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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four different types of tissue?

A

nervous
epithelial
muscle
connective

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

intertwining elongated processes

main function is transmission of nervous impulses

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

aggregated polyhedral
small amount of extracellular matrix
lining of surface or body cavities
main function is glandular secretion

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

elongated contractile cells
moderate amount of extracellular matrix
main function is movement

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

several types of fixed and wandering cells
abundant amount of extracellular matrix
main function is support and protection

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6
Q

what are epithelial tissues vital for?

A

protection
secretion
absorption
excretion

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7
Q

what is protection?

A

a barrier

ex: copulation

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8
Q

what is secretion?

A

release material

ex: hormones into blood stream

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9
Q

what is absorption?

A

bringing substances into the body

ex: digestive tract

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10
Q

what is excretion?

A

removes material

ex: lines excretory tract

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11
Q

what are the different tissue layers of the female reproductive tract?

A

serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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12
Q

what is serosa?

A

the outer epithelial layer

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13
Q

what is muscularis?

A

muscle layer
longitudinal
circulation

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14
Q

what is submucosa?

A

connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

what is mucosa?

A

inner epithelial layer

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16
Q

what is the opening in the reproductive tract called?

A

lumen

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17
Q

what is the female reproductive system designed to do?

A
  • produce and transport female gamete
  • produce reproductive hormones
  • site of semen deposit
  • site of fertilization
  • maintain fetus during gestation
  • deliver fetus
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18
Q

what does the reproductive tract consist of?

A 
ovaries
oviduct
uterine horn 
uterus
cervix
vagina
external genitalia
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19
Q

what is a polytocous?

A

liter baring species

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20
Q

what does the ovary do?

A

constantly changing

produces female gamete, oocyte, and reporoductive hormones

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21
Q

what is the oocyte?

A

egg

haploid cell

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22
Q

what are the different parts of the ovary?

A 
medulla
cortex
hilus
follicle 
oocyte
corpusluteum
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23
Q

what is the ovarian medulla?

A

middle
houses the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics
composed of connective tissue

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24
Q

what is the ovarian cortex?

