Exam 2 Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
alarm in response to real threat
only there while threat is present
A
fear
2
Q
alarm (anticipatory) response to vague sense of threat/danger
can occur anytime, threat doesn’t have to be present
A
anxiety
3
Q
most common mental disorder in US?
A
anxiety disorders
4
Q
According to DSM-5 what are the 3 anxiety disorders and 3 “anxiety-like” disorders?
(Formerly six disorders before DSM-5)
A
Anxiety:
- Panic
- Phobia
- Generalized anxiety disorders
Anxiety-like
- Obsessive-compuslive disorder
- Acute stress disorder
- Post traumatic stress disorder
5
Q
Strong physical response to real threat
A
panic
6
Q
Highest level of fear you can experience
only present when threat is there
A
panic
7
Q
panic attack?
A
panic response but absence of real threat
periodic, short bouts of panic; occur “suddenly”, peak, and pass
Fear that they will die, they are going “crazy” or losing control
8
Q
Panic disorder?
A
Panic attacks repeatedly, unexpectedly and without apparent reason
causes distress for the person
9
Q
Two diagnoses of panic disorders?
A
- Panic disorder -
2. Agoraphobia
10
Q
What is unique about agoraphobia?
A
Panic disorder and phobia
11
Q
What is agoraphobia?
A
Panic response but panic is triggered by a stimuli
Afraid of being in large, open areas
Afraid to be out where escape might be difficult
12
Q
When do panic disorders most often occur?
A
in late adolescence/early adulthood (rare in kids)
13
Q
occurrence % and prevalence of panic disorders
A
- 3% in a year
3. 5% lifetime prevalence
14
Q
Biological dimension of panic disorders?
A
Serotonin
- fewer receptors so serotonin is being left in system, not all is being absorbed
Norepinephrine
- overproducing norepinephrine
Inherited biological predisposition
15
Q
Biological treatment for panic disorders?
A
SSRIs and SNRIs
Benzodiazepines
16
Q
What does SSRI and SNRI stand for?
A
SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
SNRI: Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
17
Q
How do SSRI and SNRIs work?
A
Produces more chemical in the synaptic cleft
- elevate levels so the body now sees levels as incorrect (originally the already high levels was seen as normal by the body)
- homeostasis now brings levels back down
- overtime chemical levels decrease and are brought down to a more normal level
18
Q
What do benzodiazepines do?
A
Targets central nervous system (autonomic system - relaxation part) and calms that part of body
Reduces feelings of panic IN THE MOMENT
Short term use - highly addictive
19
Q
What is the cognitive/behavior dimension of panic disorders?
A
Full panic reactions experienced only by people who misinterpret bodily events
20
Q
Why might some people be prone to misinterpretations of bodily events, resulting in panic?
A
- poor coping skills
- lack of social support
- unpredictable childhood traumas
- overly protective caregivers
- medical condition or modeled medical condition
21
Q
Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT treatment) for panic disorders?
A
Correct misinterpretations of sensations
Step 1: education
- panic in general
- causes of bodily sensations
- tendency to misinterpret
Step 2: teach more accurate interpretations
Step 3: Teach coping skills for anxiety
Biofeedback
“Biological challenges”
22
Q
What are “biological challenges” in the CBT treatment for panic?
A
Produce physiological response similar to a panic response
Induce sensations similar to panic (like exercise)
Practice coping strategies and accurate interpretations
23
Q
Effectiveness of CBT treatment for panic?
A
85% panic free for 2 years vs. 13% of control subjects
24
Q
Sociocultural dimension of panic?
A
2x more likely in women
Disturbed childhood
Role of culture
- latino adolescents report higher anxiety sensitivity but lower rates of panic attacks
25
What culture has reports of higher anxiety sensitivity but lower rates of panic attacks
How is this possible
Latino adolescents
Not based on how much anxiety you have; but the cognitive piece of whether the anxiety will develop into panic
26
Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities or situations
phobia
27
How common are phobias?
