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Genetics > Zabel exam 1 > Flashcards

Zabel exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The movement of a solute AGAINST a concentration gradient is called ______.

A

active transport

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2
Q

An organelle that is _______ can grow and divide independently.

A

Semi-autonomous

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3
Q

T/F: Phospholipids can flip-flop across the membrane spontaneously; the process does not require the input of energy or enzyme activity.

A

False

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4
Q

As entropy increases, more energy is available to do work.

A

True

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5
Q

________ is movement down a gradient with the aid of a transport protein.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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6
Q

A reaction with a delta G > 0 is endergonic and requires a net input of energy to proceed.

A

True

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7
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Molecules more from a high concentration to a low concentration (no ATP required)

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive process (doesn’t require ATP) larger molecule is facilitated through the help of a protein

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10
Q

What is active transport?

A

Involves low to high concentration and ATP is required

  • Movement of a solute across a membrane against its gradient
  • Energetically unfavorable and requires the input of energy
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11
Q

What are the functions of the carbohydrates?

A
  • cell surface recognition

- protection from cellular damage

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12
Q

What is primary active transport?

A
  • Uses ATP

- Uses a pump and energy to transport solute

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13
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • Uses a pre-existing gradient to drive transport
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14
Q

What do exocytosis and endocytosis do?

A
  • Used to transport large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
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15
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • Material inside the cell packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium
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16
Q

What is endocytosis?

A
  • Plasma membrane that folds inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell
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17
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
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18
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Receptors on the plasma membrane of the target tissue will specifically bind to ligands on the outside of the cell

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19
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Small amounts of LIQUID into the cell

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20
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating PARTICLES

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21
Q

What is permeability?

A

The extent a membrane allows a substance to pass through

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22
Q

The process of releasing enzymes into the opening of the intestines and stomach is ____.

A

Exocytosis

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23
Q

What property of phospholipids makes them ideally suited to form membranes?

A

Amphipathic

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24
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the chemical composition of biological membranes?

A

Bilayers of phospholipids with associated proteins and carbohydrates

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25
What affects fluidity?
- Length of fatty acyl tails - Presence of double bonds - Presence of cholesterol
26
Cyanide poisoning causes cell death due to a shut down of glycolysis.
FALSE
27
A molecule that has been reduced has gained electrons and a hydrogen atom.
True
28
Polar amino acids tend to be found on the surface of proteins.
True
29
Both covalent and non-covalent interactions are needed to stabilize proteins.
True
30
_____ amino acids tend to be found on the surface of proteins.
Polar
31
A molecule that has been _____ has gained electrons and a hydrogen atom.
reduced
32
Which of the following is NOT soluble in water?
lipids
33
What kinds of bonds stabilize formation of an alpha helix within a polypeptide?
Hydrogen bonds
34
Triglycerides are _____.
Fats
35
the Anfinsen experiment showed that 3D structure of a polypeptide is
encoded in the amino acid
36
The type of reaction in which organic polymers are formed from their subunits is called
Condensation
37
The compartmentalization of areas within eukaryotic cells:
Allows them to perform several biochemical functions simultaneously.
38
Which membrane component is most important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?
Transmembrane proteins
39
The concentration of solutes outside a cell is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Compared to its surroundings, the cell is ___.
HYPERtonic
40
The process that involves the selective uptake of a specific cargo molecule into the cell through receptor binding is:
receptor-mediated endocytosis
41
If a lysosome bursts inside a cell, the immediate result is likely to be:
The cell will be digested from within
42
A substance that binds within the active site of pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibiting the ability of an enzyme to bind with pyruvate is acting as a ____.
competitive inhibitor
43
Enzymes fall into which category of biological macromolecules?
Proteins
44
Which statement is NOT true with regard to plant cells?
Plant cells lack mitochondria Which is FALSE
45
Which of the following substances is required in the citric acid cycle reactions as an electron acceptor?
NAD+
46
Electrons are passed to the electron transport system from
NADH and FADH2
47
The major structural elements of the cytoskeleton are:
- microtubules - microfilaments - intermediate filaments
48
What is the rough ER?
Site of protein sorting and secretion
49
What is the cytoskeleton?
Provides cell shape, organization, and movement
50
What is the nucleus?
Where most genetic material is organized/expressed
51
What is the cytosol?
Located outside of the membrane bound organelles, inside the plasma membrane
52
What is the golgi apparatus?
Site of modification, sorting and secretion of lipids and proteins
53
What are peroxisomes?
Site of hydrogen peroxide breakdown
54
What are ribosomes?
Site of polypeptide synthesis
55
What is the smooth ER?
Site of detoxification and lipid synthesis
56
What is the chloroplast?
Site of photosynthesis
57
What is the mitochondria?
Site of ATP synthesis
58
Head region of a phospholipid is _____.
Polar
59
Tail region of a phospholipid is ____.
Non-polar
60
A molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
Amphipathic
61
How is the H+ electrochemical gradient is created? How is such a gradient used to generate ATP?
- Created by H+ donors such as NADH and FADH2 losing their e-, generating a gradient - This gradient triggers and runs the rotary machine responsible for synthesizing ATP from ADP.
62
Where is glycolysis located?
Cytosol
63
Where is breakdown of pyruvate located?
mitochondrial matrix
64
Where is citric acid cycle located?
mitochondrial matrix
65
Where is the electron chain located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
66
What is an isotonic solution?
- Same concentration on both sides | - Freely flowing back and forth - no net movement of water
67
What is a hypertonic solution?
- The concentration of the solute is greater outside the cell than inside - Water is going to move outside the cell to dilute all of the outside molecules, causing the cell to shrink in size
68
What is a hypotonic solution?
- The concentration of solute is less outside the cell | - Water is going to move inside the cell, causing the cell to burst (lysis) -- cell death
69
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
70
What is exergonic?
SPONTANEOUS RXN - ΔG<0 (negative free energy change) - Energy is released by reaction
71
What is endergonic?
NOT SPONTANEOUS - ΔG>0 (positive free energy change) - Requires addition of energy to drive reaction
72
What is a competitive inhibition?
slows everything down but still hits the inhibitor rate
73
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
- Has an allosteric site

Genetics (11 decks)

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