A

thin layer surrounding the medulla

houses growing, atretic follicles and growing, regressing corpora lutea

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25
what is the ovarian hilus?
region housing blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves entering/exiting the ovary
26
what is the ovarian follicle?
spheroid cellular aggregation in the ovaries | houses female gamete
27
about how many ovarian follicles do women ovulate?
300 of 6-7 million
28
what is the name of the process that follicles undergo?
folliculogenesis
29
what are the different stages that follicles grow during folliculogenesis?
``` primordial primary secondary tertiary graafian/pre-ovulatory ```
30
what is a primordial follicle?
``` microscopic oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous granulosa cells produces estrogen 2 different types of cells make it up exist in little groups called nests ```
31
what is a primary follicle?
microscopic | oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells
32
what is a secondary follicle?
microscopic oocyte surrounded by 2+ layers of cuboidal granulosa cells oocyte in the follicle develops a glycoprotein-rich band around the plasma membrane called the zona pellucida
33
what does the zona pellucida deal with?
sperm interaction
34
what is a tertiary follicle?
visible to the naked eye multiple layers of cubodial granulosa cells two layers of theca cells development of the antrum
35
what is the antrum?
a cavity that fills with liquid called liquor folliculi
36
what is another name for liquor folliculi and what does it contain?
follicular fluid contains hyaluronic acid found in your joints
37
what is a graafian follicle?
dominant ovulatory follicle | within the follicle cumulus cells surround the oocyte creating the cumulus oocyte complex
38
what happens when an cumulus oocyte complex (COC) is created?
it with undergo ovulation or release from the follicle | -enzymes eat away at follicular wall during ovulation
39
what happens to the other oocytes if they don't ovulate?
they undergo atresia
40
what is ovulation?
when a graafian follicle bursts | the COC is released
41
what are the steps of ovulation?
1. it becomes corpus hemorrhasicum (blood body) 2. after 24 hours it becomes corpus luteum (yellow body) - produces estrogen 3. if the female doesn't get pregnant then the CL regresses and looks like a small scar on the ovary called the corpus albican
42
what is the difference in a mares ovary?
her ovary is inside out
43
what is an ovulation fossa?
the one area that a mare can ovulate from in her ovary
44
what is an oviduct?
a tube with three sections helps with oocyte/sperm movement site of fertilization site of early embryonic development
45
what is an infundibulum?
funnel shaped area of the oviduct that works like a catchers mitt and brings the COC into the female reproductive tract
46
what does the infundibulum contain?
fimbria | finger like projections to help pull the COC into the os
47
what is an os?
opening of the infundibulum
48
what is an ampulla?
half of the oviduct has mucosal folds has cilia helps move COC down oviduct
49
what is the ampullary-isthmus junction?
where the ampulla meets the isthmus | fertilization site
50
what is the isthmus?
last half of the oviduct connects to the uterus thick muscularis layer
51
what does the muscularis layer accomplish?
move the COC down into the oviduct | move sperm up into the oviduct
52
what does the mucosa layer do?
(closest to the lumen of the oviduct) keep the COC and sperm alive for early embryonic development
53
what is a zygote?
oocyte and sperm 24 hours after fertilization
54
how long will the zygote stay in the oviduct after fertilization?
3-6 days
55
what is the function of the uterine horn?
``` transport system for sperm site of majority of fetal growth endocrine gland responsible for parturition placenta/uterus all for nutrients/O2 exchange ```
56
what are the different anatomical types of uteri?
duplex bicornuate simplex
57
what is a duplex uterus?
- single vaginal canal that but then splits into two vaginas | - singer vaginal canal and connects to two cervices
58
what is a bicornate uterus?
depending on the species it is either very small (mare) or very long (cow, sow)
59
what is a simplex uterus?
doesn't have uterine horns primates women
60
what are the layers of the uterus?
perimetrium myometrium endometrian
61
what is the perimetrium?
protects the outside of the uterus | is the most external layer
62
what is the myometrium?
in other organs this is called the muscularis assists with: -motility of sperm -embryo placement in uterus it is the main force that pushes fetus and placenta out of uterus during parturition
63
what is the endometrium?
made up of submucosa and mucosa most internal layer endometrial glands produce: -hormone PGF2-alpha, causes CL to regress -histotrophe, enhances embryonic and sperm survival
64
what are caruncles?
button-like structures that cover the endometrium in ruminants provides maternal connection to fetal placenta
65
what is cotyledons?
the fetal side of the placenta
66
what do the caruncle and the cotyledons make up?
placentomes
67
what is a cervix?
thick-walled region between the uterus and the vagina | -different shape depending on the species
68
the cervix is a barrier of sperm transport in which species?
ewe | cow
69
what is the purpose of the cervix?
- to isolate the reproductive tract from the external environment during pregnancy - produces a vicious mucus during pregnancy to flush out bacteria
70
when is the cervix open?
during high E2
71
what is the cervix closed?
during high P4
72
what happens when the mucus plug in the cervix is lost during pregnancy?
the pregnancy will most likely be aborted because of infection
73
what is a vagina?
copulatory organ for the female site of semen deposit urine explusion contains vestibular glands to produce lubrication
74
what does the fornix do?
serves as the pocket surrounding the cervix
75
what is a vaginal prolapse and what species does it occur in?
protrusion of the internal reproductive tract ewe use a ewe spoon to keep the reproductive tract in place
76
what is a vulva?
external region of the reproductive tract consists of left and right labia folds acts as another seal to the reproductive tract
77
what does the cutaneous bridge do?
separates the vulva from the anus
78
what is a caslick's suture?
suture that keeps air/bacteria from getting into the vaginal canal due to the labia folds not closing in mares
79
what does the male reproductive system accomplish?
- produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid - discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract - produce and secrete male sex hormones to maintain reproductive system and for secondary sex characteristics (heavier muscles, more hair, deeper voice)
80
what is semen made up of?
sperm | seminal fluid
81
what does male reproductive anatomy consist of?
``` scrotum testes epididymis vas deferens accessory sex glands penis ```
82
what is a scrotum?
two-lobed sack that protects and supports the testes outside of the body cavity
83
what are the four layers of scrotum?
skin tunica dartos scrotal fascia parietal tunica vaginalis
84
what does the skin of the scrotum contain?