10% of adults in a given year
14% lifetime prevalence
2x more likely in women
28
Types of phobias according to DSM?
Agoraphobia
Social phobias (aka social anxiety disorder
Specific phobias
29
What is the least commonly diagnosed phobia?
agoraphobia
30
Fear vs phobia?
Fear = normal/ common experience; natural response
Phobia = more intense fear response that is out of proportion to the stimuli
- greater desire to avoid feared object or situation
- distress which interferes with functioning
31
What is social phobia (aka social anxiety disorder)?
Intense, excessive fear of being scrutinized in one or more social or performance situations
32
What are the types of social phobia (social anxiety disorder)?
1. Performance
2. Limited interactional
3. Generalized
33
Ratio of women:men for social phobia?
3:2
34
% of people affected by social phobia in the US
8%
35
When does social phobia often begin?
Childhood
36
Treatment for social phobias?
Medication
Psychological treatments that address overwhelming social fear and lack of social skills
- social skills and assertiveness training
37
persistent fears of specific objects or situations
specific phobia
38
Five subtypes of specific phobia?
Animals
Natural environmental
Blood/injections or injury
Situational (particular situation, not because of social)
Other (clowns, spoons, anything random)
39
Likeliness of specific phobia?
2x more likely in women
9% in any year
11% lifetime prevalence
Many suffer from more than one at a time
40
Biological dimension of phobia?
over activation of amygdala
species-specific predisposition
- biological preparedness for objects or situations
41
Psychological dimensions of phobias for behavioral
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning (aka modeling)
42
psychological dimensions of phobias for cognitive
Self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs
Overprediction of danger
Oversensitivity to threatening cues
43
sociocultural dimensions of phobias
child rearing patterns
gender differences
culturally distinct phobias
44
What techniques are most widely used in phobias, especially for specific phobias
behavioral
45
How are phobias treated behaviorally?
Systematic desensitization
Flooding
Modeling
Virtual reality therapy
46
patients being exposed to the items on their hierarchy of fear
systematic desensitization
47
forced, non gradual exposure to fear
intensively exposes client to his or her feared object until anxiety is extinguished
flooding
48
therapist confronts fear object while fearful person observes
modeling
49
characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- 6 months “excessive anxiety/worry" about variety of things
- Significant difficulty controlling anxiety/worry
- 3 or more symptoms of anxiety
- NOT part of another mental disorder
- Clinically significant distress or problems with functioning.
- NOT substance or medical issue
50
most frequent anxiety disorder in medical settings?
GAD (4% of population)
51
Treatment for GAD?
Meds and cognitive behavior treatment (CBT)
52
Invasive and persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that uncontrollably intrude on consciousness
obsession
53
Common themes of obsession
Order
Sexual based
Violence
Cleanliness
54
“Voluntary” repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform
compulsions
55
Characteristics of compulsions?
Recognize irrationality--> stuck in fear
Performing behaviors reduces anxiety for short time
Can develop into rituals with common themes
56
when is OCD diagnosed?
Excessive or unreasonable
Causes great distress
Interferes considerably with normal functioning
57
What kind of disorder was OCD formerly known to be?
Anxiety disorders
Obsessions: anxiety
Compulsions: prevent/reduce anxiety
58
Average amount of time for someone with OCD to see for help?
7 years
59
likely hood of OCD?
2% in a given year
no overall gender differences
60
biological dimensions of OCD?
Serotonin – overly absorbing seratonin
- Depletion of serotonin
Brain abnormalities in the frontal cortex and caudate nuclei
61
How is the frontal cortex affected in people with OCD?
- Frontal cortex – affected where you’re unable to think about things in a logical manner
62
how is the caudate nuclei affected people with OCD?
