Exam 2

Question 1

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

Transportation, Protection, and Regulation

Question 2

Matrix of blood

Answer 2

Plasma

Question 3

What elements are in blood?

Answer 3

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 4

Red blood cells

Answer 4

Erythrocytes

Question 5

Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

Answer 5

Platelets

Question 6

White blood cells

Answer 6

Leukocytes

Question 7

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

Answer 7

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 8

What are the five types of leukocytes?

Answer 8

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Question 9

Identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen

Answer 9

Serum

Question 10

Resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles

Answer 10

Viscosity

Question 11

The total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

Answer 11

Osmolarity

Question 12

What happens if osmolarity is too high?

Answer 12

Blood absorbs too much water which increases blood pressure

Question 13

What happens if osmolarity is too low?

Answer 13

Too much water stays in tissue and blood pressure drops

Question 14

How is optimum osmolarity achieved?

Answer 14

Regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and red blood cells

Question 15

Deficiency of plasma proteins

Answer 15

Hypoproteinemia

Question 16

How is Hypoproteinemia caused?

Answer 16

Extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease, and severe burns

Question 17

An acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates

Answer 17

Kwashiorkor

Question 18

What are the functions of Erythrocytes?

Answer 18

Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues and pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

Question 19

Give rise to all blood formed elements

Answer 19

Hemocytoblasts

Question 20

Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBC’s

Answer 20

Hematocrit

Question 21

Excess of RBCs

Answer 21

Polycythemia

Question 22

Slowing of erythropoiesis

Answer 22

Hypoplastic anemia

Question 23

Complete cessation of erythropoiesis

Answer 23

Aplastic anemia

Question 24

Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual

Answer 24

Antigens

Question 25

Antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

Answer 25

Agglutinogens

Question 26

Proteins secreted by plasma cells

Answer 26

Antibodies

Question 27

Antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch

Answer 27

Agglutinins

Question 28

Antibody molecule binding to antigens; causes clumping of red blood cells

Answer 28

Agglutination

Question 29

What is the most common blood type?

Answer 29

Type O

Question 30

What is the rarest blood type?

Answer 30

Type AB

Question 31

Rh antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

Answer 31

Hemolytic disease

Question 32

production of white blood cells

Answer 32

Leukopoiesis

Question 33

Low white blood cell count

Answer 33

Leukopenia

Question 34

High white blood cell count

Answer 34

Leukocytosis

Question 35

Cancer of hemopoietic tissue that usually produces an extraordinary high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors

Answer 35

Leukemia

Question 36

Uncontrolled granulocyte production

Answer 36

Myeloid leukemia

Question 37

Uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production

Answer 37

Lymphoid leukemia

Question 38

Leukemia that appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, death within months

Answer 38

Acute

Question 39

Undetected for months, survival time 3 years

Answer 39

Chronic leukemia

Question 40

The cessation of bleeding

Answer 40

Hemostasis

Question 41

Excessive bleeding

Answer 41

Hemorrhage

Question 42

What is normal platelet count?

Answer 42

130,000-400,000

Question 43

Prompt constriction of a broken vessel

Answer 43

Vascular spasm

Question 44

What happens when a vessel is broken?

Answer 44

It exposes collagen

Question 45

Signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids

Answer 45

Eicosanoid

Question 46

What must happen if a blood clot occurs?

Answer 46

The clot must be prevented from growing, the fomred clot must be removed, and the tissue must heal

Question 47

Distinguish the left and right side of the heart from eachother

Answer 47

The left side has fully oxygenated blood which arrives from lungs visa pulmonary veins, the right side has lesser oxygenated blood and arrives from vena cava

Question 48

What happens with the blood on the left side of the heart?

Answer 48

Its sent to all organs via aorta

Question 49

What happens with the blood on the right side of the heart?

Answer 49

Its sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk

Question 50

Double walled sac that encloses the heart

Answer 50

Periocardium

Question 51

Serous lining of sac turns inward at base of heart to cover the heart surface

Answer 51

Epicardium

Question 52

Inflammation of the membranes of the heart

Answer 52

Pericarditis

Question 53

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessles

Answer 53

Endocardium

Question 54

Muscle spirals around heart which profuces wringing motion

Answer 54

Myocardium

Question 55

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 55

Right and left atrium, and right and left ventricles

Question 56

What happens in the left and right atrium?

Answer 56

Receives blood returning to heart

Question 57

What happens in the left and right ventricles?

Answer 57

Pumps blood into arteries

Question 58

Chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

Answer 58

Angina pectoris

Question 59

Striated, short, thick, branched cells, one central nucleus surrounded by light-staining mass of glycogen

Answer 59

Cardiocytes

Question 60

Join cardiocytes end to end

Answer 60

Intercalated discs

Question 61

An abnormal cardiac rhythm

Answer 61

Arrhythmia

Question 62

Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, chest

Answer 62

Electrocardiogram

Question 63

One complete contracton and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

Answer 63

Cardiac cycle

Question 64

All four chambers relaxed at same time

Answer 64

Quiescent period

Question 65

What are the two main variables that govern fluid movement?

Answer 65

Pressure and Resistance

Question 66

Causes fluid to flow

Answer 66

Pressure

Question 67

Opposes fluid flow

Answer 67

Resistance

Question 68

Even though the ventricles contract, they do not eject blood

Answer 68

Isovolumetric

Question 69

Begins when the ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and forces semilunar valves open

Answer 69

Ventricular ejection

Question 70

Blood spurts out of each ventricle rapidly at first

Answer 70

Rapid ejection

Question 71

Blood comes out more slowly under reduced pressure

Answer 71

reduced ejection

Question 72

Left ventricle pumps less blood than the right, the blood pressure backs up into the lungs

Answer 72

Pulmonary edema

Question 73

Right ventricle pumps less blood than the left, pressure backs up in the systemic circulation

Answer 73

Systemic edema

Question 74

Results form the failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectiveley

Answer 74

Congestive heart failure

Question 75

The amount ejected by ventricle in one minute

Answer 75

Cardiac output