Exam 1 Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
What is cultural universality?
A
Fixed set of disorders exist whose obvious symptoms cut across cultures
2
Q
What is cultural relativism?
A
Values and worldviews affect expression and determination of deviant behaviors
3
Q
What was the prehistoric view of abnormal behavior?
A
Evil spirits (demonology)
4
Q
Drilling of holes in the skull so demons could be released
A
Trephination
5
Q
Ancient Greece:
What was Hippocrates belief?
A
Belief that humans need a balance of fluids in our body
If something was wrong it was thought that there was too much of something (usually blood)
6
Q
Hippocrates four humors?
A
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile
7
Q
What time period returned to the belief of demonology being the sole cause of demonology?
A
Middle Ages
8
Q
In the Middle Ages what causes the mass outbreaks of madness?
A
Stress/fear from social unrest and mass illness (bubonic plague)
9
Q
Belief that people are turning into werewolves
A
Lycanthropy
10
Q
Belief that you have been bitten and poisoned by a spider
A
Tarantism
11
Q
When was there an inhumane use of asylums to house the “mad” due to no treatment
A
Middle Ages
12
Q
When was moral treatment for mental health introduced?
A
19th century
13
Q
Abnormality believed relating to the body
A
Somatogenic abnormality
14
Q
What causes somatogenic abnormality?
A
- Physical causes (fatigue)
- Untreated disease (syphilis)
15
Q
Who found that syphilis untreated led to abnormal behavior?
A
Kraepelin
16
Q
Abnormality believed relating to the mind
A
Psychogenic abnormality
17
Q
What led to the rise in belief of psychogenic abnormality?
A
- Hypnotism success
18
Q
How were severe disturbances treated pre-1950s?
A
- Insulin shock
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Lobotomy
19
Q
What led to deinstitutionalization and rise in outpatient care in the 1950s?
A
Psychotropic medications
20
Q
What do contemporary models influence?
A
Influence what we:
- Observe
- What questions we ask
- Information we seek
- Our interpretation of that information
21
Q
Set of assumptions to help explain and interpret
A
model
22
Q
What does the multi path model describe as causes for mental disorders?
A
- Biological
- Psychological
- Sociocultural
- Social
23
Q
Multipath model:
Genetics, brain anatomy, chemical imbalances, nervous system functioning
A
Biological
24
Q
Multipath model:
Personality, cognition, emotions, learning, self-efficacy, developmental history
A
Psychological
25
Multipath model:
Race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, culture
Sociocultural
26
Multipath model:
Family, relationships, social support
Social
27
In the biological model, give examples of malfunctions in the brain and nervous system
- Brain anatomy
- Abnormal neurotransmitter activity
- Abnormal hormone activity
- Genetic
- Viral infections
28
What are some biological treatments?
- Drug therapy
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Psychosurgery
29
Examples of drug therapies?
Tranquilizers
Antidepressants
Psychotropic
30
What are some strengths of the biological model?
- A lot of research supporting it
| - Credible explanation
31
What are some weaknesses of the biological model?
- Evidence is incomplete or inclusive (psychosurgery)
| - Treatments produce undesirable side effects
32
What are some psychological models?
- Psychodynamic
- Learning/Behavior
- Cognitive
33
What is the psychodynamic model?
Behavior determined by underlying psychological forces of which we are not aware
34
3 parts of consciousness?
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
35
What is the Id?
part of unconscious
Need for food, water, air, and sex
born with it; drives us to want our needs satisfied; pleasure principle
36
What is the ego?
figures out how to meet the desire (satisfies Id)
37
What is the super ego?
moral center, concept of right or wrong; what your parents teach you
38
Defn:
| Unconscious ways of coping with anxiety of disturbing impulses
Defense mechanism
39
Defn:
| Defense mechanism in which you act opposite to the disturbing impulse
Reaction formation
40
Defn:
| Defense mechanism in which you say you don't have the impulse, someone else does
projection
41
Defn:
Defense mechanism in which you act in a way that you might have in the past as a kid, because it feels safer since it was safe to act that way back then
Regression
42
Why are many people not comfortable with some of Freud's theories?
