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Psych Stats > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

sample

A

the set of data you have access to in scientific study

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2
Q

random assignment

A

a required procedure in any experiment, in which the value of the independent variable assigned to each subject is determined purely by chance

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3
Q

Outlier

A

a member of a sample that is noticeably far from the rest of the distribution

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4
Q

variance

A

a measure of variability in a distribution, equal to the average swuared deviation from teh mean

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5
Q

mean

A

a measure of central tendency, defined ( when there are finitely many scores) as the sum of scores divided by the number of scores

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6
Q

operational definition

A

the procedure by which a construct is measure for a particular study

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7
Q

tail

A

either end of a distribution, containing the highest or lowest scores

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8
Q

quartile

A

a value of a variable that is greater than 1, 2, or 3 quarters of the scores in a distribution

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9
Q

standardized distribution

A

a distribution of z-scores; a distrubiton that has been transfromed to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1

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10
Q

what affects reliability?

A 
sample size (increases reliability)
variability (decreases reliability)
effect size (increases reliability)
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11
Q

X

A

the variable we measure in a scientific study

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12
Q

n

A

the size of the sample

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13
Q

N

A

the size of the population

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14
Q

M

A

mean of the sample

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15
Q

mew greek letter mu

A

the mean of the population

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16
Q

x

A

any possible value of the measurement variable X

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17
Q

f(x)

A

the frequency of x, meaning the number of members of the population of sample for which X=x

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18
Q

P

A

probability; P(event) means the probability that event will occur. When x is a value in a populaiton, P(x) is the fraction of the population for which X=x, or the probability that if we select a member of the population at random, the value of X for that memeber willb e x

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19
Q

sigma

A

standard deviaton of the population

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20
Q

sigma squared

A

variance of population

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21
Q

variable

A

a characteristic or condition that canges or has different value for different individuals

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22
Q

data(plural)

A

measurements or observations

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23
Q

data set

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A

a colletion of measurements or observations

24
Q

parameter

Study These Flashcards
A

a value that describes a population

25
descriptive statistics
statistical procedures used to summarize, organize or simplify data
26
inferential statistics
consists of techniques taht allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected
27
sampling error
the discrepancy or amount of error, that exists between a smaple statistic and the corresponding population parameter
28
correlational method
two different variables are obsered to determine whether there is a relationship between them
29
experimental method
onee variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause and effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other varables to prevent them from influencing the results
30
independent variable
the variable that is manipulated by the researcher
31
dependent variable
the one that is observed to assess teh effect of the treatment
32
quasi-independent variable
the nonexperimental study, the "independent variable" that is used to create different groups o scores
33
control condiditon
do not recieve the experimental treatment | They recieve no treatment or placebo
34
operational definition
identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct
35
real limits
the boundaries of interval for scores that are represented on a continous number line
36
upper real limit
the top of the interval
37
lower real limit
at the bottom of the interval
38
nominal scale
consists of a set of categories that have different names.
39
ordinal scale
consists of a set of categories that are organized in and ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude ex: small, medium, large drinks
40
interval scale
consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an intervl scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured
41
ratio scale
is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do not reflect ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude
42
frequency distribution
an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
43
symmetrical distrubiton
it is possible to draw a vertical line through the middle so that one side of the distribution is a mirror image of the other
44
skewed distribution
the scores tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end
45
tail
the section where the scores taper off toward one end of a distribution
46
percentile
a score is identified by its percentile rank
47
positively skewed
the tail points toward the positive (above zero) at the end of the x axis
48
negatively skewed
the tail points to the left,
49
central tendency
a statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution. The goal of central tendency is to fine the single score that is most typical or most representative of the entire group
50
median
the score that divides a distrubiton in half so that 50%of the individuals in a distribution have scores at or below the median
51
mode
the score or categoy that has the greatest frequency
52
range
is the distance from teh largest score to the smallest score in a distrubiton
53
interquartile range
the range covered by the middle 50% of the distribution
54
variablity
influences how easy it is to see patterns. In general, low variabilityy means that existing patterns can be seen clearly, whereas high variability tends to obsure any patterns that might exist
55
z-score
specifies the precise location of each X value within a distribution. the sign of the z-score(+ or =_ signifies whtether the score is above the mean (positive) or below the mean (negative)
56
raw score
unchanged scores that are a direct result of measurement

Psych Stats (6 decks)

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