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Sociology of poverty > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Indoor Relief

A

Orphanages, Poor Houses

Community takes care of the poor

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2
Q

Vagrancy

A

Criminalization of poverty
Make it illegal to be on the streets
Adult Vagrants could be sold for labor

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3
Q

Neoslavery

A

Enslavement after civil rights
Result of Black Codes
Arrested Blacks sent to work of jail time (usually died there)

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4
Q

Black Codes

A

Criminalized being black

Things white people could do blacks would be arrested for

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5
Q

Poor Relief according to Piven & Cloward

A

Primary function of public welfare in the US is to regualte labor
(clarify)

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6
Q

States role in Alleviating Poverty

A

P&C say political unrest leads states to offer aid/relief
When aid does it’s job unrest decreases and government takes aid away
Ideology & social structure affect environments, which affect ideology and social structures
(clarify)

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7
Q

Lewis Hine

A

Photographer

His subjects included immigrants at Ellis Island, tenement life, child labor, and industrial life

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8
Q

Child Labor Laws

A

Supreme court denied laws in 1916, 1920’s until 1938 when passed

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9
Q

Muller v. Oregon

A

Gave women a shorter work week reasoning was to protect reproductive rights
Shortening the hours created issues with making enough money

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10
Q

Minimum Wage

A

1938 with Fair Labor Standards Act

set a minimum wage and work week to 40 hrs, with paid overtime and no more child labor

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11
Q

Minimum Wage

A

1938 with Fair Labor Standards Act

set a minimum wage and work week to 40 hrs, with paid overtime and no more child labor

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12
Q

Muller v. Oregon

A

Gave women a shorter work week reasoning was to protect reproductive rights
Shortening the hours created issues with making enough money

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13
Q

New Deal Programs

A

Weren’t just about getting people jobs, meant to help farmers, bankers, capital

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14
Q

New Deal Jobs

A

CCC, WPA, programs designed to employee people usually white men

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15
Q

New Deal Assistance

A

Social Security Act
OASDI (old age service and disability insurance), Unemployment Compensation
ADC (Aid to Dependent Children)

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16
Q

New Deal Jobs

A

CCC, WPA, programs designed to employee people usually white men

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17
Q

Fair Labor Standards 1938

A

Was the culmination of New Justices upholding all of the things that weren’t passed
Creating minimum wage, overtime pay

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18
Q

Supreme Court

A

New Justices appointed by Roosevelt allowed New Deal programs to be upheld

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19
Q

Two Track Welfare

A

Dichotomized the public (wealthy & not wealthy)
Race discrimination: no minimum wage or SS (results of Wagner Act, leaving southern domestic/farm workers out)
Gender discrimination: men received unemployment & SS being the primary bread winners (women got ADC or SS if husband was deceased)

20
Q

GI Bill

A

Purpose: create educational grants & housing loans for returning WWII men
Problems: selective, and discriminating (men of color & many woman rarely use their GI bills). Blacks were discriminated against at Universities, & red lining in housing

21
Q

Keynesian Economics

A 
By putting money into the middle class they will stimulate the economy even lowering taxes lets people save more
Encouraging housing and loans grows infrastructure and economy
22
Q

War on Poverty 1964

A

LBJ’s mission to aid poorest parts of the country

Linked to Civil Rights movement and morality requirements in this country

23
Q

Office of Economic Opportunity

A

1965-1974 created programs for head start (early child care & educate parents), Volunteers in Service on America, Legal Aid Services, Community Action Officers (NGO provider)

24
Q

Food Stamps

A

1964 Act, shifted from GD way of commodity boxes where governments bought extra food then gave to poor (boxed had random useless food)
New plan created food stamps, funds allocated for food

25
Q

Social Security Act 1965

A

Medicare (health insurance for retired), Medicaid (health coverage for low income),
(clarify)

26
Q

Entitlements/ Right to Privacy

A

Uphold idea of welfare entitlement but people on welfare loose right to privacy
(clarify)

27
Q

Neoliberalism (supply economics)

A

1980’s welfare reform believed by freeing the markets poverty would go away because the economy would improve
Created Punitive system, terminated lots of SS for disabled
Ending “nanny state” service only for “truly needy” (welfare queens)
Under Reagan, Bush, Thatcher

28
Q

Personal Responsibility Act 1994 (Contract with America)

A 
Clinton ending welfare as we know it 
Punished illegitimacy (pregnancy out of wedlock), must be seeking work to get benefits & eliminated notion of entitlement
29
Q

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation 1996

A

Compromise between Republicans & Democrats
Created TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families)
Nearly eliminated assistance

30
Q

Truly Needy

A

decided who is really deserving & who isn’t

clarify

31
Q

Defining Poverty

A

Ways to identify and look at poverty levels

32
Q

Broad & Narrow

A

Broad: relational factors, decision making, human dignity power
Narrow: restricted to material core, “inability to participate in society due to lack of resources”

33
Q

Capabilities (Nussbaum)

A

measuring poverty on the way people can participate in society. Do they have the necessary things to function

34
Q

Functionings

A

measuring poverty on what a parson is actually able to do/achieve. Income plays a role in achieving funtionings

35
Q

Mollie Orshansky Poverty Threshold

A

Developed 1963 based on food economy, based off families paying 1/3 income for food
Only measured the inadequate income (established how much was too little)

36
Q

Mollie Orshansky Poverty Threshold

A

Developed 1963 based on food economy, based off families paying 1/3 income for food
Only measured the inadequate income (established how much was too little)
Started as measure of relative poverty then was set at certain amount becoming an absolute measure

37
Q

1969 Amendments

A

Poverty Level Review Committee adjusted Orshanskys price for for changed in Consumer Price Index, and not just standard of living
(clarify)

38
Q

Supplemental Poverty Measures

A

Levels of wealth within the society
Examines income tax, work experience, family resources
Gives wider picture of poverty & better measure

39
Q

Absolute & Relative Poverty

A

Absolute: Established numerical value, minimum income requirements to sustain healthy existence
Relative: Relational numerical value, can change according to expectations, sharing in the social heritage

40
Q

Depth of Poverty

A

Numerical measure given to people based on their income and where it falls below the poverty line
the greater difference between someones income and poverty line determines the depth of poverty

41
Q

GINI Index

A

Measures inequality among values of a frequency distribution (ie Income)
Higher GINI number higher inequality
Zero would mean perfect economic equality

42
Q

World Bank (Severe Poverty)

A

Measures poverty worldwide, based largely on countries without their own numbers, indicates “extreme need”
No home, or access to clean water, $1.90/day
Absolute poverty measure

43
Q

Comparative Measures of Poverty (income)

A

Relative: percent of median income, in which 50% median income is 1/2 that value
Absolute: 40% median equivalent income, World Bank says $1.25/day

44
Q

Mean vs. Median Income

A

Mean incorporates outliers, changes the numbers

Median allows for more realistic poverty number

45
Q

US standing in OECD countries

A

Measure of relative poverty OECD americans fall very low, meaning a high level of poverty

46
Q

Relative over Absolute

A

Most valid for conceptualizing poverty, for predictive of life chances & well-being than absolute measures, measures deprivation within cultures more effectively, more realistic in affluent countries where basic needs are less threatened

47
Q

Disadvantage of Poverty Thresholds

A

Focus on money and consumption fails to recognize other important aspects of individual and social life
(clarify)

Sociology of poverty (3 decks)

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