Exam 1

Question 1

What is an explanation for a phenomenon that is based on observations and prior knowledge, and that must be tested experimentally in order to accept or reject?

Answer 1

hypothesis

Question 2

Triglycerides are ______.

Answer 2

lipids

Question 3

The oxygen of a water molecule:

Answer 3

• is bonded covalently to two hydrogen atoms
• contains a partial negative charge
• is weakly bonded to hydrogens of other water molecules

Question 4

A hydrogen ion concentration of 10^-7 mol/liter is equivalent to a pH of ___.

Answer 4

7.0 pH

Question 5

Which compound is hydrophobic?

• CH3CH2OH
• glucose
• CH3CH2[CH2]10CH3
• glycerol

Answer 5

• CH3CH2[CH2]10CH3

Question 6

The formation of large biomolecules from small monomers is accomplished by what kind of reaction?

Answer 6

condensation

Question 7

The important structural difference between a molecule of starch and a molecule of cellulose is that _____.

Answer 7

in cellulose, the glucose units are bonded by beta linkages

Question 8

Phospholipids are molecules that contain:

Answer 8

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 9

An -OH group is a ____ group.

Answer 9

hydroxyl group

Question 10

Enzymes are examples of _____ proteins.

Answer 10

globular

Question 11

What is the basic unit of proteins?

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

What is the basic unit of DNA?

Answer 12

nucleotides

Question 13

What is the basic unit of RNA?

Answer 13

nucleotides

Question 14

What is the basic unit of cellulose?

Answer 14

glycerol

Question 15

What is the basic unit of glycogen?

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

What is the basic unit of starch?

Answer 16

glucose

Question 17

What are the two basic building blocks of structural lipids?

Answer 17

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 18

What is the monomeric subunit unit of proteins?

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

What are lipids?

Answer 19

• mostly hydrogen and carbon
• NONPOLAR, or amphipathic (insoluble in water)
• Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Question 20

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 20

• Long term energy storage
• Structural purposes within the cell
• Cell-signaling purposes
• Protection
• Insulation
• Prevention of water loss

Question 21

What’s so great about carbon?

Answer 21

• Stability
• Solubility
• Variability

Question 22

What are monomers?

Answer 22

• Subunits or building blocks

Question 23

What are polymers?

Answer 23

Monomers joined to form long chains

Question 24

What are condensation reactions?

Answer 24

Condensation reactions form polymers

• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (protein synthesis)
• covalent bond formation between monomers
• Water is released in the formation of covalent bonds

Question 25

What are hydrolysis reactions?

Answer 25

Breakage of covalent bonds (polymers) between monomers - Water is coming in to break apart covalent bonds - one monomer is broken down at a time

Question 26

What are the 5 biomolecules?

Answer 26

- Nucleic Acids - Proteins - Lipids - Carbohydrates

Question 27

T/F: A glycosidic bond is a non-covalent linkage

Answer 27

False: It always forms a covalent bond between monomers

Question 28

What is starch?

Answer 28

Energy storage molecules that are found in plants

Question 29

What is glycogen?

Answer 29

Energy storage molecules that are found in animals

Question 30

What is cellulose's main function?

Answer 30

STRUCTURE

Question 31

What are fats?

Answer 31

- Also known as triglycerides - Formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids - Joined by dehydration' broken apart by hydrolysis

Question 32

What is the difference between an unsaturated fat and a saturated fat?

Answer 32

- Unsaturated fats are moving constantly, more likely to be in liquid form (kink in chain, more healthier) - Saturated fats are tightly packed, most likely going to be a solid at room temperature

Question 33

What are phospholipids?

Answer 33

Lipid bilayer - Glycerol - two fatty acids - phosphate group

Question 34

What are the polar heads on the lipid bilayer?

Answer 34

- hydrophilic (water-loving)

Question 35

What are steroids?

Answer 35

- Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms - Usually insoluble in water (cholesterol) - Used in cell signaling

Question 36

What is amphipathic?

Answer 36

hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups

Question 37

Function of pili?

Answer 37

- allows exchange of genetic material (DNA) between bacteria | - allows bacteria to attach to surfaces and to each other

Question 38

What is the function of the flagella?

Answer 38

- allows certain bacteria to swim | - motility

Question 39

What is catabolism?

Answer 39

breaking down of molecules | - coordinated in the cytosol

Question 40

What is anabolism?

Answer 40

- building/synthesizing biomolecules

Question 41

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 41

- provides shape, organization, and movement

Question 42

What do microtubules do?

Answer 42

- provide shape and organization - heavily involved in cell division - help with motility

Question 43

What do the intermediate filaments do?

Answer 43

- important for cell shape | - provide mechanical strength

Question 44

What do the actin filaments do?

Answer 44

- involved in muscle contration | - cell shape, cell movement

Question 45

What are cilia?

Answer 45

- often much shorter than the flagella | - tend to cover all or part of the cell surface (fuzzy)

Question 46

What does the nucleolus do?

Answer 46

Ribosome assembly

Question 47

What does the smooth ER do?

Answer 47

- detoxification - lipid synthesis - plasma membrane components

Question 48

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Answer 48

- packaging and shipping center - FedEx of the cell - Proteins mature here