Caudate nuclei – lets you know there is an issue going on
Telling body there is something wrong, but don’t know what it is
There’s not actually something wrong going on
63
Treatment for OCD biologically
Meds
| SSRI
64
What does SSRI do in treatment of patients with OCD
prevents uptake of serotonin so serotonin is available in the brain to be used
65
Treatment for OCD behavioral perspective?
Try to explain and treat compulsions
Treatment very effective
- Exposure and response prevention (E+RP)
- Designed on systematic desensitization
Steps
1. Educate = OCD
2. Develop exposure hierarchy (of least and most anxiety provoking)
3. Gradual exposure to feared situation until anxiety goes away
4. Prevent performance of compulsive ritual(s)
66
Sociocultural dimension of OCD:
Who is OCD most common among
young, divorced, separated or unemployed (traumatic events)
67
How long does it take for OCD symptoms to become severe?
7 years
68
Why do people who are young, divorced, separated or unemployed tend to have OCD?
- traumatic event happened where they lose control
Compulsive behavior makes person feel like they have some sort of control (irrational)
Genetic predisposition for compulsive thoughts – activates after traumatic event
Takes 7 years for symptoms to become severe
69
What type of trauma is most associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Motor vehicle accidents
70
What type of traumas are more likely to lead to PTSD?
```
Violent acts (e.g. rape, assault, etc.)
Perpetrator of an act of violence
```
71
Lifetime Prevalence rate for PTSD?
6.8% for American adults, 2x more common in women than men
| Military prevalence: 10-20%
72
Acute stress disorder is a temporary diagnosis where person is exposed to a traumatic event, and within 4 weeks has..?
3 + dissociative symptoms for 2 days – 4 weeks
Dissociative symptoms
Mentally re-experiences event
Avoids stimuli that arouses trauma
Increase in emotional sensitivity (anxiety)
Disturbance causes clinically significant distress
73
if systems of acute stress disorder persist for how long is it considered being PTSD?
1 month
74
3 main symptom types of PTSD?
Intrusive recollection
Avoidance/numbing
Hyperarousal/Hypervigilence/Excessive Anxiety
75
removing self from reality
dissociative symptoms
76
According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the biological dimensions?
Autonomic system is overly active (sensitized) – feel on edge all the time, challenged with flight or fight response; hard time relaxing themselves
Hippocampus atrophy – don’t remember things completely accurately; believe something was much more dangerous than it actually was; elevates fears
77
According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the psychological dimensions?
Preexisting anxiety or depression
Cognitive skill level - hard time focusing and attending to things accurately
Meaningfulness of trauma - When trauma is meaningful to person more likely to develop into a PTSD reaction (more likely to develop into a PTSD response from someone they know versus a stranger)
78
According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the social dimensions?
History of childhood neglect or abuse
Lack of social support
Social isolation
79
According to the multi path model for PTSD what are the sociocultural dimensions?
Low SES status
Gender differences
Immigration/refugee status
80
What is the traditional treatment for PTSD?
Improve coping skills
Stop avoidance (avoidance maintains anxiety)
Exposure (covert most often)
-Expose to circumstances they associate with the traumatic event
Also:
- Overcoming sleep problems
- Treat associated depression and anxiety
81
two key emotions on a continuum (depression and mania)
mood disorders
82
low, sad state
depression
83
breathless euphoria and frenzied energy
mania
84
loss of interest or pleasure
anhedonia
85
no facial response (retardation)
can be seen with people who have depression
blunted affect
86
depressive symptoms?
Sadness
Anhedonia – loss of interest or pleasure
Appetite or weight change (less or more – varies)
Sleep problems (less or more – varies)
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Blunted affect – no facial response (retardation)
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness/excessive guilt
Problems concentrating/making decisions
Suicidal ideation
87
Criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD)?
5 + symptoms during same 2-week period
- One symptom is either (symptoms are always there for at least a 2 week period)
(1) depressed more, or
(2) loss of interest or pleasure
Not Episode
Clinically significant
Not from substance or medical condition
Not bereavement (grief reaction)
88
Episodes of depression keep coming back
Same criteria as single episode
recurrent MDD
89
what the average number of episodes of depression in MDD before someone seeks treatment?
