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bio 264 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System:

A

hair, skin, nails, sweat glands (functions to protect body from damage, control body temperature, impede loss of water, assist in production of vitamin D).

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2
Q

Skeletal System:

A

bones, related cartilage, joints, ligaments (framework of the body; lends support, protection, creates blood cells, permits movement, and provides storage for fat and minerals).

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3
Q

Muscular System:

A

muscles and tendons (facilitate movement, generate body heat, and sustain posture).

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4
Q

Lymphatic System

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, various organs (eliminates foreign materials from circulation, fight illness, regulate tissue fluid level, absorbs fatty acids contained in the digestive tract).

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5
Q

Respiratory System:

A

: lungs, airways, respiratory muscles (exchanges molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the external environment and the blood. Also maintains blood pH).

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6
Q

Digestive System:

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and various organs (mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste products from the body).

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7
Q

Nervous System:

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors (sensory perception, exercising control over body movement, cognitive reasoning, and vast array of physiological processes).

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8
Q

Endocrine System:

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and glands (release of hormones; influences growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and other physiological processes).

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9
Q

Cardiovascular System:

A

heart, blood vessels, blood (utilizes blood as vehicle; distributes gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Also helps with immune response and body temperature

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10
Q

Urinary System

A

kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra (maintain blood pH, regulate water balance, expel waste products from blood).

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11
Q

Reproductive System:

A

The female reproductive system includes ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, vagina, and other structures (produces oocytes, provides location for fertilization and fetal development. Also produces hormones which facilitate lactation and sexual behaviors and functions). The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, various other structures (production of sperm cells and hormones which facilitate sexual behaviors and functions).

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12
Q

Superior:

A

above (ex: head is superior to feet).

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13
Q

Inferior:

A

below (ex: feet are inferior to the head)

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14
Q

Cephalic:

A

relative term meaning nearer to the head (ex: collar bone is cephalic to the sternum).

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15
Q

Caudal

A

relative term meaning nearer to the tail (ex: sternum is caudal to the collar bone).

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16
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front of the body (ex: the nose is anterior to the brain).

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17
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back of the body (ex: the brain is posterior to the nose)

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18
Q

Ventral:

A

toward the belly; equivalent to anterior (ex: the breast is ventral to the spine)

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19
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the back; equivalent to posterior (ex: the spine is dorsal to the breast)

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20
Q

Proximal:

A

nearer to point of reference or attachment (ex: the shoulder is proximal to the elbow or the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

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21
Q

Distal:

A

farther away from a point of reference or attachment (ex: the elbow is distal to the shoulder or the wrist is distal to the elbow.

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22
Q

Lateral:

A

away from the median plane of the body (ex: the shoulder is lateral to the head or the ear is lateral to the brain

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23
Q

Medial:

A

toward median plane of the body (ex: the head is medial to the shoulder or the nose is medial to the cheek).

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24
Q

Superficial

A

toward, at, or pertaining to the surface (ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles).

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25
Q

Deep:

A

away from or below the surface (ex: the muscles are deep to the skin).

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26
Q

a- or an-

A

without or lacking (ex: anorexia)

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27
Q

ab-

A

away from (ex: abduct)

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28
Q

ad-

A

toward or adjacent to (ex: adduct)

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29
Q

anti-

A

against, opposed, or inhibitive (ex: antihistamine)

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30
Q

arthr-

A

joint (ex: arthroscopy)

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31
Q

auto-

A

self (ex: autoimmune disease)

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32
Q

bi-

A

two (ex: biceps)

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33
Q

bio-

A

life (ex: biology)

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34
Q

carcin-

A

cancer or tumor (ex: carcinogen)

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35
Q

cardio-

A

heart (ex: cardiology)

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36
Q

cephal-

A

head (ex: encephalitis)

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37
Q

cerebro-

A

brain (ex: CVA or cerebrovascular accident)

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38
Q

chondr-

A

cartilage (ex: chondrogenesis)

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39
Q

circum-

A

around or round about (ex: circumcision)