- Based on traditional gender roles in sexually restrictive victorian era (theories based around men)
- Used his personal experiences to form a "universal theory"
- Parts not supported from research
43
Reacting to someone you meet in a way that is consistent with someone else you know in your life
Transference
44
Conscious expression of an emotion that was once unconscious
Catharsis
45
What are psychodynamic techniques?
- Therapist gathers info, comes up with diagnosis, develops a treatment plan
- "working through" the transference
- Catharsis
46
Strengths of psychodynamic model?
- Recognize importance of psychological theories and treatments
- Internal conflict as important source of both health and abnormality
47
Weaknesses of psychodynamic model?
- Unsupported ideas (no empirical support)
| - Concepts are difficult to research
48
Model that began in laboratory
Actions determine by life experiences
- emphasize OBSERVABLE behavior and environment
- how behavior is acquired (learned) and maintained
Behavioral model
49
Organisms "operates" on environment and produces an effect (reinforced or punished)
Operant conditioning
50
Learning a reaction through the pairing of two stimuli
Classical conditioning
51
Individuals learn behavior responses through observing and repeating behavior without direct reinforcement
Modeling
52
Behavior therapies?
- behavioral training to replace problematic behaviors with appropriate ones
- therapist as "teacher"
53
Strengths of behavioral model?
- can be observed and measured
| - significant research support
54
Weaknesses of behavioral model?
- too simplistic and realistic
| - downplays role of cognition
55
What is the cognitive model?
studies how we attend to, interpret, and use available information
56
ABC model?
Cognitive model
- Activating event
- Belief associated with event
- Consequence the event brings about
57
Thinking that leads to unrealistic beliefs, distorted and dysfunctional thinking
Maladaptive thinking
58
Cognitive therapies?
Teach new way of thinking to prevent maladaptive behavior
- challenge dysfunctional thoughts
- try out new interpretations
- try out new ways of thinking in daily life
Bullhorn technique
59
What is the bullhorn technique?
Whenever someone has a dysfunctional thought, the person shouts with a better functional thought in order to replace or lower the power of the older dysfunctional thought
New thought takes over
60
Strengths of cognitive thinking?
- broad appeal
| - clinically useful and effective for several disorders
61
Weaknesses of cognitive thinking?
- singular, narrow focus
- doesn't focus on environment or biology at all
- overemphasizes present, ignoring much of the past
62
Model where behavior is best understood by social and cultural influences
Must examine social surrounding to understand (abnormal) behavior
Sociocultural model
63
How does family structure and communication cause sociocultural abnormal functioning?
Family systems theory = abnormal functioning with in family leads to abnormal behavior
"insane" behavior becomes sane in "insane" environment
64
What is the role of media in sociocultural abnormal functioning?
Presents us with what is acceptable and what is not (not always accurate)
65
How does societal conditions cause sociocultural abnormal functioning?
Abnormality more common in lower classes.
Wealthy people are usually in power and determine the norm for society
“Downward drift hypothesis”
Lower class cannot meet the standards put on them from the wealthy
66
downward drift hypothesis?
people in power expect that their reality is the reality of everybody
67
sociocultural treatments?
- group therapy
- family therapy
- couples therapy
- community treatment
68
Strengths of sociocultural model?
- Adds to understanding of abnormality
| - Successful when other treatments fail
69
Weaknesses of sociocultural model?
Not everybody from particular cultures thinks/acts/behaves the same way
Research is difficult to interpret
Unable to predict abnormality in individuals
70
Interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences
The biopsychosocial model
71
Prevention program: stopping the development of disorders before they start
primary prevention
72
Prevention program that focuses on detecting a disorder at its earliest stages and thereby preventing the development of the full-blown disorder
secondary prevention
73
Prevention program that focuses on people who already have a disorder
Seeks to prevent relapse and reduce the impact of the disorder on the person’s quality of life
Tertiary prevention
74
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
75
What was DSM-4 multi axial system?