4
90
Average duration of depressive episodes in MDD?
5 months
91
DSM qualifiers for major depressive disorder?
Mild, Moderate, Severe
With Psychotic Features
- Psychosis – loss of touch with reality
E.g. hallucinations
With Atypical Features
Atypical – uncommon symptoms that typically only happen to that one person in reaction to the episodes
With Postpartum Onset
- Change in hormones
With Seasonal Pattern
- If depression happens for 2 years in a row
- Winter is most common
92
depressive disorder with similar but milder symptoms of MDD
dysthymic disorder
93
Criteria for dysthymic disorder
symptoms for 2+ years
No symptom free period for over 2 months
94
Depressive disorder where there are MDD and dysthymia episodes
double depression
95
What are the two ways double depression can occur?
Alternating between the two
-There are periods of relief
Never have periods of relief, always in some level of depression of either MDD or dysthymia
96
is double depression a DSM diagnosis?
no - therapy term
97
prevalence of unipolar depression
5-10% of US each year
98
How early is unipolar depression being diagnosed?
pre school
99
why is unipolar depression increasing?
More people are seeking treatment
Cultural shift in 60s/70s to present – movement away from societal causes and more to personal responsibility/blame
-Emphasis on personal blame increases depressive symptoms
100
biological dimensions of unipolar depression?
Genetic factors
Dysfunctions in neurotransmitters
(Serotonin and norepinephrine)
Brain structure differences
Frontal lobe, shrunken hippocampus
Abnormal cortisol levels (elevated)
REM sleep disturbances
101
Psychological dimensions of unipolar depression?
Behavioral
Levels of reinforcement
- Environment reacts positively to the person when they don’t feel good (comforted by others)
- Support network that was helpful, becomes less supportive over time because person continues to have symptoms for a long period of time
Cognitive
Errors in thinking
- Start blaming themselves
Learned Helplessness
- Attribution style (Optimism vs. Pessimism)
102
what is negative cognitive triad?
Experience with unipolar depression
belief of a person with chronic depression thinks they are someone that will always feel bad, never going to change and it is a consequence for being in a bad world. (themself, world, future = all bad)
103
How does attribution style affect learned helplessness ? (psychological dimension of unipolar depression)
Depression more likely is pessimistic people
Blame is Internal/external (internal = pessimistic; external = optimistic)
Stable/unstable (stable = next time it will be different)
Global/specific (global = think it is always this bad; specific = only thing its bad because of the specific situation)
104
Social dimensions of MDD (unipolar depression)?
Stress
Lack of social support/resources
- results in isolation/lack of intimacy (result: duration of symptoms last longer)
105
Sociocultural dimension of MDD?
Depression is more severe in people of low socioeconomic status (SES)
Cultural differences
- Non-Westerners (Euro-American) report more physical symptoms
Gender differences
- Women 2x as likely to experience MDD (26% of women vs. 12% of men) in lifetime
- Proportionally 2:1 but dramatic drift when look at percentages
106
who reports more physical symptoms of depression?
non-westerners (euro-american)
107
why does there appear to be such are large percentage gap between men and women who have MDD?
Women more likely to seek treatment
Diagnostic system (DSM) is gender-biased (based more on men)
108
why is the large percentage gap between men and women who have MDD real?
Genetic or hormonal difference
Gender roles
-Women more in touch with emotions
Coping style
Women use coping strategy rumination
Men used coping strategy distraction
Women may be victim to more childhood traumas
109
coping strategy for depression where thinking about things over and over again repeatedly – intensifies stress
rumination
common for women to do this
110
coping strategy for depression where individual focuses on something else away from the distress being felt – decreases intensity of stress in the moment
distraction
common for men to do this
111
biological treatment for depression?
medication
ECT or Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Alternatives that release endorphins (exercising, meditation)
112
behavioral treatment for depression?
exercising or meditation
113
cognitive treatment for depression (MDD)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
114
DSM criteria for manic disorder?
