Exam 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Define Animal Behavior
A
Expression of an effort to adapt or adjust to different internal and external conditions
May be a reflex
2
Q
Individual survival
A
basic actions of animals are directed towards keeping themselves alive
3
Q
Species survival
A
reproduction
4
Q
Ethology
A
complex science of animal behavior, its causation and function
Observation and detailed description of behavior with objective findings on biological mechanisms
5
Q
John Ray published ___ in 1676
A
Willughby’s Ornithologia
6
Q
Welfare Assessment
A
Domestic animals content with a complex environment that includes physical conditions, social influences, and predators, parasites, or pathogens that may attack them
7
Q
Coping Mechanisms
A
linked to behavioral responses or changes
8
Q
coping
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having control of mental and bodily stability
9
Q
Coping systems
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systems that respond to or prepare for challenges
ex. adaptive feelings
10
Q
Roger Brambell’s Five Freedoms
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From hunger and thirst From discomfort From pain, injury, or disease To express normal behavior From fear and distress
11
Q
Objective indicators
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independent of moral considerations
12
Q
Sentience
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capacity/extent to which animals are aware of themselves and their interactions with their environment
13
Q
Sentient being
A
Ability to:
- evaluate the actions of others in relation to itself & third parties
- remember some of its own actions
- Assess Risks
- Have some feelings
- Have some degree of awareness
14
Q
Once ___ evaluation of welfare has been completed, ___ decisions can be made.
A
Scientific
Ethical
15
Q
Well-being
A
looser, less precise, more general way
Sometimes refers to the animal’s short-term state
May refer to the state of the animals
Encompass behavior, performance, and physiology
16
Q
Welfare
A
used in legislation
Refers to the long-term good of animals
Describe broader constellation of social and ethical issues
Focused on behavior (less on physiology)
Ignoring performance
17
Q
Stress
A
Situation in which an individual is subjected to a potentially or actually damaging effect of its environment
18
Q
Optimizing Animal Production
A
Farm animals are kept to produce food and other essentials for humans and farmers/ranchers need their enterprises to be profitable
19
Q
Optimized
A
Knowledge of animal behavior must be taken into account
20
Q
Why do we keep animals in captivity?
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Control their behavior
Prevent from escaping
Control breeding
Allowing them to adapt to housing environment
Involves human-animal interaction
Adaption to technical innovations
21
Q
Behavioral disorders come from
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Poorly designed housing systems, malfunctioning equipment, poor human management
22
Q
Causation(s) of behavior
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study of mechanisms that trigger or stimulate animals to behave a certain way
23
Q
Functional consequences
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Study of the functions served by certain behaviors
24
Q
Development (ontogeny) of behavioral processes
A
study how and when behavior develops during the course of an animal’s lifetime
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Evolution (phylogenetic origins) of behavioral processes
study how behavior has changed over generations
26
Ethogram
Complete, precise description of the array of behaviors an animal is capable of showing; catalog of behavioral patterns
27
Anthropomorphism
Term give to interpreting animal behavior in terms of human experience
28
Teleology
use of design or purpose as an explanation of innate or instinctive behavior
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Focal Animal Sampling
Focus on one individual or one dyad or one litter for a specific amount of time
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Scan sampling
Record behavior of each individual or all behaviors evident in a whole group at a single instant every day, once weekly, monthly, ect.
31
Hawthorne effect
Change in behavior of animals resulting not from the effects of any experimental manipulation but merely from the attention paid to the animal by the observers
Changing the way you act because someone/something is watching
32
Instinct is a suitable raw material for ___
evolution
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Instinctive Behavior
Behavior that occurs naturally without influence of learning
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Sterotypy
is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance
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Conspecifics
Members of their own species
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Innate
describes behaviors which are believed to have a relatively strong genetic component associated with development
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Genetic Determinism
belief that, if there is a genetic control, the behavior of an individual will be inflexible and determined from the point of fertilization
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Linkage
when the position of a behavior is inherited in close correlation with some other trait for which the gene is known
39
Heterosis
Performing at a level greater than both parent strains for some measurable trait
40
Artificial Selection
occurs prior to reproduction
Usually only applied to a single trait
41
Natural Selection
can be determined only after the animal's reproductive lifespan has ended
All phenotypic characteristics of animal
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Darwin's 3 Principles required for any trait to be modified by evolution
Variation
Genetic Inheritance
Natural Selection
43
Principle of Variation
states that a trait must vary between individuals of a population
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Principle of Genetic Inheritance
Some of the variation in a population must be of genetic origin
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Principle of Natural Selection
Indicates that some variant(s) of the trait must influence various reproductive abilities
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Phylogenetic trees
used to deduce from traits other than behavior, then map behavior seen in closely related species
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Ritualization
process by which a certain behavior evolves into a signal by becoming exaggerated and losing its original function
48
Fitness
relative ability to leave progeny in the next generation
| Reproductive success of an individual
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Optimal behavior
behaviors that maximize the difference between fitness benefits and costs
50
Domesticaiton
process whereby an animal is transformed from a life in the wild to a life under some humane control
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Dimitry Belyaez (1917-1985)
Russian geneticist
| Wild silver Foxes (Siberia) ---> Dog
52
Drive
a component of a homeostatic control system
| agent causing a particular behavior to occur
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Motivation
process within the brain that controls which behaviors and physiological changes occur and when
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Motivation includes
```
Thirst
Hunger
Fear
Urge to Migrate
Urge to Mate
Nest Building
Dust Bathing
```
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Motivations are examples of
Causal explanations for behavior
They are proximate, mechanistic explanation for why an animal is currently performing a particular behavior pattern
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Motivational States
Internal Stimuli
External Stimuli
Casual Factors
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Internal Stimuli
signals from body monitors which provide information about general or specific body defiencies
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External Stimuli
Cues about the animal's environment
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Casual Factors
actual inputs to the decision-making center
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Vacuum activities
Behavior patterns occurring in the absence of the normal external eliciting stimuli
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Supernormal stimuli
more effective at eliciting behavior than natural stimuli
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Tolerable range
what temp, osmotic state, nutrient level, ect.. by set of homeostatic control systems
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Negative feedback
process whereby execution of a behavior pattern reduces the motivation to perform it (limits length of bouts of many behaviors)
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Hysteresis is...