Looked at different levels of information (axes) to get a complete clinical picture of someones functioning
5 axes to develop full clinical picture
76
DSM-4 multi axial system: Axis I?
- Symptoms come and go
- Most frequently diagnosed disorders
- Typically transitive
- Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, manic depression
77
DSM-4 multi axial system: axis II?
- Symptoms constantly present
| - Personality disorders and “mental retardation”
78
DSM-4 axis III?
- Relevant general medical conditions
| - Side effects of a physical condition can cause a psychological condition
79
DSM-4 axis IV?
- Anything from the social environment or stress related issues
- Psychological and environmental problems
- E.g. unemployment
80
DSM-4 axis V?
- Overall assessment of functioning
| - 0-100 scale of global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF)
81
What does DSM-5 use instead of GAF for overall assessment of functioning?
Mild, moderate, or severe
82
on GAF scale what does 100 mean?
No stressors, functioning well
83
GAF 80?
Have stressor; can handle well and function
84
GAF 60
Have stressors; effect functioning slightly
85
GAF 40
Significant stressors; hard to function
86
GAF
Severe problems; unable to function
87
Definition:
Different diagnosticians agree on diagnosis
Consistency
Reliability
88
Definition:
Accuracy
Accuracy of info provided by diagnostic categories
Validity
89
How can you improve reliability and validity?
Standardize the administration and interpretation of tests
90
Cautions in use of DSM?
- Need specialized training to diagnose
| - Based on US culture; must also consider non-Western norms
91
Criticisms of DSM?
- Based to much on medical model
| - Categorical system; promotes "cookie cutter" approach
92
Definition: observable
sign
93
Definition: reported; no direct observable notes
symptom
94
Definition: unique cluster of signs and symptoms
syndrome
95
Definition: diagnosis linking syndroms
disorder
96
Definition: only having a biological basis
disease
97
Definition: a label for a set of symptoms that often occur together
diagnosis
98
Definition: the process of gathering information about a persons symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms
Assessment
99
What does an assessment do?
Evaluates and measures attributes of behavior
Determine problem and beneficial treatment
100
Types of assessments?
Clinical interview
Psychological tests
Observation
101
Most widely used assessment?
clinical interviews
102
Structured clinical interview vs unstructured?
Structured: set questions from published interview protocol, scoring
Unstructured: open-ended questions
103
Limitations to clinical interviews?
- May lack accuracy
| - May be biased or may make mistakes in judgement
104
Assessment that determines cognitive, emotional, or behavior states and symptoms
Psychological tests
105
Type of psychological test where subjects interpret vague/ambiguous stimuli?
Projective tests
106
What are the two most popular projective tests (psychological tests)?
Rorschach (ink blot)
TAT (thematic apperception test)
107
Type of projective test where a series of picture of events and people is given and the patient comes up with a story
TAT
108
Problems with early memories test (type of projective test)?
fabricated memories
109
What kind of a projection test would ask:
The thing I fear most is ____
sentence-completion test
110
Pros of projective tests?
- helpful for supplementary information
111
Cons of projective test
- Rarely demonstrate reliability or validity
| - May be biased against minority ethnic groups or low SES
112
What kind of psychological test is an empirically derived assessment that measures broad personality characteristics (personality inventories)?
Focus on wide range of behaviors, beliefs, and feelings; usually self-report
Objective test
113
Meaning of objective?
based on everyone's experience; generalized experience
114
What does MMPI-2 stand for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2
115
What is the MMPI-2?
- 567 true or false self-statements
- statements describe physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes, and psychological symptoms
- assesses for careless responding and lying
116
What kind of test is the MMP-2?
Objective test
117
How many clinical scales does the MMPI-2 have?