Three (or more) of the following symptoms:
Decreased need for sleep
Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
Distractibility to irrelevant external stimuli
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for painful consequences (e.g., money, sex, substances)
115
criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder?
Criteria 1:
3+ symptoms of mania lasting 1 week+
Criteria 2: History of mania
If currently experiencing hypomania or depression
Mania damages brain in a way that induces depressive states
98% chance of experience depression
116
How can you be diagnosed with bipolar disorders?
must experience mania;
can’t get diagnosed if you just have depression
can get diagnosed if you just have mania because depression will come eventually
117
What does mania do to the brain?
damages it in a way that induces depressive states
118
What are you diagnosed with if you have experienced mania but not depression
bipolar disorder still; depression will come eventually
119
bipolar disorder I?
Full manic and major depressive (MD) episodes
Most experience alternation between mania and depression episodes
Diagnosis for manic episodes only too
120
bipolar disorder II?
Hypomanic and MDD episodes
Mania is there just not as high, but experiencing full depression
121
disorder similar to bipolar disorder I and II but milder
cyclothymic disorder
122
what is cyclothymic disorder
Experiencing hypomania and dysthymia instead of full blown mania and depression
Milder symptoms that last longer
123
criteria for cyclothymic disorder diagnosis?
Must be present for 2+ years with no symptom-free periods over 2 months
124
Prevalence of bipolar disorder
Rates: ~0.4% to 1.6%
125
prevalence of bipolar disorder across socioeconomic classes and ethnic groups?
Same; no cultural component
126
onset of bipolar disorders?
15-44; usually by 25
127
prevalence of bipolar disorder in gender?
Equal; but have different versions of disorder (hormones)
128
How do bipolar disorders in men and women differ?
Women = more depressive episodes (higher levels of estrogen, mania is prevented)
Men = more manic episodes
129
How do we know there is a biological dimension to bipolar disorder?
identical twins = 40% likelihood
fraternal twins and siblings = 5-10%
130
how are neurotransmitters affected in people with bipolar disorder?
low serotonin causes disorder and norepinephrine defines its form
mania = high norepinephrine is being used up by the body
depression = all norepinephrine is used up; none left
131
Biological treatments for bipolar?
1) medication:
antidepressants - increase production of chemicals
lithium - prevent mania states
antipsychotics - prevent psychotic symptoms like delusions
2) reduce/eliminate substance use
132
Behavioral treatments for bipolar disorder?
1) scheduling/consistency of taking medications
2) avoiding anything that makes symptoms worse
3) coping with stress/distress
133
Cognitive treatments for bipolar disorder?
CBT
134
when there is many more unsuccessful attempts of suicide than successes
parasuicides
135
parasuicides in adults? youth?
adults = 25 attempts/death
youth = 150 attempts/death
136
what is a big factor for suicide?
isolation and alienation
137
day with highest number of suicide attempt? Lowest?
highest = December 21
lowest = Superbowl Sunday
138
suicide difference with men and women?
Women = higher attempt rate (3x men)
Men = higher completion rate (6x men)
139
Why do men have higher completion rate of suicide?
Lethality: Men tend to use more violent methods
Guns = used in nearly 2/3 of male suicides vs. 40% of female suicides
140
% of completed suicides that had mental disorder?
90%
141
who is at highest risk of suicide?
Substance dependency (50-70%)
Depression/mood disorders (50%)
Schizophrenia (25%)
Conduct disorder (10%)
142
Why are kids with conduct disorder at higher risk of suicide?
– diagnosed in teens; kids who are against the rules; use as a ploy to get attention -- people stop taking them seriously -- go further to make it look like it is not a ploy and end up succeeding in suicide
143
What are Dr. Joiner's 3 factors of suicide?
