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Lifespan Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the field of human development study?

A

the focus is on constancy and change over a persons lifespan

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2
Q

Why is the field described as scientific, applied, and interdisciplinary?

A

scientific because it’s not common sense, applied because its practical and we can use this information, and interdisciplinary because it’s used across many different fields

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3
Q

What is a theory? Why are theories important?

A

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describe, explain and predict. They are important because they guide our thinking and research

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4
Q

Explain continuous vs. discontinuous development

A

Continuous: quantitative change (amount) GRADUAL
ex) puppy to dog
Discontinuous: qualitative change (kind) SUDDEN JUMPS
ex) caterpillar to butterfly

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5
Q

Is there one course for development or many?

A

Many courses, no two people develop exactly the same

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6
Q

Explain nature vs nurture

A

Biology (genes) vs. Environment (parents, school, home life)

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7
Q

What is plasticity?

A

being easily shaped or molded

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8
Q

Explain the lifespan perspective of development

A

lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic (changeable), embedded in context (development in layers)

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9
Q

What is a age-graded influence?

A

normal things that happen at the same time for all people

ex) puberty, drivers license, schooling

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10
Q

What is a non normative influence?

A

all other non-typical events that don’t happen to most people
ex) dramatic brain injuries, illness, winning the lottery

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11
Q

What is a history influence?

A

anything related to eras

ex) baby boomers, 9/11, war

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12
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System’s Theory

A

views problems as part of a system, when one part is affected the rest are affected as well
ex) hitting a baby mobile and watching all of the parts wobble

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13
Q

Individual Level

A

nature

ex) genes, biology, etc

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14
Q

Microsystem Level

A

things that immediately/directly/regularly impact you

ex) roommates, brothers and sisters, parents

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15
Q

Mesosystem Level

A

connection/relationship between things in your microsystem

ex) connection between boyfriend and parents

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16
Q

Exosystem

A

catch all for all things that impact you less often/indirectly
ex) extended family (don’t talk as often)

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17
Q

Macrosystem

A

cultural values/customs, laws

ex) value of individuality, media obsession, voting, driving , drinking

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18
Q

Whats the difference between correlational and experimental research designs?

A

correlational: relationship between two variables
experimental: way to know if something causes something else (cause and effect)

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19
Q

Difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

A

cross-sectional: diff. age groups compared at ONE time
ex) Aug. 2016 study 5, 67, and 9 year olds
Longitudinal: study same group of individuals repeatedly over period of time
ex) test same group of 5 year olds in Aug 2016, 2018, and 2020

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20
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Having similar experiences that make the group unique to other groups. Most likely a problem during cross-sectional study because it’s hard to separate cohort effects from developmental changes when viewing a group of wide age ranges

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21
Q

What is the main ethical issue in research with children?

A

getting consent from both the parent and the child that the study is being conducted on

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22
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype: the genetic material within you
Phenotype: observable characteristics

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23
Q

Do genotypes and phenotypes always match?

A

No

ex) carrier for a disease but don’t show symptoms of it, have African genes but appear white

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24
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A

monozygotic twins are identical and were created with ONE egg, dizygotic twins are fraternal and were created with TWO eggs

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25
Q

What is a concordance rate?

A

The percentage of instances in which both twins show a trait when it is present in one twin

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of genetic-environment correlations?

A

passive, active, and evocative

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27
Q

What is passive correlation?

A

When children passively receive genes and the environment from their parents. You don’t pick and choose what you get

28
Q

What is active correlation?

A

also known as niche-picking. Because of who you are genetically and biologically you can actively choose the environment that best suits you

29
Q

What is evocative correlation?

A

Because of who you are genetically and biologically you draw out certain responses from the environment

30
Q

What is epigenesis

A

The always ongoing interaction between genes and environment at ALL levels

31
Q

What are the three main periods of prenatal development?

