Exam 1 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Biological Hypotheses
A
- Tentative explation for an observed problem
- Neutral
2
Q
Observation vs Experiment
A
- Are you controlling variable or simply observing a natural phenomenon
3
Q
What does it mean to be alive?
A
- Energy-Aquire/use
- Cells-Made up of membrane-bound units
- Information-Process genetic info encoded in genes&repond to info from environment
- Replication-everything an org does goes to this goal
- Evolution-product of evolution
4
Q
Theory
A
Explanation for a general class of phenomena/ovservations supported by wide body of evidence
5
Q
Cell
A
highly organized compartment, bounded by plasma membrane, contains concentrated chemicals in aqueous solution
6
Q
Complete Cell Theory
A
All orgs are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells
7
Q
Prediction
A
measurable/observable result that must be correct if hypothesis is valid
Directionality
8
Q
2 parts of a theory
A
- Pattern-sometihng that occurs in natural world
- Process-Creates the pattern
9
Q
Theory of Evolution By Natural Selection
A
- All species related by common ancestry
- Decent w/ modification
10
Q
Natural Selection
A
Explains how evolution occurs
11
Q
2 Conditions for Natural Selection
A
- Individuals vary in heritable characteristics
- In particular environment, certain versions of traits help individual reproduce more
12
Q
Phenotype
A
Physical Characteristic
13
Q
Fitness
A
Ability of individual to survive and reproduce in an environment
14
Q
Adaptation
A
A traight that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment
15
Q
Macronutrients
A
O,C,H,N
16
Q
What are isotopes used for?
A
Tracking plants
17
Q
How many possible e- shells?
A
3
18
Q
What determines chemical properties
A
e- in valence shell
19
Q
Chemical Bonds
A
- Covalent (strongest)
- Ionic
- Hydrogen (weakest)
20
Q
When will atoms interact?
A
When valence shell not full
Wants to fill outer shell
21
Q
Covalent
A
Share electrons
22
Q
Nonpolar covalent
A
Equally shared e-
same electronegativity
Atoms of same element
23
Q
Electronegativity
A
Attraction for shared electrons
24
Q
Polar covalent
A
- e- not shared equally, partial charges exist b/c e- closer to different atoms
- More protons→higher electronegativity
25
H2O
* O attract more e- than H
* O is slightly -, H slightly +
26
Ionic Bonds
Gain/ loss e-
27
Hydrogen bonds
* Weak interactions between covalently bonded hydrogen and acceptor atom
* Both atoms in polar covalent w/other atoms
* VERY important in biological molecules
28
Hydrophilic
* Attracted to water
* Polar molecules
* Ions
29
Hydrophobic
does not dissolve
30
Adhesion
H2O adhere to glass and pull upward
31
Cohesion
* H2O at surface form h-bonds w/ nearby H2O and resist upward adhesion
* Surface tension
32
H-Bonds moderate \_\_\_\_\_
temp
33
Heat
Energy associate w/ molecular movement
34
Temp.
Measure of intensity of heat
35
Heat _____ when h-bonds form
realeased
36
Heat ______ when h-bonds break
absorbed
37
Solvent
Dissolving agent
38
Solute
Dissolves
39
Hydrocarbons
only C and H
40
Isomer
Same formula, different arangement
41
Functional group
* Groups of atoms attached to the C skeleton
* affect molecular function
42
Compounds w/ functional groups:
* polar
* hydrophilic
43
Hydroxyl
-OH
44
Carbonyl
\>C=O
45
Carboxyl
-COOH
46
Polymer
Same molecules (monomers) strung together
47
macromolecules
Large polymer
48
Polymerization
bonding of monomers
49
Bonding reaction
* Condensation Reaction
* Loses water
50
Bond-breaking reaction
* Hydrolysis
* adds water
51
Proteins are involved with _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Most bodily functions
52
amino acids are made up of
* Amino group
* carboxyl group
* R group
53
How many amino acid monomers are protens made up of
20
54
20 amino acids differ in
Unique R-group
55
4 general types of amino acids
* Acidic
* Basic
* Uncharged polar
* nonpolar
56
Protein polymer
polypeptide
57
peptide bond
* link carboxyl w/ amino group
* between C from carboxyl and N in amino group
58
Ammino acid structures are \_\_\_\_\_\_
flexible
59
Proteins are crucial to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
most tasks in a cell
60
Primary structure
Unique sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
61
Secondary structure
* H-bonds between carboxyl of one amino acid and amino group of another
* Alpha helixes
* Beta pleated sheets
* H-bonding between sections of same backbone
62
Tertiary structure
* Interactions between R-groups/R-groups and peptide backbone
* Causes backbone to bend/fold
* 3D shape/structure
63
Denaturation and 3 ways
* Protein loses shape and function
* pH
* Salt concentration
* temperature
64
DNA
* Double stranded
* Stays in nucleus
65
RNA
* Single stranded
* Leaves nucleus
66
Nucleic acid monomer
Nucleotide
67
Nucleotide composed of
* 5-carbon sugar
* ribose
* deoxyribose
* phosphate group
* nitrogenous base
68
Uracil belongs to
RNA
69
Thymine belongs to
DNA
70
Pyrmadines
* Single ring
* Uracil
* cytosine
* thymine
71
Purines
* Double ring
* Guanine
* adenine
72
5 nitrogenous bases/bonding
* Adenine
* Thymine
* Cytosine
* Guanine
* Bonding
* C-G
* A-T/U (H-bond)
73
DNA polymerized through formation of:
Phosphodiester linkage
74
DNA Structure
* Sugar-phosphate backbone w/ nitrogenous bases on side
* 2 antiparallel strands twisted to double helix
* stabilized by
* hydrophobic interactions in interior
75