Sense of burden to others
Profound sense of loneliness, alienation, and isolation
Sense of fearlessness – ability to overcome our natural fear of death (involves pain)
144
In Dr. Joiner's 3 factors of suicide how many of the factors do you need before an attempt is made?
Need all 3
145
% of people who will attempt suicide after the first time?
20%
146
What race is at highest risk of suicide?
Rate of Euro Americans = 2x African Americans and other racial groups
147
what age is suicide lowest?
under 10
148
when are suicidal actions more common
after 14
149
when does ideation of suicide usually start?
adolescents
150
what age has highest rates of succeeding in suicide?
over 80
151
what are suicidal actions linked to?
depression
low self esteem
feelings of hopelessness
152
Treatment for suicidal depression?
Psychotherapy or drug therapy once medically stable
Prevention
- means restriction
- better public education
153
therapy goals for suicidal people?
keep alive
achieve a non-suicidal state of mind
develop better coping strategies
154
what is means restriction?
take away the weapon the suicidal person planned to use to carry out their plan of suicide -- person is less likely to attempt
155
Gender difference in schizophrenia?
2 women for every 3 men
156
why would men suffer more severe symptoms of schizophrenia
Estrogen might serve as protective factor
157
what are the symptoms for schizophrenia for most of 1 month period (DSM criteria)
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech
Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
Negative symptoms
158
How many of schizophrenia symptoms must be present for a DSM diagnosis?
at least 2
159
DSM criteria for schizophrenia
how long must symptoms be constant?
how long does there need to be signs of disturbances?
1 month
6 months
160
DSM criteria for schizophrenia?
2+ of following symptoms for most of 1- month period
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
- Negative symptoms
Signs of disturbance for 6 months (symptoms may come and go)
Dysfunction in work, relations, or self-care
161
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
hallucinations
delusions
162
Sensory experiences that only the person sees that is being produced by their mind
hallucinations
163
most common hallucination in schizophrenia?
auditory
164
Belief that the person has about themself or the world that is illogical (no evidence)
delusions
165
think others are out to get them, kill them, etc
paranoia
166
think they have a special skill that no one else has; illogical beliefs with no evidence supporting it
grandiose
167
kinds of delusions?
paranoia
grandiose
168
do most people with schizophrenia have positive or negative symptoms?
positive
169
positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
delusions
hallucinations
170
negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Poverty of speech (alogia)
Blunted and flat affect
Loss of volition (motivation/purpose)
Social withdrawal
171
alogia?
Poverty of speech
Person has difficulty communicating verbally during the psychotic states (schizophrenia)
172
blunted/flat affect?
blunted - emotional expression outwardly is limited
flat - no expression of emotion at all
(schizophrenia)
173
loss of volition?
loss of motivation/purpose to do something
174
types of schizophrenia symptoms?
positive symptoms
negative symptoms
disorganized symptoms
psychomotor symptoms
175
disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?
Disordered thinking and speech
- Loose associations
- Neologisms
- Clang
Inappropriate affect
176
disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where person jumps over to different topics; difficult to stay on tract with their thought
loose associations
177
disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where words are made up by the person
neologism
178
disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where person talks in a way where they say words because they sound similar to other words someone would normally say
Ex: I’m doing well I’m doing fell
clang
179
disorganized symptom in schizophrenia where how they present themselves does not coincide with the emotion they are feeling
inappropriate affect
180
type of symptom in schizophrenia where person has Awkward movements, repeated grimaces, odd gestures (repetitive/consistent)
psychomotor symptoms
181
psychomotor symptom of schizophrenia where person experiences Complete loss of voluntary muscle movements
catatonia
182
subtypes of schizophrenia?
```
Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
Residual
```
183
most common subtype of schizophrenia?
paranoid
184
what is paranoid schizophrenia characterized by?
Positive symptoms
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
185
what is disorganized schizophrenia characterized by
disorganized and negative symptoms
186
what is catatonic schizophrenia characterized by?