10
118
What are profile scales?
Overall level of functioning assessments
119
What abnormality does the 10 clinical scales for MMPI-2 measure?
Depression
| Psychological deviance
120
MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:
| 0=?
Absence of symptoms
121
MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:
| normal range?
40-55
122
MMPI-2 clinical scale range 0-120:
| dysfunctional?
above 65
123
Why is the MMPI-2 scores graphed?
to create a profile
124
Pros for objective test?
- easier, cheaper, faster to administer
| - objectively scored and standardized
125
Cons for objective test?
Fail to allow for cultural differences
126
What do self-report inventories focus one?
One specific area of functioning
127
Example of self-report inventory?
BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
128
21 item inventory of symptoms relating to depression (questionnaire)
BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
129
What indicates clinical level of depression on the BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
21 or higher
130
What is a critical item in the BDI-2: Beck Depression inventory
suicidal idealization
131
Pros of self-report inventories?
- strong face validity
132
Cons of self-report inventories?
- rarely assess careless or inaccurate responding (easy to fake)
- few subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and/or validity procedures
133
Test that measures physiological response as an indication of psychological problems
psychophysiological test
134
Most popular psyhopysiological test?
biofeedback
polygraph
135
Cons of psychophysiological test?
require expensive equipment
can be inaccurate and unreliable
136
Neurological test?
test that directly assess brain function by assessing structure and activity
(MRI, CAT scan, EEG)
137
Neurophyschological test?
test that indirectly assesses brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning
138
Most popular neuropsychological test?
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
139
What is the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test?
shown a series of picture and patient is to copy exactly what they see in the picture
140
Pros for neuro test?
very accurate in picking up that there is an issue
141
what % of cases can Bender-Gestalt detect general organic impairment?
75%
142
Cons to neuro test?
Doesn't tell you what/where issue is
rough and general screening device at best
143
test that measures intellectual ability
Intelligence test
144
What skills does intelligence test measure?
Verbal and spatial (performance) ability
145
Average IQ?
100 +/- 15 (66% of population in this range)
146
Most popular intelligence test?
Wechsler
- WAIS = adult
- WISC = kids
147
Pros of intelligence test?
- most standardized assessment
- supported empirically
- high reliability and validity
148
Cons of intelligence test?
- performance influenced on other factors (motivation, anxiety, vision, etc)
- doesn't pick up on every form of performance (only verbal and spatial)
- may have cultural bias
149
In observation, what are the three classes of problems?
1. Behavioral excesses - does normal behavior excessively
2. Behavior deficits - absence of normal behavior
3. Inappropriate behavior - doing something against the rules
150
Scientific method?
Develop a Hypothesis
Chose your method
Operationalize your variables
Ethically examine your idea
Evaluate your results
Report your conclusions
151
What are the 3 empirical methods in the scientific method?
1. clinical
2. Experimental
3. correlational
152
what kind of method is a case study
clinical method
153
examination of one person or a small group of people
case study
154
pro for case study?
depth
155
con for case study
subjectivity
time distortion
lack of generalizability
156
method that determines effect of one variable or event on behavior
experimental method
157
pros for experimental method
precision and evidence for possible causal conclusions
158
cons for experimental method
- limited aspects possible in lab (certain variables cannot be manipulated)
- subject awareness of observation (may change behaviors)
159
most popular method?
correlational
160
measures degree of relationship between two variables
correlational method
161
frequency and distribution of a disorder in a population is observed to see how numbers vary across important groups within population
epidemiological studies
162
what types of date does epidemiological studies focus on
1. Prevalence
2. Incidence
3. Risk factors
163
proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or period in time
prevalence
164
number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specified period of time
incidence
165
pros of epidemiological studies
- gives clues as to who is at high risk for disorder
166
Cons
no causal relationship
167
Informed consent?
- understanding the study
- confidentiality
- right to refuse/withdraw
168
talking to people after a study and seeing if they have any concerns
debriefing