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40
Q

co-

A

with or together (ex: cofactor)

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41
Q

contra-

A

against or in opposition to (ex: contraindication)

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42
Q

derm-

A

skin (ex: dermatologist)

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43
Q

di-

A

two (ex: disaccharide)

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44
Q

dys-

A

difficult or abnormal (ex: dyslexia)

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45
Q

ecto-

A

outside or external (ex: ectopic)

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46
Q

-ectomy

A

to excise or cut out (ex: cholecystectomy)

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47
Q

endo-

A

inside or within (ex: endocardium)

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48
Q

epi-

A

upon or above (ex: epidermis

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49
Q

erythro-

A

red (ex: erythrocyte)

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50
Q

eu-

A

well, good, or true (ex: eukaryote)

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51
Q

ex-

A

out of or outside (ex: excretion)

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52
Q

glyco-

A

sweet or sugar (ex: glycogenolysis)

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53
Q

hemi-

A

half (ex: hemipalegia)

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54
Q

hepat-

A

liver (ex: hepatocyte)

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55
Q

hist-

A

tissue (ex: histology)

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56
Q

hydro-

A

water or liquid (ex: hydrocele)

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57
Q

hyper-

A

in excess (ex: hyperglycemia)

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58
Q

hypo-

A

below normal or under (ex: hypoglycemia)

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59
Q

infra-

A

beneath or underneath (ex: infrapatellar)

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60
Q

inter-

A

between (ex: interosseous)

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61
Q

intra-

A

within or inside of (ex: intramuscular)

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62
Q

iso-

A

equal (ex: isotope)

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63
Q

leuko-

A

white (ex: leukocytosis)

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64
Q

macro-

A

large (ex: macrophage)

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65
Q

melano-

A

black (ex: melanoma)

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66
Q

micro-

A

small (ex: microscope)

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67
Q

mono-

A

one (ex: monosaccharide)

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68
Q

multi-

A

many or multiple (ex: multicellular

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69
Q

myo-

A

muscle (ex: myocardial infarction)

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70
Q

neo-

A

new (ex: neovascularization)

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71
Q

nephro-

A

kidney (ex: cystic nephron)

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72
Q

neuro-

A

nerve (ex: neuroglia)

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73
Q

oculo-

A

eye (ex: ocular)

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74
Q

odonto-

A

tooth (ex: orthodontist)

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75
Q

oligo-

A

deficient or few (ex: oligochromemia)

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76
Q

opthalm-

A

eye (ex: ophthalmology)

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77
Q

osteo-

A

bone (ex: osteoporosis)

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78
Q

oto-

A

ear (ex: otology)

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79
Q

para-

A

alongside or beyond (ex: parathyroid glands)

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80
Q

peri-

A

around (ex: pericardium)

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81
Q

pneumo-

A

air or gas; pertaining to the lungs (ex: pneumonia)

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82
Q

pod-

A

foot (ex: podiatrist)

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83
Q

poly-

A

many or much (ex: polysaccharide)

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84
Q

post-

A

behind or after (ex: post-traumatic)

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85
Q

pre- or pro-

A

prior to or in front of (ex: prehypertension

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86
Q

pseudo-

A

false (ex: pseudostratified epithelium)

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87
Q

sarco

A

flesh (ex: sarcomere)

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88
Q

semi-

A

half or partially (ex: semipermeable)

89
Q

sclero-

A

Hard (ex: scleroderma)

90
Q

somato-

A

body (ex: somatic)

91
Q

steno-

A

narrow or close (ex: aortic stenosis)

92
Q

sub-

A

below or under (ex: subclavian)

93
Q

sym- or syn-

A

with or together (ex: symphysis pubis and synchondrosis)

94
Q

tachy-

A

fast or rapid (ex: tachycardia)

95
Q

trans-

A

across or through (ex: transcutaneous)

96
Q

viscer-

A

pertaining to internal organs (ex: visceral fat)

97
Q

-able

A

capable of (ex: teachable)