Psychomotor symptoms
Repetitive, unusual behavior
Odd gestures and facial expressions
Don’t need to have catatonic states to get the diagnosis
187
schizophrenia that displays wide range of symptoms
undifferentiated schizophrenia
188
schizophrenia that has no current prominent positive psychotic features
May still display negative symptoms
residual schizophrenia
189
biological etiology of schizophrenia?
Genetic
Prenatal exposure to virususes
-If at risk due to genetic make up, being exposed to virus Increases risk
Affects dopamine (neurotransmitter) production
Early cannabis use
190
In what case would cannabis use of exposure to viruses increase someone chances of developing schizophrenia?
if the person already is at risk due to their genetic make up
191
how is dopamine affected in schizophrenic patients that demonstrate positive symptoms?
its being over produced
192
when would someones symptoms of schizophrenia show deficits in behavior (negative symptoms)
not enough dopamine
193
how does cannabis use increase the risk of schizophrenia?
what kind of symptoms?
increases dopamine production in brain
positive symptoms
194
psychosocial causes of schizophrenia?
Families with high expressed emotion (EE)
-EE = a lot of conflict
3x more likely if raised in urban environment
195
what kind of disorder is schizophrenia?
biological/genetic
issues in maturation that affect brain development
196
biological treatment for schizophrenia
antipsychotics
197
what do antipsychotics do for schizophrenia patients?
increase production of dopamine
198
what kind of schizophrenia symptoms do antipsychotics work best for?
positive symptoms
199
side effects of antipsychotics for schizophrenia patients?
weight gain
tardive dyskinesia
200
Parkinson like symptoms – uncontrollable tremoring and intense pain
tardive dyskinesia
201
types of treatments for schizophrenia?
biological - antipsychotics
learning-based therapy
family intervention
202
what type of treatment for schizophrenia is more commonly used for negative, disorganized, and psychomotor symptoms?
learning based therapy
203
what is learning based therapy for schizophrenia?
modify behavior to help adjust to community
204
psychotic disorder where Schizophrenic symptoms last at least a day, but not more than 1 month
brief psychotic disorder
205
what usually triggers a brief psychotic disorder?
significant stressors
206
Identical symptoms to schizophrenia, except:
Total duration of the illness is at least 1 month but less than 6 months
Often go to full blown schizophrenia, but can go away completely in some cases
schizophreniform disorder
207
psychotic disorder and mood disorder
schizoaffective disorder
208
when will mood disorder occur in someone with schizoaffective disorder?
when in a psychotic state
209
requirements for schizoaffective disorder diagnosis
2+ schizophrenic symptoms (e.g., positive or negative) for 1 month
AND one or more of the following
Major depressive episode
Manic episode
Mixed episode
Delusions or hallucinations for 2 weeks in absence of mood problems
210
what is it called when a mood disorder causes the psychosis?
mood disorder with psychotic features
211
Holding one or more non-bizarre delusions in absence of other significant psychopathology
delusional disorder
212
types of delusional disorder?
erotomanic
grandiose
jealous
persecutory
somatic
213
type of delusional disorder where they believe other people are in love with them
erotomanic
214
type of delusional disorder where person has delusions about self, abilities, intellect, things they can do
grandiose
215
type of delusional disorder where person might believe partner is cheating on them (example)
jealous
216
type of delusional disorder where person is more paranoid, think people are out to get them/ harm them (physically, emotionally, or mentally)
persecutory
217
type of delusional disorder where person has perceptions about body that it is different or unusual (one particular aspect of body that person has delusion about – usually not distressing to person)
somatic
218
Rare disorder where two people share psychotic symptoms (usually paranoia or delusion)
shared psychotic disorder
219
when would shared psychotic disorder potentially occur
Occurs when people live in very close proximity and are socially/physically isolated with someone who actually has psychotic symptoms
Confirmation bias: start seeing symptoms in themselves even though symptoms aren’t actually there
