Exam 1

Question 1

Short, course hairs overlying the supra orbital margins of the eye that shade the eyes and keep sweat out

Answer 1

Eyebrows

Question 2

Help protect the eye from physical danger as well as drying out

Answer 2

Eyelids and eyelashes

Question 3

Transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and the whites of the eyes, produces lubricating mucous that prevents eye from drying out

Answer 3

Conjunctiva

Question 4

Where tears fall from, opening edge on eyelid

Answer 4

Lacrimal punctum

Question 5

Surrounds sides and back of eye, cushions eye, allows free movement, and protects blood vessels and nerves

Answer 5

Orbital fat

Question 6

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Answer 6

Tunica Fibrosa, Tunica Vasculosa, and Tunica Interna

Question 7

What is the tunica Fibrosa made up of?

Answer 7

Sclera and cornea

Question 8

What is the tunica Vasculosa made up of?

Answer 8

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

Question 9

What is the tunica Interna made up of?

Answer 9

Retina and optic nerve

Question 10

Made up of two layers: pigmented layer and neural layer; pressed against back of eyeball by vitreous humor

Answer 10

Retina

Question 11

Clouding of lens

Answer 11

Cataract

Question 12

Elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of sleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor

Answer 12

Glaucoma

Question 13

Avascular, biconcave, transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina

Answer 13

Lens

Question 14

Occurs when light meets the surface of a different medium at an oblique angle rather than a right angle

Answer 14

Refraction

Question 15

When is light bent?

Answer 15

1. As it enters the cornea
2. As it enters lens
3. As it leaves lens

Question 16

What must the eye do to see something close up?

Answer 16

Convergence of the eyes, constriction of pupil, and accommodation of lens

Question 17

Occurs when objects focus in front of the retina and results in seeing close objects of the pupils and convergence of the eyeballs

Answer 17

Myopia (nearsightedness)

Question 18

Occurs when objects are focused behind the retina and results in seeing distant objects clearly but close objects are blurred

Answer 18

Hyperopia

Question 19

The process by which the eye detects light energy

Answer 19

Photoreception

Question 20

Modified neurons that structurally resemble tall epithelial cells

Answer 20

Photoreceptors

Question 21

Occurs when we move from darkness into bright light

Answer 21

Light adaption

Question 22

When we go from a well-lit area into a dark one. The cones stop functioning and the rhodopsin starts to accumulate in the rods, increasing retinal sensitivity

Answer 22

Dark adaption

Question 23

What are the receptors for taste and smell?

Answer 23

Chemorecepters

Question 24

Organ of smell located in the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 24

Olfactory Epithelium

Question 25

Bipolar neurons with a thin apical dendrite that terminates in a knob with several olfactory cilia

Answer 25

Olfactory receptors

Question 26

What are the sensory receptor organs for taste?

Answer 26

Taste buds

Question 27

Olfactory disorders resulting from head injuries that tear the olfactory nerves, nasal cavity inflammation, or aging

Answer 27

Anosmias

Question 28

Olfactory hallucinations

Answer 28

Uncinate fits

Question 29

Small, air-filled, mucosa-lined, cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Answer 29

Tympanic Cavity (middle ear)

Question 30

What are the two major divisions of the internal ear?

Answer 30

Bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

Question 31

The central cavity of the bony labyrinth with two membranous sacs suspended in the perilymph, the saccule and the utricle

Answer 31

Vestibule

Question 32

Project from the posterior aspect of the vestibule, each containing an equilibrium receptor region called a crista ampullaris

Answer 32

Semicircular canals

Question 33

A pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by the molecules of the medium

Answer 33

Sound

Question 34

The number of waves that pass a given point in a given time

Answer 34

Frequency

Question 35

Reveals a sounds intensity

Answer 35

Amplitude

Question 36

Any hearing loss, no matter how slight

Answer 36

Deafness

Question 37

A ringing or clicking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli

Answer 37

Tinnitus

Question 38

Labyrinth disorder that causes a person to suffer repeated attacks of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting

Answer 38

Meniere's syndrome

Question 39

What are the sensory receptors for static equilibrium?

Answer 39

Maculae

Question 40

What is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 40

Crista ampullaris

Question 41

Why are people farsighted?

Answer 41

Eyeball is too short or lens cannot become round enough

Question 42

What is Otitis Media?

Answer 42

A middle ear infection common in children where the auditory tube is short and horizontal; causes pain and impaired hearing

Question 43

What is conductive deafness?

Answer 43

Conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear

Question 44

What is sensorineural deafness?

Answer 44

Death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing

Question 45

What are the 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

Answer 45

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrine hormones, and hormones

Question 46

Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

Answer 46

Endocrine system

Question 47

Organs that are traditional sources of hormones

Answer 47

Endocrine glands

Question 48

Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away

Answer 48

Hormones

Question 49

Have ducts carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract

Answer 49

Exocrine Glands

Question 50

Do not have ducts; use internal secretions

Answer 50

Endocrine Glands

Question 51

What hormones does the Hypothalamus produce?

Answer 51

ADH, Oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

Question 52

What hormones does the Pituitary Gland produce?

Answer 52

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH, oxytocin, and ADH

Question 53

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 53

Thyroxine, Triiodothronine, Calcitonin

Question 54

What hormones does the Pineal Gland produce?

Answer 54

Melatonin

Question 55

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

Answer 55

Parathyroid hormone

Question 56

What hormones do the Adrenal glands produce?

Answer 56

Epinephrine, noepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and androgens

Question 57

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

Answer 57

Insulin and glucagon

Question 58

Regulates primitive functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth

Answer 58

Hypothalamus

Question 59

What is acromegaly?

Answer 59

Thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults

Question 60

What is goiter?

Answer 60

Any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 61

What is hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 61

Excess PTH secretion, causes tumor

Question 62

Transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens, holds the retina firmly against the pigmented layer, and contributes to intraocular pressure

Answer 62

Vitreous humor

Question 63

Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea while carrying away wastes

Answer 63

Aqueous humor

Question 64

Highly sensitive and are best suited to night vision

Answer 64

Rods

Question 65

Less sensitive to light and are best adapted to bright light and color vision

Answer 65

Cones

Question 66

What do photoreceptors contain?

Answer 66

Retinal