Exam 1 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Anthropologists tell us that the most ancient skulls found show:
A
Caries, alveolar bone loss, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, and periapical abscesses
2
Q
Around 400 BC, what did Hippocrates do?
A
Wrote about bad breath for women
His advice was to burn the head of a Hare and 3 mice removing the intestines of 2 of them but leaving the liver and pound in a stone motar some marble and whitstone and apply with greasy wool
3
Q
Whitstone
A
Another name for chalk and is still used in some toothpastes
4
Q
Described the use of scrapers for the cleaning of teeth
A
Aristotle
5
Q
Used as teeth cleaners by the early Mohammedans and miswaks by the people in early Saudia Arabia
A
Siwaks
6
Q
By the middle ages (around 1500) calculus was being referenced by
A
Albucasis
7
Q
Listed 10 rules of Oral Hygiene
A
Aranculus
8
Q
The first dentist to be allowed to apply for membership in the College of Surgeons in Paris
A
Ambroise Pare
9
Q
Discovered dentinal tubules when looking through his invention- the microscope
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
10
Q
Determined he scrapings from teeth contained microorganisms
A
Anton van Leuwenhoek
11
Q
Considered the father of modern dentistry and lived in America
A
G V Black
12
Q
1638, the pilgrims had 3 barber-surgeons. Their job was to not only cut hair but
A
extract teeth, lance boils, etc.
13
Q
It is unknown who the first dentist in America was.
True or False
A
True
14
Q
First Dental School
A
1840- Baltimore College of Dental Surgery
15
Q
Wrote about the curability of the diseases of the mouth
A
John Riggs
16
Q
One of the first names for periodontal disease
A
Rigg’s Disease
17
Q
Considered to be the first perodontis
A
Leonard Koecker of London
18
Q
Renamed Periodontoclasia to alveolaris
A
F.H. Rehwinkel
19
Q
Advocated his system of periodic oral prophylaxis. Time constraints caused him to train a assistant to provide the actual care
A
1898- Alfred C. Fones
20
Q
1906- Fones trained the first hygienist, his cousin
A
Irene Newman
21
Q
1913- Fones established the first Hygiene School in
A
Bridgeport Connecticut
22
Q
Dentists were first granted licenses in
A
1841
23
Q
1914 two women dentists formed the Academy of Periodontology
A
Grace Rogers and Gilette Hayden
24
Q
Periodontal probes came into wide use after
A
World War 2 from 1948-1958
25
The Practice Community requires detailed periodontal records to:
1. Provide evidence of evaluation
2. Provide for the treatment of periodontal disease
3. Provide care for the patient
4. Protect against malpractice
26
6 roles for the dental hygienist:
```
Clinician
Educator/Health promoter
Consumer advocate
Administrator/Manager
Change Agent
Researcher
```
27
Defined as the tissues that surround, support, and attach to the teeth
Periodontium
28
INcludes the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and the alveolar bone
Periodontium
29
Cuff around the tooth
Free gingiva
30
Varies from 1-9mm and is attached to the bone by collagen fibers
Kertinized or parakeratinized and commonly stippled
Attached gingiva
31
The gingiva between the teeth that fills the embrassures or space between two adjacent teeth
AKA interdental gingiva
Below the interproximal contact
Papillae
32
In the posteriors
You will not find this in anteriors
Will be depressed buccal to lingual not mesial to distal
Col
33
Where the attached gingiva meets the mucosa
Mucogingival junction
34
Connection occurs in the rete pegs which are ridges in the connective tissue
Basal Lamina
35
Stratified squamous cells mostly keratinocytes but with some Langerhans cells and Merkels cells and melanocytes
Protect and to allow selective interchange
Epithelium
36
Composed of attached gingiva, papillae, and the outer portion of the free gingiva
Oral Epithelium
37
```
Non or Para Kertinized
Extends from the outer epithelium into the gingival sulcus to the junctional epithelium
No rete pegs
1-3mm in health
Inside of pocket
```
Sulcular Epithelium
38
Seperates the PDL from the oral environment
Junctional Epithelium
39
Kertinocytes migrate from the basal layer to the surface, they flatten and produce a keratohyaline granule layer where no cell nuclei are present
Keratinization
40
If the cells retain their nuclei in this process it is
Parakertinization
41
Phagocytic
Langerhans cells
42
Associated with nerve cells
Merkel cells
43
