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exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Integumentary System:

A

hair, skin, nails, sweat glands (functions to protect body from damage, control body temperature, impede loss of water, assist in production of vitamin D).

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2
Q

Skeletal System:

A

bones, related cartilage, joints, ligaments (framework of the body; lends support, protection, creates blood cells, permits movement, and provides storage for fat and minerals).

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3
Q

Muscular System:

A

muscles and tendons (facilitate movement, generate body heat, and sustain posture).

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4
Q

Lymphatic System

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, various organs (eliminates foreign materials from circulation, fight illness, regulate tissue fluid level, absorbs fatty acids contained in the digestive tract).

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5
Q

Respiratory System:

A

: lungs, airways, respiratory muscles (exchanges molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the external environment and the blood. Also maintains blood pH).

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6
Q

Digestive System:

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and various organs (mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste products from the body).

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7
Q

Nervous System:

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors (sensory perception, exercising control over body movement, cognitive reasoning, and vast array of physiological processes).

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8
Q

Endocrine System:

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and glands (release of hormones; influences growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and other physiological processes).

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9
Q

Cardiovascular System:

A

heart, blood vessels, blood (utilizes blood as vehicle; distributes gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Also helps with immune response and body temperature

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10
Q

Urinary System

A

kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra (maintain blood pH, regulate water balance, expel waste products from blood).

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11
Q

Reproductive System:

A

The female reproductive system includes ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, vagina, and other structures (produces oocytes, provides location for fertilization and fetal development. Also produces hormones which facilitate lactation and sexual behaviors and functions). The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, various other structures (production of sperm cells and hormones which facilitate sexual behaviors and functions).

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12
Q

Superior:

A

above (ex: head is superior to feet).

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13
Q

Inferior:

A

below (ex: feet are inferior to the head)

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14
Q

Cephalic:

A

relative term meaning nearer to the head (ex: collar bone is cephalic to the sternum).

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15
Q

Caudal

A

relative term meaning nearer to the tail (ex: sternum is caudal to the collar bone).

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16
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front of the body (ex: the nose is anterior to the brain).

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17
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back of the body (ex: the brain is posterior to the nose)

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18
Q

Ventral:

A

toward the belly; equivalent to anterior (ex: the breast is ventral to the spine)

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19
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the back; equivalent to posterior (ex: the spine is dorsal to the breast)

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20
Q

Proximal:

A

nearer to point of reference or attachment (ex: the shoulder is proximal to the elbow or the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

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21
Q

Distal:

A

farther away from a point of reference or attachment (ex: the elbow is distal to the shoulder or the wrist is distal to the elbow.

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22
Q

Lateral:

A

away from the median plane of the body (ex: the shoulder is lateral to the head or the ear is lateral to the brain

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23
Q

Medial:

A

toward median plane of the body (ex: the head is medial to the shoulder or the nose is medial to the cheek).

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24
Q

Superficial

A

toward, at, or pertaining to the surface (ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles).