98
Q

-algia

A

pain (ex: fibromyalgia)

99
Q

-blast

A

bud, usually referring to cells which are primitive in nature (ex: Chondroblast)

100
Q

-clast

A

pertaining to breaking or tearing down (ex: osteoclast)

101
Q

-cyte

A

cell (ex: hepatocyte)

102
Q

-duct

A

to lead or draw (ex: adduct and abduct)

103
Q

-emia

A

blood (ex: leukemia)

104
Q

-genesis

A

origin or production (ex: glycogenesis)

105
Q

-gram

A

A drawing (ex: sonogram)

106
Q

-graph

A

instrument used to record (ex: angiography)

107
Q

-itis

A

inflammation (ex: tonsilitis)

108
Q

-logy

A

study of (ex: cardiology)

109
Q

-lysis

A

to break down or decompose (ex: glycogenolysis)

110
Q

-oid

A

resembling (ex: arachnoid mater)

111
Q

-oma

A

tumor (ex: carcinoma)

112
Q

-pathy

A

disease or disorder (ex: cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

-phag

A

to eat or to feed (ex: phagocytosis)

114
Q

-phil

A

to love or have an affinity for (ex: hydrophilic)

115
Q

-stasis

A

stop or stable state (ex: homeostasis)

116
Q

-stomy

A

surgical procedure in which an artificial opening is established (ex: colostomy)

117
Q

ACh

A

acetylcholine

118
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

119
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system

120
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

121
Q

AMP

A

adenosine monophosphate

122
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

123
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

124
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

125
Q

ECG/EKG

A

electrocardiogram

126
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine diphosphate

127
Q

FADH2

A

reduced flavin adenine diphosphate

128
Q

GMP

A

guanosine monophosphate

129
Q

cGMP

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

130
Q

H+

A

hydrogen ion (acid)

131
Q

H2CO3

A

carbonic acid

132
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate ion

133
Q

H2O2

A

hydrogen peroxide

134
Q

HCl

A

hydrochloric acid

135
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

136
Q

HR

A

heart rate

137
Q

Kg

A

kilogram

138
Q

L

A

liter

139
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

140
Q

mOsm

A

milliosmole

141
Q

mV

A

millivolt

142
Q

Na+

A

sodium ion

143
Q

NaCl

A

sodium chloride

144
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucletide

145
Q

NADH

A

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucletide

146
Q

NH3

A

ammonia

147
Q

NH4

A

ammonium

148
Q

NO

A

nitric oxide

149
Q

O2

A

oxygen

150
Q

OH-

A

hydroxide

151
Q

Pi

A

inorganic phosphate

152
Q

average human body temp

A

98.6

153
Q

normal range for boy temp

A

98.4-98.8

154
Q

Alpha Cells (glucagon)

A

Increase blood sugar

155
Q

beta cells (insulin)

A

Decrease blood pressure

156
Q

What causes the uterus to contract during child birth?

A

positive feedback ( oxytocin is released from pituitary gland)

157
Q

Increase in TRH causes…. which causes….

A

increase in TSH which causes increase in Thyroid hormone

158
Q

Thyroid Hormones and what do they do

A

T3 and T4 Increase metabolism, growth and development, increased catecholamine effect

159
Q

person laying on their back with palms up

A

supine

160
Q

person laying face down

A

prone

161
Q

medial

A

towards the center of the body

162
Q

lateral

A

away from center of body

163
Q

bone matrix
organic? (rebar)
Inorganic? (cement)

A

like reinforced concrete
organic- collagen and proteoglycans (rebar)
Inorganic- Hydroxyapatite. CaPO4 crystals (cement)

164
Q

what 4 elements are our bodies mostly made of?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

165
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ions

  • Dissociation of cations and anions in water
  • conduct electricity
166
Q

Non-electrolytes

A

not and ion

Glucose surrounded by water

167
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6 H12 O6

168
Q

avogadro’s number

A

6.02 X 10^23

169
Q

percent solution .9%

A

100ml of solvent+ .9 grams (water in 1st)

170
Q

Molarity of a solution

A

58 grams of salt, then fill to 1 liter (water in last)

171
Q

Water

A 
cohesion and adhesion
stabilizing body temp
- high heat capacity
-High heat of vaporization
protection
-lubricant, cushion
participates in chemical reactions
serves as a mixing medium and solvent
172
Q

blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

173
Q

What is it called when blood goes below 7.35?