Contain melanin which gives a pigmented appearance thus color
Melanocytes
44
The lamina propria is the connective tissue beneath the gingiva made up of:
Papillary layer: the projections between the rete pegs
| Reticular layer: extends to the periosteum
45
Runs from the cementum, just apical to cementoenamel junction, to crestal bone
Retains tooth in socket; opposes lateral forces
Alveolar crest
46
Directly across PDL space
| Attaches root surface to alveolar bone
Horizontal
47
Courses in oblique direction across periodontal ligament space and into alveolar bone
Largest group of fiber bundles; transfers occlusal stresses to bone
Obilque
48
Runs from apex of root into alveolar bone, both apical and lateral to root apex
Does not occur in erupting teeth
Apical
49
Spreads apically into bone, from furcation
| Present only in multirooted teeth
Interradicular
50
Movement of teeth gradually over time often throughout life in a mesial direction and occlusally via osteoclastic and osteoblastic action
Physiologic Mesial Migration
51
Resorb bone
Osteoclasts
| C tells you it is carving out bone
52
Build bone
Osteoblasts
| B tells you it is building bone
53
Functions of Cementum:
Anchors teeth
Maintains the occlusal relationship
Provides a seal for the dentinal tubules
Contains Sharpey's Fibers
54
Near cementoenamel junction
No fibers
No cementocytes
Acellular afibrillar
55
Coronal third of root
Sharpey's Fibers
No cementocytes
Acellular Extrinsic Fiber
56
Apical third of root and furcations
Sharpey's Fibers and Intrinsic Fibers
Cementocytes
Cellular Mixed Stratified
57
Areas of resorption
Intrinsic Fibers
Cementocytes
Cellular Intrinsic Fiber
58
Near junction of cementum and dentin
No fibers
Remnants
Intermediate Cementum
59
Comprises 50% of the inorganic components of cementum
Hydroxyapite
60
97%
Enamel
61
70%
Dentin
62
Comprised of cribiform plate encompassing the alveoli and the adjacent cancellous bone
Alveolar Bone
63
Makes up facial and lingual cortical plates
Compact Bone
64
Between the cortical plates
Trabecular and Cancellous bone
65
Clinical Observation
| KCTCS
Shape: "K"nife-edged shape papillae, not blunted
Color: pink, coral pink in health
Texture: firm, stippled, not spongy
Consistency: firm, resilient
Size: not swollen, not resorbed or receded
66
Study of host response to disease
Immunology
67
The process of signaling inflammatory cells to areas of trauma or infection
Chemotaxis
68
Inflammatory cells include:
PMN's (neutrophils)
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
69
Fuction of inflammatory cells:
To phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue and to secrete products that affect cell permeability which cause lysis (cell death)
70
Recognize antigens (any foreign body)
Lymphocytes
71
*Lymphocyte*
Produced in the thymus; used in cell mediated response
Occurs as T-helper cells to the B lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
72
*Lymphocyte*
Serve as receptor sites for antigens and are the precursors of plasma cells which produce antigens
B lymphocytes
73
*Lymphocyte*
Produce more antigens
Effective against virus and tumor cells
Natural Killer lymphocytes
74
Make up 70% of leukocytes
Phagocytize microbes
Are the enzymes, collagenase, and elactase, which cause tissue destruction especially in periodontal disease
PMN's
| Neutrophils
75
Mediate the inflammatory response process with increased vascular permeability
Mast cells
76
AKA scavenger cells
Often are the first to recognize the antigen as foreign and therefore begins the inflammatory response. They are important in periodontal disease because of histamine thereby setting off an alergic reaction
Macrophages
77
Immunoglobins are divided into how many classes?
NINE
78
Provide communication between cells assisting in the development and regulation of the immune effector cells
Cytokines
79
Anaphylaxis
| Most dangerous
Hyper Type 1
80
Cytotoxic- breakdown of tissues
Hyper Type 2
81
Immune Complex
Arthus reations
Antigens persist
Hyper Type 3
82
Cell mediated
| Can be delayed up to days later
Hyper Type 4
83
Inflammatory exudate in large numbers in periodontitis
| Comes from underlying tissue..... not saliva
Sulcular Fluid
84
Lubricates, protects, buffers, cleanses, helps with remineralization of the teeth and is antimicrobial
Saliva
85
Study of health and disease and the associated factors in population in reference to heredity, biology, environment, society, and behavior, etc.
