Spacing Behavior (Exam 3)

Question 1

Spacing Types

Answer 1

Individual space

Home range/Territory space

Question 2

What animals allow fairly close physical proximity?

Answer 2

Dogs
Horses
Rabbits
Cattle 
Sheep
Goats
Pigs
Domestic Fowl

Question 3

Flight Distance

Answer 3

radius of space within which the animal will not voluntarily permit the intrusion of man or other animals that may be dangerous without excaping

Question 4

Flight Zone

Answer 4

Distance within which a person can approach an animal before it moves away

Question 5

Territory is…

Answer 5

an area that is defended

Question 6

Agonistic behavior

Answer 6

behavior involving threat, attack, or defense

Question 7

Home range

Answer 7

area that the animal learns thoroughly and that it habitually uses

Question 8

Core area

Answer 8

area of a home range that is heaviest or regularly used within the home range

• usually includes resting area

Question 9

Territory

Answer 9

area that is defended by fighting or by demarcation

other individuals detect so that the mark, or other signal, is a deterrent to entry

Question 10

Personal Space

Answer 10

area surrounding an individual which, if encroached upon by another individual, elicits attack or avoidance

Question 11

Physical space

Answer 11

animal requires to occupy for its basic movements of lying, rising, standing, stretching, & scratching

Question 12

Social Space

Answer 12

used for the personal space maintained by an active animal

Question 13

Subordinate individuals

personal space

Answer 13

avoid personal space of dominant conspecifics

Question 14

Dominant animals

personal space

Answer 14

experience the freedom of invading the personal space of subordinates

Question 15

What should you keep in mind while estimating maximum density of animal populations in captivity?

Answer 15

Personal Space

Question 16

Factors that influence size of personal space:

Answer 16

• inverse relationship b/w thresholds for agnostic behavior & personal space
• immature animals tend to have smaller personal spaces than adults
• Females tend to have smaller personal spaces than males
• domestic ungulates tend to relax or ignore their personal space requirements when they’re being herded or moved as a group

Question 17

Personal space requirements rise with _____ levels in males.

Answer 17

testosterone

Question 18

Adults males want ____ personal spaces with other males and ____ personal spaces with females

Answer 18

larger

smaller

Question 19

Avoiding animals initiate ____ behavior at a ____ distance.

Answer 19

avoidance

greater

Question 20

Individual distance

Answer 20

how close one animal can get to another before the latter responds with some form of agonistic behavior

act of aggression or act of avoidance

Question 21

Advantages of maintaining individual distance to produce a personal space include reductions in:

Answer 21

• damage to the body due to contact
• interference & competition while feeding
• impedance when starting to flee
• disease or parasite transmission

Question 22

Domestic animals actively remain close to certain other individuals

Answer 22

• B/w mother & offspring
• B/w animals & reared together
• B/w animals that form an attachment later in life

Question 23

What do animals do with others who they are associated with them there is danger?

Answer 23

move close together

Question 24

Avoidance

Answer 24

inverse response in agnoistic situations & it is the positive factor affecting agonistic control

Question 25

Avoidance behavior

Answer 25

occurs in the absence of any aggressive vital component of the behavioral mechanism that generates social stabilization

Question 26

Quantitative needs

Answer 26

relate to space occupation, social distance, flight distance, & actual territory

Question 27

Qualitative needs

Answer 27

relate to space-dependent activities - eating, body care, exploration, kinetics, & social behavior

Question 28

Each animal needs distances of length, width, & height in which to:

Answer 28

stand lie move major parts (head, neck, & limbs)

Question 29

Animals need space for social reasons:

Answer 29

- keep some separation b/w itself & it conspecifics - carry out avoidance behavior - preserved in many instances by gestures of threat or intention - can be surrendered briefly w/o aggression occurring in a variety of circumstances - space occupied by an animal is a function of its BW & its need for various activities - wild or domestic animal that has never experienced close confinement may be so disturbed by confinement that its welfare is very poor

Question 30

Crowded

Answer 30

groups of individuals whose movements are restricted by the physical presence of others

Question 31

what does intrusion of personal space result in?

Answer 31

aggressive behavior or avoidance reaction

Question 32

Overcrowding

Answer 32

high social density causes adverse effects on the fitness of individuals

Question 33

Entering a dogs personal space may result in

Answer 33

aggressive behaviors

Question 34

If the dog is growling while you are approaching what may happen?

Answer 34

If you continue to get close to the dog it may result in the dog biting you.

Question 35

Male dogs scent-mark with..?

Answer 35

their urine this claims their space that they will defend

Question 36

The higher the scent mark means

Answer 36

the bigger the dog which means higher levels of testosterone

Question 37

Cats mark certain individuals and objects by means of ____.

Answer 37

facial and tail-based glands

Question 38

how does cattle show territorial aggressive acts?

Answer 38

butting or threatening to butt heads

Question 39

In small paddocks, the older/younger bulls become more/less territorial.

Answer 39

older | more

Question 40

When beef cattle undergo high crowding conditions in pens what do they do about locations?

Answer 40

show clear preferences within their pens

Question 41

distances between subgroups of cattle increase/decrease as forage conditions worsen

Answer 41

increase but they maintain personal space

Question 42

when cows are lying how far apart do they usually stay? Grazing?

Answer 42

2 to 3 meters apart lying | 4 to 10 meters apart grazing

Question 43

How do horses show territorial aggression?

Answer 43

horses fight with their own typical offensive and defensive weapons: - bite - kick w/ hind feet - strike w/ forefeet

Question 44

Mule Kick

Answer 44

kicking out defensively with 1 hind limb | it's precisely directed

Question 45

stud piles

Answer 45

stallions pass feces in specific sites where their dung may become heaped to mark territorial boundaries

Question 46

lawns

Answer 46

areas closely cropped

Question 47

roughs

Answer 47

ungrazed, dung areas

Question 48

how do sheep threaten each other?

Answer 48

head movements

Question 49

what if there is no submissive responses occurring after a sheep threatens another?

Answer 49

they may push, butt, or tug at wool