Exam 2 Flashcards by Betsy Foltz

What was Piaget’s view of children?

He found that children ACTIVELY construct knowledge

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Does Piaget support a continuous or discontinuous view of development?

Discontinuous, qualitative changes

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What are schemes?

clusters of knowledge

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Adaptation

building schemes

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Assimilation

use current schemes to interpret new things you’re encountering

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Accommodation

Modify old schemes or create new ones for new thing you encounter

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Equilibrium vs. Disequilibrium

balance (cognitive comfort) vs. imbalance (cognitive discomfort)

accommodation most likely to happen during imbalance (discomfort)

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Object Permanence

understanding that an object still exists when it’s out of sight

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According to Piaget, when do children understand object permanence? Was he correct?

8 months, doesn’t give babies enough credit bc it’s shown to happen before 8 months

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Explain the steps of the violation of expectation method

after habituation (repeatedly showing baby the same thing over and over), either show a normal event or impossible event, see if baby recovers from habituation

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Core knowledge perspective

a perspective that states that infants begin life with innate, special purpose knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, each of which permits a ready grip of a new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development of certain aspects of cognition

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Examples of core knowledge perspective

…

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Evaluation of Piagets theory (what is good, what is inaccurate)

some development happens within general time frame Piaget describes, my appear sooner than described and be more continuous

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What are the three parts of information processing?

Attention, memory, categorization

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What are scale errors?

spatial and size, kids can’t process it

ex) trying to sit in a toy car or on super small chair

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How does attention change over time?

infants attend to novel things
toddlers attraction to novelty decrease
efficiency and ability to shift focus improve
better sustained attention after year 1
newborns take long time to habituation
habituation and recovery speed up after year 1

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How does memory change over time?

retention intervals lengthen
context dependent memory
recall is excellent in second year

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How does categorization change over time?

impressive perceptual categorization in first year

- conceptual categorization in second year

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What main language development milestone does a newborn meet?

crying

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What main language development milestone does a baby by 2 months meet?

cooing begins

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What main language development milestone does a baby by 6 months meet?

babbling begins

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What main language development milestone does a baby by 8-12 months meet?

use of gestures, comprehension of words increase, more accurate joint attention, turn-taking

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What main language development milestone does a baby by 10-15 months meet?

Study These Flashcards

first words, underextentions, overextentions

What main language development milestone does a baby by 18 months meet?

Study These Flashcards

vocabulary spurts start

What main language development milestone does a baby by 18-24 months meet?

use of 2 word utterance, rapid expansions of understanding of words, telegraphic speech (texting)

What is infant directed speech?

baby talk

Do babies prefer IDS over adult talk?

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Describe Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in general.

Erickson believed that at every stage there was a conflict (something positive vs something negative)

What Erickson stage occurs in the first year?

trust vs. mistrust

What Erickson stage occurs in the second year?

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

What is autonomy?

doing things on your own (picking out clothes, playing, small decisions)

Happiness

first months: REM sleep smiles, smiles of some slights and sounds 6-10 wk: first social smile 3-4 mo: first laughter

Fear and Anger

increase in the 2nd half of the 1st year

Stranger Anxiety

9-10 mo: very weary of strangers, typically goes away

Social referencing

babies look toward trusted caregivers for emotionally cues | ex) when baby falls it looks at mom to see how it should react

Disgust

learned with developmental changes (concrete to abstract thinking)

Sense of Self

babies don't realize that they're looking at themselves in the mirror until 18 months

Emotional Self-Regulation

how well babies handle emotions, how well they transition from mad back to normal etc

What is temperament?

reactivity and self-regulation, emotional reaction, motor activity, attention

What are the three types of temperament?

- easy child - difficult child - slow to warm up child

Goodness of Fit Model

acknowledging that individual differences and personalities occur early, be aware of differences and adjust accordingly

Describe an easy child

easy going, adapt to change well

Describe a difficult child

negative moods and emotions, cranky, difficult time with change, anger

Describe a slow to warm up child

takes longer to adapt to change, cautious, fearful

What is attachment?

an enduring emotional tie between an infant and caregiver

Harlow's Monkey Study and Findings

wire mommy (that fed) soft mommy (no food), found that when monkeys were scared that they attached to the soft mommy and not the mommy that fed them because emotional support is more important than food (contact comfort=physical comfort)

Describe the Strange Situation procedure

child is playing with parent in room and 'stranger' comes in ad caregiver leavers and watch to see how child reacts with stranger then bring caretaker back in to see how child reacts

What is secure-base behavior?

proximity and exploration, does child seek proximity to caregiver when needed and then go off and explore when comfort is found

What are the attachment classifications?

- secure attachment - avoidant attachment - resistant attachment - disorganized disoriented attachment

What is secure attachment?

showing healthy balance between proximity and seeking exploration

What is avoidant attachment?

child doesn't seek out caregiver at reunion and actively avoids

What is resistant attachment?

child doesn't know what they want at region, proximity and resistance

What is disorganized disoriented attachment?

kids have disorganized schemes (typically due to abuse), kids freeze up and use slow motion behavior

What is an internal working model?

Scheme you have for comfort experiences, changes over time based on relationships

What factors influence attachment security?

-opportunity for attachment: person who is there to grow an attachment -quality of caregiving (sensitivity to needs, "I can tell you need help, let me help you", anticipate needs"

2 specific suggestions given by the book to help toddlers develop compliance and self-control

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Exam 2 Flashcards

(56 cards)