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25
Deep:
away from or below the surface (ex: the muscles are deep to the skin).
26
a- or an-
without or lacking (ex: anorexia)
27
ab-
away from (ex: abduct)
28
ad-
toward or adjacent to (ex: adduct)
29
anti-
against, opposed, or inhibitive (ex: antihistamine)
30
arthr-
joint (ex: arthroscopy)
31
auto-
self (ex: autoimmune disease)
32
bi-
two (ex: biceps)
33
bio-
life (ex: biology)
34
carcin-
cancer or tumor (ex: carcinogen)
35
cardio-
heart (ex: cardiology)
36
cephal-
head (ex: encephalitis)
37
cerebro-
brain (ex: CVA or cerebrovascular accident)
38
chondr-
cartilage (ex: chondrogenesis)
39
circum-
around or round about (ex: circumcision)
40
co-
with or together (ex: cofactor)
41
contra-
against or in opposition to (ex: contraindication)
42
derm-
skin (ex: dermatologist)
43
di-
two (ex: disaccharide)
44
dys-
difficult or abnormal (ex: dyslexia)
45
ecto-
outside or external (ex: ectopic)
46
-ectomy
to excise or cut out (ex: cholecystectomy)
47
endo-
inside or within (ex: endocardium)
48
epi-
upon or above (ex: epidermis
49
erythro-
red (ex: erythrocyte)
50
eu-
well, good, or true (ex: eukaryote)
51
ex-
out of or outside (ex: excretion)
52
glyco-
sweet or sugar (ex: glycogenolysis)
53
hemi-
half (ex: hemipalegia)
54
hepat-
liver (ex: hepatocyte)
55
hist-
tissue (ex: histology)
56
hydro-
water or liquid (ex: hydrocele)
57
hyper-
in excess (ex: hyperglycemia)
58
hypo-
below normal or under (ex: hypoglycemia)
59
infra-
beneath or underneath (ex: infrapatellar)
60
inter-
between (ex: interosseous)
61
intra-
within or inside of (ex: intramuscular)
62
iso-
equal (ex: isotope)
63
leuko-
white (ex: leukocytosis)
64
macro-
large (ex: macrophage)
65
melano-
black (ex: melanoma)
66
micro-
small (ex: microscope)
67
mono-
one (ex: monosaccharide)
68
multi-
many or multiple (ex: multicellular
69
myo-
muscle (ex: myocardial infarction)
70
neo-
new (ex: neovascularization)
71
nephro-
kidney (ex: cystic nephron)
72
neuro-
nerve (ex: neuroglia)
73
oculo-
eye (ex: ocular)
74
odonto-
tooth (ex: orthodontist)
75
oligo-
deficient or few (ex: oligochromemia)
76
opthalm-
eye (ex: ophthalmology)
77
osteo-
bone (ex: osteoporosis)
78
oto-
ear (ex: otology)
79
para-
alongside or beyond (ex: parathyroid glands)
80
peri-
around (ex: pericardium)
81
pneumo-
air or gas; pertaining to the lungs (ex: pneumonia)
82
pod-
foot (ex: podiatrist)
83
poly-
many or much (ex: polysaccharide)
84
post-
behind or after (ex: post-traumatic)
85
pre- or pro-
prior to or in front of (ex: prehypertension
86
pseudo-
false (ex: pseudostratified epithelium)
87
sarco
flesh (ex: sarcomere)
88
semi-
half or partially (ex: semipermeable)
89
sclero-
Hard (ex: scleroderma)
90
somato-
body (ex: somatic)
91
steno-
narrow or close (ex: aortic stenosis)
92
sub-
below or under (ex: subclavian)
93
sym- or syn-
with or together (ex: symphysis pubis and synchondrosis)
94
tachy-
fast or rapid (ex: tachycardia)
95
trans-
across or through (ex: transcutaneous)
96
viscer-
pertaining to internal organs (ex: visceral fat)
97
-able
capable of (ex: teachable)
98
-algia
pain (ex: fibromyalgia)
99
-blast
bud, usually referring to cells which are primitive in nature (ex: Chondroblast)
100
-clast
pertaining to breaking or tearing down (ex: osteoclast)
101
-cyte
cell (ex: hepatocyte)
102
-duct
to lead or draw (ex: adduct and abduct)
103
-emia
blood (ex: leukemia)
104
-genesis
origin or production (ex: glycogenesis)
105
-gram
A drawing (ex: sonogram)
106
-graph
instrument used to record (ex: angiography)
107
-itis
inflammation (ex: tonsilitis)
108
-logy
study of (ex: cardiology)
109
-lysis
to break down or decompose (ex: glycogenolysis)
110
-oid
resembling (ex: arachnoid mater)
111
-oma
tumor (ex: carcinoma)
112
-pathy
disease or disorder (ex: cardiomyopathy)
113
-phag
to eat or to feed (ex: phagocytosis)
114
-phil
to love or have an affinity for (ex: hydrophilic)
115
-stasis
stop or stable state (ex: homeostasis)
116
-stomy
surgical procedure in which an artificial opening is established (ex: colostomy)
117
ACh
acetylcholine
118
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
119
ANS
autonomic nervous system
120
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
121
AMP
adenosine monophosphate
122
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
123
CO2
carbon dioxide
124
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
125
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
126
FAD
flavin adenine diphosphate
127
FADH2
reduced flavin adenine diphosphate
128
GMP
guanosine monophosphate
129
cGMP
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
130
H+
hydrogen ion (acid)
131
H2CO3
carbonic acid
132
HCO3-
bicarbonate ion
133
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
134
HCl
hydrochloric acid
135
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
136
HR
heart rate
137
Kg
kilogram
138
L
liter
139
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
140
mOsm
milliosmole
141
mV
millivolt
142
Na+
sodium ion
143
NaCl
sodium chloride
144
NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucletide
145
NADH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucletide
146
NH3
ammonia