A

zygote, embryo, and fetus

32
Q

Describe the zygote stage

A

2 weeks: fertilization, implantation, start of placenta

33
Q

Describe the embryo stage

A

6 weeks: arms, legs, face, organs, and muscles all develop. Heart begins beating

34
Q

Describe the fetus stage

A

30 weeks: “growth and finishing”

35
Q

What is implantation?

A

the attachment of the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus

36
Q

What is the placenta?

A

a flattened circular organ in the uterus. Used to feed the baby through the umbilical cord

37
Q

What are teratogens?

A

any disease, drug, or agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

38
Q

What is the affect of drinking alcohol while being pregnant?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrom. Causes learning, coping, stimuli filtering problems

39
Q

What is the affect of drinking high levels of caffeine while pregnant?

A

Low birth weight

40
Q

What are other maternal factors that can have an influence on prenatal development?

A

nutrition, infectious disease, emotional stress, RH blood factor, age

41
Q

What is Rh factor incompatibility?

A

a condition that occurs during pregnancy if a woman has Rh-negative blood and her baby has Rh-positive blood.

42
Q

Describe the Apgar Scale

A 
assessment used twice right after birth to test for development.
A-appearance
P-Pulse
G-Grimace
A-Activity
R-Respiration
43
Q

Describe the newborn reflexes

A

eye blink, sucking, rooting (turn toward stimuli when cheek is touched), palmar grasp (when palm is touched, babies will grip hard), moro (startle reflex), withdrawal (when poked with painful stimuli baby will move away from it), tonic neck (fencing), babinski (scrape bottom of foot and will scrunch up toes)

44
Q

Describe body growth in infancy and toddlerhood

A

babies grow in spurts. By year one, weight 3x and height 2x.

45
Q

What happens to baby fat?

A

baby fat peaks at 9 months, used for temp. control

46
Q

What is the cephalocaudal trend?

A

head to toes, focus on the head before all other regions (think about the picture of the baby with the HUGE head and little body)

47
Q

What is the proximodistal trend?

A

focus on the mid-section before limbs. Focus on organs and core strength

48
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Babies ‘soft-spots’, parts of the skull that haven’t fused yet

49
Q

What is skeletal age?

A

the degree of maturation of a child’s bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray.

50
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a cell that communicates with other cells

51
Q

What are glial cells?

A

support cells for the neurons

52
Q

Whats a synapse?

A

point of communication between neurons

53
Q

What are the five levels of brain development?

A

production, migration, differentiation, connections made, synaptic pruning

54
Q

Describe production

A

stem cells that turn into other cells (neurons)

55
Q

Describe migration

A

little neurons travel on glial cells to get to the right location

56
Q

Describe differentiation

A

Neurons take on their own special jobs

57
Q

Describe connections made

A

neurons grow and start connecting (talking) to one another

58
Q

Descrive synaptic pruning

A

trimming down connections (synapses)

59
Q

What is marasmus?

A

general starvation, low in ALL nutrients

60
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

starvation lacking in protein (makes swollen bellies)

61
Q

What is growth faltering?

A

“failure to thrive” caused by massive emotional distress/problems

62
Q

What are the main motor milestones during infancy?

A

roll, sit up, army crawl, crawl, pull up to a stand, cruise, walk. Typically walk by year 1

63
Q

Explain the dynamic systems theory of motor development

A

Contains four factors: central nervous system development, own bodies abilities, child’s motivation, and environmental support

64
Q

What are the steps in the development of reaching and grasping?

A
  • newborns: pre-reaching
  • 3-4 mo: purposeful reaching
  • 4-5 mo: transfer one hand to the other
  • 7 mo: can reach with one arm

the grasp reflex will then be replaced with the ulnar grasp (big grasp with whole hand) then to pincer grasp (thumb and first finger) by year 1

65
Q

Why is reaching important?

A

teaches independence, the child is able to feed themselves and explore

Lifespan Development (4 decks)

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