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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two main reasons for semen collection?

A
  1. prelude to AI
    - may or may not store semen
  2. evaluation of semen
    - fertility evaluation
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2
Q

what are the three main ways to collect semen?

A
  1. artificial vagina
  2. digital manipulation
  3. electroejaculation process
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3
Q

what is an artificial vagina?

A

tube with rubber liner that has a collection bottle attached to it
-uses thermal and mechanical stimulation to cause ejaculation

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4
Q

for what species is the artificial vagina commonly used for?

A

stallion
dog
bull
rabbit

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5
Q

what is digital manipulation?

A

massage the penis

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6
Q

for what species is digital manipulation commonly used for?

A

boar

dog

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7
Q

what is electroejactulation process?

A

applying a series of short, low voltage pulses of current to the pelvic nerves

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8
Q

for what species is the electroejactulation process commonly used for?

A

almost any mammal

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9
Q

what are the three advantages of semen collection methods?

A
  1. collect from feral animals
  2. male doesn’t have to mount
  3. used on quadrapelegic/parapelegic males who desire biological children
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10
Q

what is one of the most overlooked faults during semen collection?

A

semen handling

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11
Q

what does thermal stress cause?

A

quickly reduced amount of viable sperm

-temperature cannot be too hot or too cold

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12
Q

what should you look for with semen evaluation?

A 
color
volume
concentration
morphology 
motility
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13
Q

what should the color of semen be?

A

milky

pearly color

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14
Q

what are some examples of things that would be spermicidal?

A

blood or urine in semen

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15
Q

what should the volume of semen be?

A

boar - 500mL
stallion- 3-50mL
ram - 10mL
men - 10 mL

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16
Q

what does semen volume depend on?

A

species

breeding season

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17
Q

how do you determine semen concentration?

A

multiplying concentration (sperm per mL) by the volume of ejaculate

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18
Q

how do you figure out how many sperm per mL there are?

A

using a hemocytometer

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19
Q

what is a hemocytometer?

A

machine that counts the number of sperm per mL of semen

-its tedious

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20
Q

what does a spectrophotometer do?

A

measures the amount of light absorbed by a semen sample

-the more sperm in the sample, the more light that is absorbed

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21
Q

what is motility?

A

the percent of sperm that are moving

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22
Q

what are progressively motile sperm?

A

move briskly forward in a straight line

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23
Q

what are motile sperm?

A

sperm that move but don’t go in a straight line

they go in circles

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24
Q

what should sperm motility be fore bulls, stallions, boars, dogs, and men?

