneous Part of the Median

(Nerves of the Brachial Plexus) | From Medial chord

``` Medial Pectoral Medial Brachial Cutaneous Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Ulnar Part of the Median ```

(Nerves of the Brachial Plexus) | From Posterior Chord

``` Upper Subscapular Lower Subscapular Thoracodorsal Axillary Radial ```

Difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin.

Myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin

Smallest part of muscle which can contract independently.

Motor Unit

_________ muscle fibers have both efferent and afferent nerve fibers. _________ muscle fibers have only efferent nerve fibers.

INTRAFUSAL muscle fibers - efferent/afferent | EXTRAFUSAL muscle fibers - efferent

_________ muscle fibers are found in muscle spindles

INTRAFUSAL muscle fibers

The innervation of a tendon is strictly ________

Afferent (sensory)

A retinaculum is a thickened band of ______ ______ which is found at joints and functions to bind down _______ and _______ that cross the joint

``` Deep Fascia (bind down) Tendond and Nerves ```

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is pathology of the...

Central Nervous System

Guillain-Barre Syndrome is pathology of the...

Peripheral Nervous System

Muscular Dystrophy is pathology of the individual...

Muscle Fibers

Injury to the lower roots of the brachial plexus

Klumpke's Palsy

The most common cause of Klumpke's Palsy

Forceful abduction of the humerus at the shoulder joint

Nerves which may be involved with injury to the lower roots of the brachial plexus (Klumpke's Palsy)

``` Ulnar Median Radial Medial Pectoral Medial Brachial Cutaneous Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Thoracodorsal ```

Nerves which come off of the spinal nerve roots and upper trunk

Suprascapular Portions of Brachial Plexus

Nerves which come off of the cords

Infraclavicular Portion of the Brachial Plexus

Nerve that descends down the back, deep to the rhomboid and levator scapula... (segmental innervation is ___)

Dorsal Scapular Nerve | C5

Dorsal scapular nerve is the motor supply to the... (3)

Rhomboid Major Rhomboid Minor Levator Scapula

Dorsal scapular nerve is articular supply to the _____________ joint

Acromioclavicular joint

Nerve descends posteriorly from the spinal nerves that form the plexus to the anterior lateral aspect of the thoracic cage.

Long Thoracic Nerve

Segmental innervation of the long thoracic nerve

C5 C6 C7

Long thoracic nerve is the motor supply for...

Serrates Anterior

Nerve that passes laterally across the cervical region (deep to the trapezius) and deep to the muscles associated with the posterior aspect of the scapula.

Suprascapular Nerve

The suprascapular nerve's segmental innervation is...

C5 and C6

Suprascapular is the motor supply to the... (2)

Supraspinatus | Infraspinatus

Suprascapular is the articular supply to the ________ joint and ____________ joint

SHOULDER joint | ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint

Nerve that descends posteriorly to the clavicle.

Nerve to the subclavius

Nerve to the subclavius is often given a branch to the _______ nerve, which is known as the...

Phrenic nerve | Accessory Phrenic Nerve

Segmental innervation of the nerve to the subclavius

C5 | C6

The nerve to the subclavius is the motor supply to the... (2) And articular supply to the _________ joint

Subclavius Diaphragm Sternoclavicular joint

First nerve off of the lateral cord

Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Segmental innervation of lateral pectoral nerve... | Motor supply to...

C5, C6 and C7 | Pectoralis Major

The musculocutaneous nerve passes through the belly of the __________ muscle as it leaves the axilla, and then runs between the...(2)

(belly of) Coracobrachialis muscle | (between) Biceps Brachii and Brachialis muscles

The musculocutaneous nerve continues into the forearm as the ________ __________ ________ nerve

Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Segmental innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve... (3) Motor supply to the... (3) Articular supply to the _______ joint

C5, C6 and C7 Coracobrachialis, Biceps Brachii and Brachialis Elbow joint

First nerve to come off of the medial cord

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Segmental innervation of the medial pectoral nerve... (2) | Motor supply to the...

C8 and T1 | Medial Aspect of the Arm

_______ _______ ________ Nerve: Segmental innervation is T1 Cutaneous supply to the medial aspect of the arm

Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve

Nerve that descends between the axillary artery and vein down the medial aspect of the arm

Ulnar Nerve

Ulnar Nerve: Segmental innervation is... (2) Cutaneous supply to the...

C8 and T1 | 1/4 medial aspect of the palm and dorsum of the hand; skin of digits 5 and part of digit 4

The ulnar nerve give motor supply to the ______ ______ ______ and half of the _______ ________ _______.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris | Flexor Digitorum Profundus

muscles of the fifth digit

Hypothenar Muscles

Only branch of the brachial plexus which is formed from more than one cord... (which cords)

Median Nerve | Lateral and Medial cords

Median nerve: Segmental innervation... (4) Articulation supply to the... (2) Cutaneous supply to the...