delayed negative feedback to reduce motivation
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Positive feedback
differs in that motivation actually increases after the start of the bout
66
Feed-forward control
a tolerable range is predicted and correction is made before the state changes
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Appetitive phase
a behavioral sequence comes first and comprises active, flexible, searching behaviors
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Consummatory behavior
follows appetitive behavior, and is typically more stereoptypic, unlearned species-typical, and motivational-typical
69
Psychohydraulic model
Lorenz, 1950
likened behavioral control to a cistem of water than can overflow via valve, and this overflow represents the performance of the behavior
70
Stollwert-Istwert Model
does not assume an inevitable build-up of internal causal factors in the absence of behavioral expression
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Istwert
the way the world is
| actual value
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Stollwert
the way the world should be
| Should-be value
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Control systems models
Motivation are based on the assumption that we can draw analogies between the mechanisms of living and non-living systems
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State-space models
focus on the interactions between behavior patterns and the "rules" animals follow when choosing between different activities
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Learning
relatively permanent change in response over time as a result of practice or experience
modification of behavior due to stored information from previous experience
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Two approaches to learning behavior:
Innate
| Learned
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Innate Responses:
Fast, reliable
| In place at birth
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Learned Responses:
Slow, variable
| Must be learned from experience (usually from parents)
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Innate Species Prominence
Short lifespan
Many offspring
Little Parenting
Small nervous system
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Learned species prominence:
Long lifespan
Few offspring
Much parenting
Larger nervous system
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Timing of rewards is ___
Critical for the learning process
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Memory
Process of maintaining this information overtime
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Types of Memory
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Working memory
Long-term memory
84
Sensory Memory
Shortest element of memory (1/4 to 1/2 sec)
Decays quickly
Buffer for sensory stimuli
Can be ignored or perceived
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Ignored stimuli
disappears almost instantaneously
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Perceived stimuli
Enters sensory memory
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Short-Term Memory (STM)
Limited Storage Capacity
Limited Duration (15-30 sec)
Acoustic
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Rehearsal
repeating items verbally to encode in STM
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Working Memory
Form of STM
Different systems for different types of information
Central Executive
2 Sub-Systems: Phonological Loop & Visuo-Spatial sketchpad
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Central Executive
Drives the whole system and allocates data to subsystems
Cognitive tasks: mental arithmetic and problem solving
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Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (VSS)
Inner eye
Stores and processes information in a visual form
Used for navigation
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Phonological Loop
Part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material
```
Phonological store (inner ear)
Articulatory Control Process (Inner voice)
```
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Reference Memory
Holds info for long periods of time
Virtually unlimited capacity
Semantic (meaning)
Visual (Pictorial)
Acoustic (Sound)
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Three Basic Parts of LTM
Procedural Memory
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
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Procedural Memory
Knowing how to do things
Procedures
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Semantic Memory
Storing Information about the world
Meaning
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Episodic Memory
Storing information about events experienced in the animal's lifetime
Occurrences
98
Consolidation
separating valuable memory from expendable information
99
Memory trace
Encodes in neural tissue that provides the physical basis for a memory after learning
100
Synpatic consolidation
occurs within the first few hours after learning or encoding
101
System consolidation
Hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years
102
Reinforcement
Can cause memory items to persist in time and strengthen memories
Repetition/rehearsal or reward/punishment
critical for transition of memory to STM to LTM
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Recall
Ability to access memory or infomration without a cue
104
Recognition
Identifying information after experiencing it again
Memory retreival based on cues
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Relearning
Learning information that has previously been learned
106
Recollection
reconstruction of memory
Utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narrative, or clues
(unsure if this occurs in animals)
107
Context
Specific cues
