Exam 1

Question 1

Availability heuristic

Answer 1

Comes to mind easily biased by faulty thinking

Question 2

Present bias

Answer 2

Focus on instances when something is present or did occur more than it is present

Question 3

Confirmation bias

Answer 3

Focusing on evidence we like. Ignore or fail to notice disconfirming evidence

Question 4

Confirmatory hypothesis testing

Answer 4

Asking biased questions to get expected answers

Question 5

Bias blind spot

Answer 5

Biased about being biased

Question 6

Authoritative drawbacks

Answer 6

May not be knowledgeable.
Without comparisons group.
Biased by Prexsisting view

Question 7

Science

Answer 7

Set of methods used to collect info(data) about phenomena through systematic data collection and observations and measurements.

Question 8

Empirical approach

Answer 8

Evidence from the senses or from instruments that can help senses

Question 9

Math models

Answer 9

Quantitative implementation of a theory with a set of definitions and equations describing numerical values. Relationships between variables and constants. How variables change with inputs.

Question 10

Domain of a theory

Answer 10

Scope of a theory is a range of situations to which theory may be legit applied

Wide domain preferred but harder to test

Question 11

Parismony

Answer 11

Explains within its domain the fewest possible assumptions

Question 12

Theory data cycle

Answer 12

Theory incorporates previous research findings and generates research question

Theory supported or revised based on data

Question 13

Conformational

Answer 13

Agrees with preditiction of theory
Data consistent
Strengthens tested theory
Does not prove theory is correct

Question 14

Disconformational

Answer 14

Contradicts theory
Data inconsistent
Theory refined or rejected

Question 15

Strong inference

Answer 15

Test theories by conformational and dis conformational strategies together

Putting different predictions against each other
Example: cupboard theory v contact comfort theory

Question 16

Sciences

Answer 16

Empirical. Rational. Testable. Parsimonious. General. Tentative. Rigourously evaluated

Question 17

Nonsciences

Answer 17

May be legit academic disciplines applying other systematic techniques to generate knowledge

Question 18

Pseudoscience earmarks

Answer 18

Sensationalistic claim 
Acecdotal evidence. 
Jargon
No evidence
No attempt to falsify
Not building base
Fail to specify conditions
Situation specific

Question 19

Nazi medical experiments

Answer 19

On 1000 of concentration camp prisons

Question 20

Radiation

Answer 20

Us officials studied the effect of radiation through experiments on vulnerable population often without knowledge

Question 21

Tuskegee syphilis study

Answer 21

Us Public Health Service enrolled 400 low income African American male infected with syphilis. Denied treatment for 40 years.

Question 22

Ethical issues. Belmont report.

Answer 22

Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice

Question 23

Little Albert ethical issues

Answer 23

Respect for person: not informed
Beneficence: distress. Long term damage.
Justice: explotation

Question 24

Nuremberg code

Answer 24

Response to nazi experiments

10 pts guiding permissible human research

Question 25

Declaration of Helsinki

Answer 25

Most recently revised. More detailed ethical principles led to IRB

Question 26

Belmont report

Answer 26

Core ethical principles

Question 27

APA ethical standard

Answer 27

Addresses add. Unique issues with research

Question 28

IRB

Answer 28

Proposals must be screened Ensures researche meets ethical standard Protects researchers from liability arising from research part.

Question 29

Respect for persons

Answer 29

Informed consent

Question 30

Beneficence

Answer 30

Risks v benefits

Question 31

Justice

Answer 31

Enrollment

Question 32

Summary of APA stand. 8

Answer 32

Infromed consent must be obtained. Protect research participants. May be waived. Avoid excessive inducements. Deception allowed. Dehoax as soon as possible. Given timley feedback.

Question 33

APA ethical standards animals

Answer 33

Trained researchers Researcher responsible. Reduce and minimize discomfort, infection Painful procedures allowed only if other methods not avail and justified by scientific value Anesthisia used Humane methods when euthanizing subjects

Question 34

3 R's

Answer 34

Replacement: alternative to animals Refinement: modify to minimum distress Reduction: adopt designs w/ fewest number animals

Question 35

Primary source

Answer 35

Full report of a study. Methodological details Preferred Empirical articles

Question 36

Secondary source

Answer 36

Summaries info from a primary source Popular and substantive. Good starting points Biased or incomplete

Question 37

Scholarly journal

Answer 37

Current research findings and theoretical thinking Detailed results Review journal articles: summarize and synthesize published studies

Question 38

Conferences

Answer 38

Most up to date info Attending is frontiers science and meet others But expensive

Question 39

Why read empirical journal

Answer 39

Critically evaluate research Up to date Ideas for new research

Question 40

Heuristic value

Answer 40

Source for generating new research ideas