A

acidosis

174
Q

what is it called when blood goes above 7.45?

A

Alkalosis

175
Q

bicarb buffer system and what does it do?

A

CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^-

resists changes in Ph

176
Q

CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^-

what is the conjugate base?

A

HCO3^-

Bicarb

177
Q

CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^-

what is the weak acid?

A

H2CO3

Carbonic acid

178
Q

what are the major organic molecules necessary for life? (5)

A 
Carbohydrates
lipids
portions
nucleic acids
ATP
179
Q

what do we use Carbohydrates for?

A

things we use for energy

180
Q

Lipids

A

Energy and structure

181
Q

Proteins

A

Structure

182
Q

Nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

183
Q

what are carbs made up of and what is the ratio?

A

C,H,O

1:2:1

184
Q

Three groups of Carbs

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

185
Q

Three types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

186
Q

Types of Disaccharides

A

sucrose
Maltose
lactose

187
Q

How is sucrose made?

A

Glucose+ Fructose

188
Q

How is maltose made?

A

Glucose+ Glucose

189
Q

How is Lactose made?

A

Glucose+ Galactose

190
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

3+ chains of glucose

191
Q

how do we know which enzymes break down certain disaccharides?

A

drop one and add ace

192
Q

what polysaccharides cannot be broken down by the human body?

A

Cellulose

193
Q

two types of starches?

A

Amylose

-Amylopectin

194
Q

Glycogen

A

storage form of carbs in animals (liver and skeletal muscles)

195
Q

which one breaks down faster, amylopectin or amylose?

A

Amylopectin because it has more branches and exposed glucose molecules

196
Q

Three types of Polysaccharides?

A

starches, Fibers, and glycogen

197
Q

Two types of fiber

A

Soluble- Pectins

Insoluble- Cellulose

198
Q

What are sugars?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

199
Q

Saturated fats are——– at room temperature

Are they healthy?

A

Solid

No

200
Q

What is Stearin?

A

Saturated Triglyceride

201
Q

two types of unsaturated fatty acids

A

cis and Trans

202
Q

Where are the hydrogen found on cis bonds

A

same side of the double covalent bond

203
Q

where are the hydrogen found on trans bonds

A

opposite sides of the double covalent bond

204
Q

Cis bonds are —— at room temp

are they healthy?

A

Liquid

Yes

205
Q

Trans bonds are —— at room temp

A

Solid

206
Q

which one has a longer shelf life? cis or trans

A

Trans

207
Q

Which one increases LDL the most? cis or trans?

A

trans

208
Q

Trans bonds are partially ——

A

hydrogenated

209
Q

how do you make a phospholipid?

A

two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group

210
Q

why does the liver make bile?

A

makes it so the fat will mix with the water and it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part

211
Q

what type of bonds make proteins?

A

peptide covalent bonds

212
Q

What are the two major classes of proteins?

A

Fibrous and Globular

213
Q

Fibrous proteins are…

A

Strong
structure
like rope and cables
Cartilage, tendons,bone, ligaments

214
Q

Globular proteins are…

A

Not for strength
Fragile and can be denatured
Enzymes and hemoglobin

215
Q

Enzymes are…

A

globular protein that allows chemical reactions to take place

216
Q

how do you denature an enzyme?

A

Heat them up too high

217
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

increases milk production

218
Q

What are two ways to increase milk production?

A

Increase PRL released from pituitary gland
or
Increase the number of PRL receptors in breast tissue

219
Q

What is high fructose corn syrup?

A

45% -glucose 55% -fructose

Glucose made into Fructose artificially

bio 264 (5 decks)

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