sweat glands for cooling | thermosensitive nerves
85
what happens when scrotal temperature increases?
hypothalamus detects the change and stimulates the sweat glands and the skin will become wet male will also pant to help lower body temp
86
what does the tunica dartos contain?
mesh-like muscular layer anterior to the skin has nerves to stimulate contractions can contract for a long time brings the testes closer to the body when they are cold to warm them up relaxing the muscle allows the testes to cool down depends on testosterone
87
what does the scrotal fascia contain?
missing
88
what does the parietal tunica vaginalis contain?
white connective tissue and muscle fibers covering the testis
89
what are testes?
contained in the scrotum | produce testosterone and sperm
90
what are the two main types of tissue in the testes?
parenchyma | mediastinum
91
what is the parenchyma?
the functional part of the testes contains: seminiferous tubules interstitial compartments
92
what are seminiferous tubules?
tightly coiled loops where spermatogenesis occurs
93
what is the order of spermatogenesis?
spermatogonia spermatocyte spermatid
94
what are sertoli cells and what are its functions?
somatic cells function: -produce anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) during fetal life -produce antrogen binding protein (ABP), keeps testosterone concentration high in seminiferous tubules -form blood testis barriers, control entry and exit of nutrients and hormones into the tubules
95
what do the interstitial compartments contain?
``` blood vessels connective tissues lymphatics nerves interstitial cells ```
96
what is the mediastinum?
central connective tissue in the core of the testis
97
what is the epididymis?
located outside of each testis | has head, body, and tail
98
what are the five functions of the epididymis?
1. passageway for sperm from the testes into the body cavity 2. sperm are concentrated in the head 3. sperm is matured in the body 4. sperm is stored in the tail 5. control the exit of sperm from the tail
99
what is extragonadal reserves (EGR)?
storage capacity for sperm | the more times an animal ejaculates in a day, the lower the sperm concentration in the semen
100
what causes excess sperm to be expelled by urination?
peristaltic contractions in the tail of the epididymis
101
what are vas deferens?
connects tail of epididymis to the urethra and is capable of peristaltic contractions
102
what is a vasectomy?
removal of a portion of the vas deferens
103
what is a gomer bull?
a tease | will mount whoever is in heat
104
what happens to unused sperm?
it will be reabsorbed
105
what is a cremaster muscle?
main support structure for the testes aids in temperature control - short term facilitates the movement of blood to and from the testes in the pampiniform plexus
106
what is a pampiniform plexus?
countercurrent heat exchange | -veins carrying cooler blood draw some heat from the artery traveling down towards the testes
107
what is a pulse pressure eliminator?
part of the pampiniform plexus | arteries have a pulse but before it reaches the testes the pulse stops
108
what are accessory sex glands?
make seminal plasma in the abdominal cavity
109
what is seminal plasma responsible for?
transportation fluid of sperm to be ejaculated into the female reproductive tract provides nutrients to the sperm
110
what do accessory sex glands rely on?
testosterone
111
what are accessory sex glands comprised of and what do they do?
- ampullae - enlargement of the vas deferens that connects to the urethra - vesicular glands - produce a viscous component (boars ejaculate an abundant amount) - prostate gland - bulbourethral gland - gel fraction helps semen stick together
112
what is a penis and what are its three parts?
male copulatory organ base shaft glans penis
113
what does the base of the penis do?
attached to the ischiocavernosus muscle | support the penis
114
what does the shaft of the penis do?
main portion of the penis | in live stock it has an s-shape called the sigmoid flexure which allows the penis to retract back into the body
115
when are retractor penis muscles contracted?
when the penis is flaccid
116
what are the two erectile tissues in the shaft of the penis?
corpus spongiosum | corpus cavernosum
117
what does the corpus spongiosum do?
fills with blood and surrounds the urethra
118
what does the corpus cavernosum do?
fills with blood and is on the outside of the spongiosum
119
what is a urethralis?
striated muscle right around the pelvic urethra that contracts to move semen into the penile urethra
120
what is the glans penis?
the very tips of the penis | full of sensory nerves
121
what are the main types of stimulation that help initiate ejaculation?
temperature and pressure
122
what does retroperitoneal positioning mean?
testes are up inside the body cavity
123
what is a baculum?
bone inside the penis
124
where does spermatogensis occur?
seminiferous tubules
125
what does spermatogensis contain?
spermatogonia primary and secondary spermatocytes spermatids
126
what are some characteristics of mitosis?
somatic cells, beginning sex cell division results in 2n daughter cells 5 stages total
127
what are some characteristics of meiosis?
only sex cells results in 1n daughter cells 9 stages total
128
what are some characteristics of both mitosis and meiosis?
cell division types | 5 initial stages
129
what are the 5 stages of mitosis?
``` interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis ```
130
what are the 9 stages of meiosis?
``` interphase prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase 1 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 + cytokinesis ```
131
what is interphase?
the resting stage
132
what is prophase?
condensing of DNA into chromosomes (duplicate DNA)
133
what is metaphase?
DNA lines up in the middles of the cell
134
what is anaphase?
DNA pulls apart to each side of cell
135
what is telophase + cytokinesis?
cell membrane invaginates and splits
136
what is considered to be meiosis 2?
metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 + cytokinesis
137
know the pathway of spermatogensis.....
look in notes 2/17/17
138
what does spermiogensis include?
golgi phase cap phase acrosomal phase maturation phase
139
what is the golgi phase?
newly formed spermatid has a large golgi apparatus - which will produce the acrosome
140
what is the cap phase?
acrosome has been developed and forms a distinct "cap" over the anterior portion of the nucleus uuuuuuuu
141
what is the acrosomal phase?
acrosomal cap continues to spread and cover 2/3 of the nucleus
142
what happens at the end of spermiogensis?
nucleus begins to elongate manchette forms and eventually becomes the neck of the sperm flagella begins to elongate
143
what are the different enzymes that come with the acrosome?
``` acrosin hyaheronidase zona lysine ester ases acid hydrolysis ```
144
what for the enzymes of the acrosome do?
help the semen get throw the cumulus cells of the oocyte
145
what is the maturation phase?
mitochondria migrate towards the middle piece
146
what are spermatozoa?
sperm that is in the epididymis

Physiology of Reproduction (2 decks)

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