C6, C7, C8, T1 Elbow and Wrist Joint Lateral 3/4 of palm/skin of 3-1/2 digits

Upper Subscapular Nerve: Segmental innervation... (1) Motor supply to the (1)

C5 | Subscapularis

Lower Subscapularis Nerve: Segmental Innervation... (1) Motor supply to the... (2)

C6 | Subscapularis and Teres Major

Nerve that runs down the lateral aspect of the thoracic cage, just lateral to the long thoracic nerve.

Thoracodorsal Nerve

Thoracodorsal Nerve: Segmental innervation... (3) Motor supply to the... (1)

C6, C7, C8 | Latissimus Dorsi

The smallest and most lateral of the terminal branches of the posterior cord.

Axillary Nerve

``` Axillary Nerve: Segmental innervation... (2) Motor supply to the... (2) Articular supply to the... (2) Cutaneous supply to the... ```

C5 and C6 Deltoid and Teres Minor Shoulder Joint and Acromioclavicular Joint Lateral aspect of the arm

The larger and more medial of the terminal branches of the posterior cord

Radial Nerve

When the radial nerve enters the _______, it divides into superficial and deep branches

Forearm

Radial Nerve: Segmental Innervation... (5) Motor supply to the... (3)

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 | Triceps Brachii, Anconeus, and all posterior forearm muscles

The area of skin supplied by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve is know as a....

Dermatome

Dermatomes of the Upper Extremity: C4 - C5 - C6 -

C4 - Skin over the tip of the shoulder (acromion process) C5 - Lateral (radial) side of arm C6 - Lateral (radial) side of forearm; digits 1 and 2

``` Dermatomes of the Upper Extremity: C7 - C8 - T1 - T2 - ```

C7 - Skin of palm; digits 2, 3 and 4 C8 - Medial (ulnar) side of forearm; digit 5 T1 - Medial (ulnar) side of arm T2 - Skin of the axilla

Prefixed brachial plexus

C4 to C8

Postfixed brachial plexus

C6 to T2

Paralysis:

Complete loss of muscular movement

Paresis:

Movement can be performed, but is weak

Anesthesia:

Partial or complete loss of sensation without loss of conciousness

Paresthesia:

Loss of cutaneous sensation

Injury to the upper roots (spinal nerves) of the brachial plexus

Erb-Duchenne Palsy | most common injury of the plexus

With Erb-Duchenne Palsy, ___ and/or ___ are damaged or compromised.

C5 and/or C6

Three types of injuries that cause Erb-Duchenne Palsy

Birth (stretching of neck) Fall or Blow to Shoulder (shoulder hits something and continues to move) Heavy Weight Falling on Shoulder (produces a traction injury)

Longer than normal transverse process of a cervical vertebrae

Cervical Rib

Compression of the cords of the brachial plexus may result from prolonged __________ of the _____ during certain manual tasks such as painting

HYPERABDUCTION of the ARM

A condition where there is both compression of the cords of the brachial plexus and the axillary artery (TOS)

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Direct continuation of the subclavian artery

Axillary Artery

The axillary artery will become the brachial artery about an inch or so below the...

Surgical Neck of the Humerus

6 branches of the axillary artery

``` Superior Thoracic Thoracoacromial Lateral Thoracic Subscapular Anterior Humeral Circumflex Posterior Humeral Circumflex ```

First branch off of the axillary artery

Superior Thoracic

The Superior Thoracic branch of the axillary artery supplies the... (4)

Pectorals Major Pectoralis Minor Subclavius Muscle Wall of the Thorax

Four branches of the Thoracoacromial branch of the axillary artery

Acromial Pectoral Clavicular Deltoid

Branch of the axillary artery that appears along the lateral border of the pectoralis minor

Lateral Thoracic

The Lateral Thoracic branch of the axillary artery supplies the... (5)

``` Serrates Anterior Pectorals Major Pectoralis Minor Mammary Glands Intercostal Muscles ```

The largest branch of the axillary artery

Subscapular

The thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular branch of the axillary artery supplies the... (2)

Latissimus Dorsi | Subscapularis Muscles

The Circumflex Scapular branch of the subscapular branch of the axillary artery supplies the (6)

``` Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Trees Major Teres Minor Triceps Brachii Deltoid (part of) ```

Form a ring around the surgical neck of the humerus (axillary artery branches)

Anterior and Posterior Humeral Circumflex

The anterior and posterior humeral circumflex supply the... (4)

Deltoid Muscle Teres Muscles Shoulder Joint Proximal part of Humerus

Lymph fluid and ________ fluid are essentially the same, the major difference being ________ Once interstitial fluid passes into the _______ _______, it becomes lymph fluid.

Interstitial Fluid Location Lymph Vessels

Exam 1 Flashcards

(268 cards)