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Genetics 332 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dominance

A

Interaction of alleles at a single locus

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2
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction between alleles at more than one locus

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

Discontinuous segment of DNA & proteins

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4
Q

Locus

A

Specific location on a chromosome

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5
Q

Gene

A

DNA sequence that encodes for a biological molecule

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6
Q

Allele

A

Variant in a genome

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7
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Pattern of inheritance where locus is segregating on sex chromosome

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8
Q

Sex-influenced inheritance

A

Pattern of inheritance where phenotype is determined by an interaction between genotype & gender

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9
Q

Sex-limited inheritance

A

Pattern of inheritance where expression of genotype depends on the gender of the individual

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10
Q

Complete dominance

A

One allele is completely dominant over the other

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11
Q

Partial daominance

A

One allele is partially dominant of the other

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12
Q

No dominance

A

Neither allele is displays dominance

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13
Q

Over dominance

A

The heterozygote is more represented (higher or lower #) than either of the homozygotes

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14
Q

Mendel’s 1st Law

A

Law of Segregation: At a locus you have a 50% chance of any one allele being transmitted to offspring

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15
Q

Mendel’s 2nd Law

A

Law of Independent Assortment: The transmission of an allele at a locus does not predict which allele will be transmitted at other loci

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16
Q

What is the exception to Mendel’s 2nd Law?

A

Linkage

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17
Q

Double recombination

A

Recombination occurs twice so it appears to be a parental gamete again

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18
Q

Singel-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A

Single base change in DNA

19
Q

Microsatellite

A

Variable dinucleotide repeat

20
Q

Synonymous mutation

A

Polymorphism that does not change the amino acid sequence

21
Q

Non-synonymous mutation

A

Polymorphism that changes amino acid sequence

22
Q

Missense mutation

A

Variant that changes amino acid sequence or polymorphism that changes amino acid sequence (non-synonymous mutation)

23
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Variant that produces a stop codon

24
Q

Point mutation

A

Single-base pair change or SNP

25
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Small insertion or deletion that changes amino acid sequence

26
Q

Copy number variant

A

Large region of the genome that is copied or deleted

27
Q

Why are linkage and homozygosity mapping often insufficient for identifying a causal variant?

A

Because the region of the gene is so huge. These methods only get close, but cannot pinpoint.

28
Q

Causal variant

A

Variant that causes a phenotypic difference among animals

29
Q

3 ways to identify causal variants after using linkage or homozygosity mapping

A
  • Look for genes
  • Sequence genes
  • Take out the gene
30
Q

Why is GC pairing stronger than AT pairing?

A

Because GC has 3 H-bonds, while AT has only 2 H-bonds

31
Q

Purines

A

Adenine & Guanine

32
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine & Cytosine

33
Q

How many rings do purines have?

A

2

34
Q

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

A

1

35
Q

What is the function of DNA helicase in replication?

A

Binds to the DNA near the initiator protein

36
Q

What are the functions of single-stranded binding proteins?

A

Bind to single stranded DNA to keep it from reforming

37
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase III in replication?

A

Synthesizes new, complementary strand of DNA

38
Q

What is the function of RNA primase in replication?

A

Makes RNA primers

39
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase I in replication?

A

Removes RNA and replaces it with DNA

40
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase in replication?

A

Joins DNA strands

41
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Small sections of DNA or lagging strand

42
Q

What 2 roles are played by RNA polymerase during transcription?

A
  • Unwinds the DNA double helix

- Synthesizes mRNA

43
Q

3 steps involved in processing RNA

A
  1. 5-prime Guanosine cap
  2. 3-prime Poly-A tail
  3. Splice out introns
44
Q

What is the function of splicesome?

A

Removes introns

Genetics 332 (4 decks)

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