147
NH4
ammonium
148
NO
nitric oxide
149
O2
oxygen
150
OH-
hydroxide
151
Pi
inorganic phosphate
152
average human body temp
98.6
153
normal range for boy temp
98.4-98.8
154
Alpha Cells (glucagon)
Increase blood sugar
155
beta cells (insulin)
Decrease blood pressure
156
What causes the uterus to contract during child birth?
positive feedback ( oxytocin is released from pituitary gland)
157
Increase in TRH causes.... which causes....
increase in TSH which causes increase in Thyroid hormone
158
Thyroid Hormones and what do they do
T3 and T4 Increase metabolism, growth and development, increased catecholamine effect
159
person laying on their back with palms up
supine
160
person laying face down
prone
161
medial
towards the center of the body
162
lateral
away from center of body
163
bone matrix organic? (rebar) Inorganic? (cement)
like reinforced concrete organic- collagen and proteoglycans (rebar) Inorganic- Hydroxyapatite. CaPO4 crystals (cement)
164
what 4 elements are our bodies mostly made of?
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
165
Electrolytes
Ions - Dissociation of cations and anions in water - conduct electricity
166
Non-electrolytes
not and ion | Glucose surrounded by water
167
Glucose formula
C6 H12 O6
168
avogadro's number
6.02 X 10^23
169
percent solution .9%
100ml of solvent+ .9 grams (water in 1st)
170
Molarity of a solution
58 grams of salt, then fill to 1 liter (water in last)
171
Water
``` cohesion and adhesion stabilizing body temp - high heat capacity -High heat of vaporization protection -lubricant, cushion participates in chemical reactions serves as a mixing medium and solvent ```
172
blood pH
7.35-7.45
173
What is it called when blood goes below 7.35?
acidosis
174
what is it called when blood goes above 7.45?
Alkalosis
175
bicarb buffer system and what does it do?
CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^- | resists changes in Ph
176
CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^- | what is the conjugate base?
HCO3^- | Bicarb
177
CO2+H2OH2CO3H^+ + HCO3^- | what is the weak acid?
H2CO3 | Carbonic acid
178
what are the major organic molecules necessary for life? (5)
``` Carbohydrates lipids portions nucleic acids ATP ```
179
what do we use Carbohydrates for?
things we use for energy
180
Lipids
Energy and structure
181
Proteins
Structure
182
Nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
183
what are carbs made up of and what is the ratio?
C,H,O | 1:2:1
184
Three groups of Carbs
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
185
Three types of monosaccharides
Glucose Galactose Fructose
186
Types of Disaccharides
sucrose Maltose lactose
187
How is sucrose made?
Glucose+ Fructose
188
How is maltose made?
Glucose+ Glucose
189
How is Lactose made?
Glucose+ Galactose
190
What is a polysaccharide?
3+ chains of glucose
191
how do we know which enzymes break down certain disaccharides?
drop one and add ace
192
what polysaccharides cannot be broken down by the human body?
Cellulose
193
two types of starches?
Amylose | -Amylopectin
194
Glycogen
storage form of carbs in animals (liver and skeletal muscles)
195
which one breaks down faster, amylopectin or amylose?
Amylopectin because it has more branches and exposed glucose molecules
196
Three types of Polysaccharides?
starches, Fibers, and glycogen
197
Two types of fiber
Soluble- Pectins | Insoluble- Cellulose
198
What are sugars?
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
199
Saturated fats are-------- at room temperature | Are they healthy?
Solid | No
200
What is Stearin?
Saturated Triglyceride
201
two types of unsaturated fatty acids
cis and Trans
202
Where are the hydrogen found on cis bonds
same side of the double covalent bond
203
where are the hydrogen found on trans bonds
opposite sides of the double covalent bond
204
Cis bonds are ------ at room temp | are they healthy?
Liquid | Yes
205
Trans bonds are ------ at room temp
Solid
206
which one has a longer shelf life? cis or trans
Trans
207
Which one increases LDL the most? cis or trans?
trans
208
Trans bonds are partially ------
hydrogenated
209
how do you make a phospholipid?
two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group
210
why does the liver make bile?
makes it so the fat will mix with the water and it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part
211
what type of bonds make proteins?
peptide covalent bonds
212
What are the two major classes of proteins?
Fibrous and Globular
213
Fibrous proteins are...
Strong structure like rope and cables Cartilage, tendons,bone, ligaments
214
Globular proteins are...
Not for strength Fragile and can be denatured Enzymes and hemoglobin
215
Enzymes are...
globular protein that allows chemical reactions to take place
216
how do you denature an enzyme?
Heat them up too high
217
Prolactin (PRL)
increases milk production
218
What are two ways to increase milk production?
Increase PRL released from pituitary gland or Increase the number of PRL receptors in breast tissue
219
What is high fructose corn syrup?
45% -glucose 55% -fructose | Glucose made into Fructose artificially

bio 264 (5 decks)

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