108
Decay
Information stored in memory becomes less readily retrieved as time passes
109
Forgetting
Failure to retrieve a memory due to lack of reinforcement through repeated experiences
110
Habiruation
Persistent decrease in frequency and/or intensity of a response due to repeated stimulation in the absence of reinforcement & punishment
111
Desensitization
Repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases the behavior response to the relevant stimulus
Reduce fear in animals
112
Sensitization
Repeated exposure to a stimulus amplifies the behavior response to the releven stimulus
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Classical conditioning
| Pavolvian Conditioning
Automatic, involuntary response
Environmental event or stimulus is followed predictably by some other occurrence
Principle of association
Allows animals to predict events, but provides them little control or influence over actual timing
114
Pavlov's Dog
He rang a bell then sent the food out
The dogs mouth watered when they smelled the food (Involuntarily)
Soon he would ring the bell and the dogs mouth would water without smelling the food (classically conditioned)
115
Reinforcement
Rewards and punishments
116
Edward Thorndike (1874 to 1949)
American Psychologist
Behavioral learning theory based on connectionism
Increasing behavior with reinforcement and practice
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Three Laws of Connectionism
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness
118
Law of Effect
Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation
Response that produce a discomforting effect are less likely to occur again in that situation
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Law of Exercise
Those things most often repeated are best remembered
120
Law of Readiness
Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn
Do not learn well if they see no reason for learning
121
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
American psychologist/behaviorist
Operant Conditioning
Based research on Thorndike's law of effect
Schedule of Reinforcement
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Operant Conditioning
Instrumental Learning
Learning process based on a reward or punishment
Stimulus --> Response --> Reinforcement --> repeate
123
R vs P
| Reinforcement
Factors, events, or experiences which INCREASE the likelihood that a behavior will occur
124
Positive reinforcement
Adding something the animals want
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Negative Reinforcement
Removing something aversive to the situation
126
R vs P
| Punishment
factors, events, or experiences which DECREASE the likelihood that a behavior will occur
127
Positive punishment
adding something aversive to the situation
128
Negative punishment
removing something the animal wants
129
Primary reinforcers
Typically have biologically reinforcing properties (e.g. food, water, shelter, warmth, ect...)
130
Secondary reinforcers
Stimuli associated with the primary reinforcers in time and/or space (e.g. other animals & objects)
131
Bridging Stimulus (Clicker Training)
Bridge the time between response and discovery of a positive reinforce
Useful when the distance between trainer and animal prohibits immediate reinforcement
132
Shaping
Encouragement of an animal to perform spontaneously a behavior it would otherwise seldom exhibit
Allows conditioning to occur
Ex: Housebreaking a puppy
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Chaining
Reinforcing individual response occurring in a sequence to form a complex sequence of behavior that are beyond the current repertoire
Animals learn to do a task in a sequence of events that leads to a reward
134
Escape Conditioning
form of aversive conditioning
| Occurs when an aversive stimulus is presented and an animal responds by leaving the situation
135
Avoidance conditioning
A conditioned stimulus is given before the presentation of an aversive stimulus
136
Neophobia
Fear of the unknown
137
Generalization
Converse tendency to attend to shared features within a range of stimuli
Enables animals to respond to new stimuli adaptively, provided sufficient shared information exists with previously encountered stimuli
Riding school pony = respond appropriately to a variety of rides using leg, seat, and hand cues in different ways
138
Discrimination
Dressage horse = will only respond to the specific cues from only one rider
139
Extinction
waning of a learned response due to a lack of reinforcement (or punishment)
140
Spontaneous recovery
Temporary recovery in response magnitude or frequency
141
Schedules of Reinforcement
Rate and pattern of responding during extinction can be influenced by the rate of reinforcement prior to extinction
Decline in response frequency with extinction is lower
142
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the animal each time it performs a learned response
143
Variable Ratio Schedule
Provides reinforcement after a variable number of responses have been made by the animal (does not follow every response)
144
Fixed Interval Schedule
Reinforcement delivered for the first response made after a fixed time period has elapsed following the previous reinforcement
145
Variable Interval Schedule
Reinforcement, the animal is rewarded for the 1st response it makes following passage of variable periods of time
146
Tool Use
Develops through an interaction of inherited species-typical anatomical characteristics and behavior
147
Observational (Social) Learning
Copying
Imitation
Greatly reduces the time and energy requirements associated with trial-and-error learning and costly mistakes
Body language to understand basic intentions of others
148
Abstract Thinking & Conceptual Learning
Highest level of learning where animals can acquire and use wide range of abstract concepts involving geometric relationships, numbers, colors, and tool usage