A

bulls - 30%
stallion, boars - 60%
dogs - 70%
men - 50%

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25
what is morphology?
how many sperm are dead vs. alive | how many are anatomically incorrect
26
what is the percentage for normal anatomical morphology?
70%
27
when using stain on semen, how can you determine which ones are dead, and which ones are alive?
the ones that pick up the stain are dead dead = blue alive = pink
28
what is reproduction controlled by?
nervous and endocrine system
29
what is the nervous system responsible for?
producing signals internally after being stimulated by external stimuli
30
what are some example of external stimuli?
``` visual auditory thermal olfactory tactile ```
31
what are afferent nerves?
carry stimulus from outside of the body to the inside of the body
32
what are efferent nerves?
carry stimulus from inside to inside
33
what do nerves produce?
NT
34
what does the endocrine system do?
transmits signals throughout the body using glands that secrete hormones
35
what do hormones control?
``` metabolism reproduction growth sleep emotions ```
36
what are NT?
signaling molecule used to elicit a change in the body
37
what is the hypothalamus considered?
control center for reproduction
38
what is the hypothalamic nuclei?
nerves in the hypothalamus | located within serge center and tonic center
39
what are the nerves form the hypothalamic nuclei responsible for?
producing and secreting GnRH
40
where does GnRH travel to?
hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
41
where is the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system located?
pituitary stalk in the anterior pituitary
42
what does paraventricualar nuclei produce?
oxytocin
43
where is the paraventricualar nuclei located?
hypothalamus
44
how is oxytocin secreted from the paraventricualar nuclei?
it passes through that pituitary stalk and terminated in the posterior pituitary - this is where oxytocin can be stored and released upon stimulation
45
where is the pituitary gland located?
underneath the hypothalamus
46
what is the pituitary gland composed of?
anterior and posterior lobe
47
what hormones is the anterior lobe responsible for producing and secreting?
``` FSH LH PRL GH ACTH ```
48
what hormones is the posterior lobe responsible for producing and secreting?
oxytocin
49
what does oxytocin do?
stimulates milk let down and uterine contractions
50
what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
stimulates ovarian follicle growth
51
what does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
involved with folliculogenesis
52
what does LH surge cause?
ovulation
53
what does prolactin releasing (PRL) do?
stimulation of milk production
54
what does releasing hormone (GH) do?
stimulated cell reproduction and regeneration
55
what does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?
deals with stress and circadian rhythms
56
what are the types of cells in the anterior lobe?
acidophils basophils chromophobes
57
what are acidophils?
pink | produce GH/PRL
58
what are basophils?
blue | produce FSH/LH/ACTH
59
what are chromophobes?
no color | don't pick up stain very well
60
what are the types of cells in the posterior lobe?
herring body | pituicyte
61
what is a herring body?
terminal end of PVN axon
62
what is pituicyte?
non-neurologicl cells that help support herring body and nerves
63
how can hormones be classified?
their function origin of production vs. biochemical structure source of information
64
what does the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) do?
stimulates production of anterior pituitary reproductive hormones (FSH & LH)
65
where is GnRH produced?
surge and tonic centers in hypothalamus
66
what are gonadotropins produced by?
gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary after stimulation from GnRH
67
what do gonadotropins do?
stimulate production of hormones from gonads
68
what is human chorionic gondatropin (hCG) produced by?
placenta after embryo implantation | -pregnancy tests look for this hormone
69
what is maternal recognition of pregnancy in humans?
human chorionic gondatropin (hCG)
70
what does human chorionic gondatropin (hCG) do?
prolongs the life of the CL
71
what is equine chorionic gondatropin (eCG) produced by?
endometrial cups from the placenta in mares between day 40-120 of gestations
72
what does equine chorionic gondatropin (eCG) do?
maintains the CL life
73
what is equine chorionic gondatropin (eCG) also known as
pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
74
what are sexual promotors?
steroid hormone
75
where are sexual promotors produced?
gonads
76
what are some examples of sexual promotors?
testosterone estrogen progesterone
77
what do sexual promotors stimulate?
1. reproductive tract 2. regulate hypothalamus and pituitary gland 3. secondary sex characteristics
78
what are pregnancy maintenance hormones?
maintain a pregnancy | stimulate milk production
79
what are some example of pregnancy maintenance hormones?
progesterone placental lactogen hCG/eCG
80
what is a luteolytic hormone produced by?
endometrial lining of the uterus
81
what does luteolytic hormone stimulate?
PGF2 alpha which degrades of CL
82
what happens with the breakdown of the CL?
progesterone decreases
83
what are neurohoromones?
hormones that are produced and secreted by the neuron
84
what are some examples of a neurohormone?
GnRH | oxytocin
85
what are hormones?
produced and secreted by cells that are not neuronal
86
where are gonadotrope cells found?
anterior pituitary
87
where are leydig cells found?
in the interstial space of the testes
88
where are granulosa cells found?
in ovarian follicle
89
where are theca cells found?
surrounding the ovarian follicles
90
what are peptide hormones composed of?
AA
91
what are some examples of peptide hormones?
GnRH oxytocin prolactin
92
what are glycoprotein hormones composed of?
alpha and beta subunits
93
what are alpha and beta subunits?
long chain AA
94
what are some examples of glycoprotein hormones?
``` FSH LH inhibin activing hCG eCG ```
95
what do steroid hormones have?
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene center
96
what are steroid hormones derived of?
cholesterol
97
what is the order of the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene center?
1. cholesterol 2. progesterone 3. 17-beta hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase 4. testosterone 5. aromatase 6. estrogen
98
what does aromatase do?
produces estrogen
99
what are prostaglandins?
lipid compound
100
what are prostaglandins derived from?
arachidonic acid
101
what does aracadonic acid produce?
PGE2 | PGF2alpha
102
what does activin stimulate?
FSH
103
what does inhibin do?
inhibits follicular growth | stops FSH
104
what is the estrous cycle?
whole series of events
105
what is estrus?
when the female is in heat
106
what is another heat?
estrual
107
what is anestrus?
not having a estrus cycle no estrogen no high progesterone
108
when does anestrus happen?
depends on the species mare during winter ewes during summer
109
what is polyestrous?
when they do into estrous multiple times during the year | - cats and cows
110
what is seasonally polyestrous?
have multiple cycles through part of the year during her breeding season
111
what is monoestrous?
one estrus cycle the entire year | -dog
112
what happens during proestrous?
beginning of follicular phase decrease in progesterone increase GnRH, FSH, LH - which stimulate follicle growth
113
how long does proestrous last?
2-5 days depending on species
114
is the female interested in the male during proestrous?
no
115
what happens during estrus?
estrogen peaks standing heat allows male to mount
116
how long does estrus last?
``` depends on species cattle last 14-18 hours sows last 44 hours mare last 4-7 days ewe last 30 hours ```
117
what happens during metestrus?
shortest phase about 24 hours beginning of luteal phase LH surge - ovulation early development of CH
118
what happens during diestrus?
longest phase about 14 days CL formation increase in P4 decrease GnRH
119
what happens during anestrus?
no estrous cycle or any signs of sexual behavior | ovaries inactive
120
what can cause there to be an insufficient amount of GnRH?
``` some diseases pregnant lactating long/short day breeders physical/emotional stress ```
121
what are two reasons that anestrus most likely involved?
1. some species have an increased risk for decreased embryo attachment in uterus during high temperatures 2. offspring want to be born when temperatures are warmer or when forages are nutrient dense
122
what is a long-day breeder?
in spring when the day length increases | ex: mare
123
what is a short-day breeder?
in the fall when the day length decreases | ex: ewes
124
what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?
helps our 24 sleep cycle
125
what does melatonin stimulate?
GnRH
126
what is silent heat?
female ovulated but show no signs estrus
127
why does silent heat?
no estrogen receptors in the brain
128
what is folliculogenesis?
the growth and creation of follicles
129
what happens during the follicular phase?
proestrus | estrus
130
what is necessary for ovulation?
LH surge
131
what happens because of the LH surge?
1. increase PGE2 2. increase smooth muscle contractions 3. increase in collagenase
132
what does an increase PGE2 do?
increase blood flow to ovary/graafian follicles follicle swells ovulation
133
what happens when there is an increase in smooth muscle contractions?
increase pressure of follicle
134
what does an increase in collagenase do?
degrades follicular wall
135
what is being created as a result of pressure on the follicle?
apex: pointed end | ovulation stigma
136
what are the two different types of ovulators?
spontaneous | induced
137
what is a spontaneous ovulator?
hormonal changes estrogen & LH surge will ovulate despite copulation
138
what is an induced ovulator?
physical stimulation of vaginal canal needed to trigger ovulation
139
how does induced ovulation work?
1. copulation stimulates sensory nerves in the vagina 2. nerve impulses travel to the brain 3. information is relayed to anterior pituitary - LH surge --ovulation

Physiology of Reproduction (2 decks)

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