DNA can _____ & _______ biological info
store and transmit
76
DNA required for
* organism growth and reproduction
* Sequence of bases
77
RNA Secondary structure results from
complimentary base pairing
78
2° Structure-Bases form hydrogen bonds w/
* complimentary bases on same strand
79
RNA folds over, forming ______ structure
hairpin
80
Small sugar molecules
oligosaccharides
81
large sugar molecules
polysaccharides
82
sugar monomers
monosaccharides
83
Monosaccharides do two things
* fuel cellular work
* manufacture other organic molecules
84
linkage of monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
85
Monosaccharides store ______ in plants and animals
* Engergy
* starch in plants
* glycogen in animals
86
Made up of carbs in cell walls
* cellulous
* humans cannot digest
87
Chitin
Structural polysaccharide of insect and crustacean exoskeleton
88
Oligosaccharides are _______ on proteins
markers
89
glycoprotein
* protein w/ sugar attached
* marker on outside of cell for identification
90
3 types of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
91
How are lipids different than other biological molecules
not huge and not built from monomers
92
What makes a fat
glycerol and fatty acid chain linked by dehydration
93
Triglycerides
fat with 3 fatty acid chains
94
Unsaturated fatty acid
* Missing an H and has double bond in tail
* kinks/bends
95
Saturated fatty acid
* Maximum # of H
* Packed titely
* no kinks
96
Structure of a steroid
Carbon skeleton in rings
97
Cholesterol
* Common Steroid
* animal cell membrane
* starting material for making other steroids
98
Anabolic steroid
* Varient of testosterone
* causes buildup of muscle and bone mass
* help treat anemia and diseases that destroy body tissue
* Side effects
* violent mood
* depression
* liver damage
* cancer
99
Phospholipids are major component of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cell membrane
100
Phospho lipids have _#_ fatty acid chains
2
101
selectively permeable
lets small and nonpolar molecules but not charged/ions through
102
Passive transport
* Diffusion
* no energy
* high→low concentration
103
Osmosis
* diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
* higher H2O→lower H2O
* low solute→high solute concentration
104
tonicity
105
osmoregulation
control of H2O balance
106
lysis
cell rupture
107
turgid
normal plant cell
108
flaccid
weak plant cell
109
plasmolyzed
shriveled plant cell
110
Facilitated diffusion
* no energy
* polar/charged molecules
* transport protein w/ hole in it
* relies on concentration gradient
111
aquaporin
allows for fast movement of H2O across membrane
112
Active transport (4 steps)
1. Solute binds to protein
2. ATP-Phosphate attaches to protein
3. protein changes shape and pumps solute against gradient
4. phosphate detaches and protein reverses to original shape
113
Prokarytic and Eukaryotic cells both have
* plasma membrane
* 1 or more chromosomes
* ribosomes
114
4 functions of eukaryotic cells
* Genetic control
* manufacture, distribute, breakdown molecules
* energy processing
* support, movement, communication
115
What is in an animal but not plant cell?
* centriole
* lysosome
116
What is in a plant but not animal cell?
* central vacuole
* chloroplast
* cell wall
* plasmodesma
117
Nucleus
contains DNA and directs protein synthesis by making mRNA
118
important types of RNA
rRNA-ribosomal
mRNA-messenger
119
Ribosomes
* Protein synthesis
* In cytoplasm or rough ER
120
Endomembrane system
* Organelles connected
* physically or by vesicle
121
Smooth ER
* Lacks Ribosomes
* Lipid synthesis
122
Rough ER
* Has Ribosomes
* Protein Synthesis
123
Golgi Apparatus
* Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
* Receiving(cis) and shipping(trans) sides
124
Lysosome
membranous sac containing digestive enzymes
125
Vacuole
Large storage vesicle
126
Mitocondria
* Carry out cellular respiration
* double membrane
* own DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
127
Chloroplasts
* Own DNA
* double membrane
* Convert light energy to sugars
128
3 Parts of cytoskeleton
* Support and mobility
* microfilament
* intermdediate filament
* microtubule
129
Microfilament
next to cell membrane, supports cell shape and motility
130
Intermediate filament
reinforce shape and anchor organelles
131
microtubule
cell rigidity and tracks for organelle movement
132
Amphipathic
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections
133
Tight junctions
* Can degrade
* don't let anything pass through
* Stomach lining
134
Metabolic Pathway
Multi-step process:each step catalyzed by a different enzyme
135
feedback inhibition
* regulates metabolic pathways
* Product binds to enzyme 1 and shuts down
136
desmosomes
* do not degrade
* connect cytoskeletons of cells
137
Gap junctions
* In animals, act as channels between cells
* coordinate communication and activity
138
Plasmodesmata
* In olants, gaps in cell wall where cytoplasm and sER continuous between 2 cells
* proteins pass through and coordinate activity of cells
139
Lipid-soluble signals
* diffuse across membrane
* bind to signal receptors(proteins)
140
Lipid-insoluble signals
* Bind to receptor membrane protein
* signal transduced and amplified
* (signal converted to intercellular signal)
141
Quorum Sensing
Cell-cell commmunication in bacteria
142
bioluminescence
light emission
143
biofilms
* Hard polysaccharide-rich substances
* encase the cells and attach them to a surface