Epidemiology
86
Number of cases of the disease in the population at a single point in time
Prevalence
87
The rate of new occurrences in a population over a given period of time
Incidence
88
The level of disease
Severity
89
The exposure, behaviors, characteristics, etc associated with disease
Risk factors
90
Studies an entire population that is representative of the population and is studied at a given point in time
Cross-sectional
91
Studies a population or a subset of the population over time (usually years)
Cohort
92
Compare individuals with a disease to those without and compare the risk factors etc
Case Control
93
The ratio of measurements to allow for interpretation
| Easier to compare percentages to each other than raw data
Indices or INdexes
94
Developed by the American Academy of Periodontology and the American Dental Association
Important because of its use and the fact these two organizations agreed
PSR
| Periodontal Screening and Recording
95
Miller Index of Tooth Mobility
0- no movement
1- barely moves
2- 1mm movement
3- over 1mm movement or the tooth is depressable
96
Proper method of moving teeth
Is between two instruments or using the fingernail portion of your fingers. Flesh of your fingers hides movement
97
Gingival bleeding occurs in approximately
Half of the population
98
Most common pocket depth
4mm
99
Attachment loss occurs in almost...
all of the population
100
Calculus occurs in approximately....
1/3 of all adults
101
Approximately 35% or slightly more than 1/3 of the population have moderate pocketing and gingival bleeding
Most people keep their teeth longer
Periodontal Disease
102
Men are more likely than women to have this
Lower income individuals more likely
Most have calculus
Perio Disease
103
Suppresses the vascular reaction masking the signs of inflammation
Because of the suppressed bleeding... are less likely to seek care- no bleeding gums
Tobacco use and Perio
104
Other factors and Perio...
Insulin Dependents are two to three times more likely to have periodontal problems
Those people are more likely or have an increased risk for heart disease and to give birth to low-birth weight babies
Obesity
Alcohol Consumption
105
Exceptions to the Rule
LAP- Localized Aggressive Periodontis
More likely to occur in black males
Most periodontal conditions have no racial preference
More predominant to men overall
HIV- Associated- seen more in women than men
106
Occurs when microorganisms form a layer on almost any surface
Biofilm
107
Loosely adhered bacteria and cellular debris
| Defined as a dental plaque biofilm or simple plaque
Material Alba
108
Produce a sticky extracellular matrix called glycocalyx
Plaque biofilm
109
Has a network of channels and canals that allow nutrient exchance
Provides physical protection
Glycocalyx
110
Most common cocci
| Forms into chain
Streptococci
111
Rod types
| May be curved, uneven, club shaped, thread-like filaments
Bacilli
112
Threadlike but have tapered ends
Fusiforms
113
Have one or more axial fibrils incorporated into their cell walls
Spirochetes or spirals
114
Cell Wall Type:
Positive organisms when stained and counter-stained retain the initial crystal violet stain because of the permeability of the cell wall
Gram Negative organisms
115
Generally have a larger glycan layer
Gram Positive organisms
116
A loose gel like polysaccharide substance
Glycocalyx
117
Breaks down sugars and allows cleansing
Lysozymes
118
Show the red safrain counter-stain
Gram negative organisms
119
Most common bacteria in the mouth is
Gram postiv
120
Long fine wavy filaments used for movement
Flagella
121
Bacteria that requires oxygen
Aerobes
122
Bacteria that lives without oxygen
Anaerobes
123
Bacteria that can use oxygen but can live well without it
Faculative anaerobes
124
Bacteria that do not use oxygen but can tolerate it
Aerotolerant anaerobes
125
Bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen
Obigate anaerobes
126
Bacteria that requires carbon dioxide for growth
Capnophiles
127
Tongue is rough and irregular surface
| Majority of the bacteria are gram postive streptococci usually S. salivarius and S. sanguis
Dorsum
128
Bacteria present in halitosis
Gram negative
129
Oral Mucosal surface have mostly what kind of bacteria?
Gram Positive Streptococci
130
An amorphous tenacious film on tooth surfaces.
Composed from the formation of salivary proteins attracted to oppositely charged calcium and phosphate ions of hydroxapite
Pellicle
131
It is the predominant antibody in saliva and inhibits bacterial attachment
Immunoglobin A
132
Composed predominantly of cocci type bacteria
| Aided by streptococcal bacteria
Initial plaque
133
Composed of cocci and appears in rows much like a corncob
Corncob formation
134
Composed of filaments bacteria and gram negative rods
Test Tube (Bristle Brush)
135
The cocci formation changes the environment to allow other bacteria the right to succeed (follow). As the filaments bacteria begin to join, the number of cocci decreases
Microbial succession
