Exam 1 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Myth
A
stories that are products of spoken language
mythos meant “authoratative speech”
-is a traditional story with collective importance
-ha a plot, a narrative structure with a beginning, middle, end
-beginning usually has characters introduced into a situation, usually involving a conflict with other characters, misfortune etc
0middle everything gets more complex, tension and conflict develop
-in the end, tension gets resolved
-myths are never set in the present, or recent past-they are always in the distant past or in a shadowy time outside human chronology. setting can also be obscure ex: Mt. Olympus
-told orally from storyteller to storyteller
-are also anonymus, don’t have identifiable authors
-subject to coonstant change
2
Q
Divine myths
A
-aka true myths
-supernatural beings are the main actors, superior to humans in power and splendor
-generally explain the world or some aspect of it: many tell the origin and destruction of grand things- the universe, the gods etc
events usually take place in a world before or outside the present order where time and space often have different meanings from those familiar to humans ex: how Zeus fought against Titans
3
Q
Legends
A
stories of the great deeds of human heroes or heroines
narrate the events of the human past
-important cultural part of many cities
-central characters are human beings, not gods and goddesses
-supernatural beings can play a part, but its is minor to the human characters Ex: Orestes’s tale-Apollo is a side character
-heroes and heroines are from nobility, kings and queens, princes, princesses, aristocratic elite,
-also have extraordinary physical and personal qualities and are stronger, more beautiful, more courageous than ordinary people
4
Q
Folktales
A
stories whose actors are ordinary people or animals
entertain the audience and teach or justify customary patterns of behavior
gods and spirits can make an appreance
did not really happen: ex: cinderella
characters often have low social status, are victimized, persecuted
-primary function is to entertain, also teach lessons and justify patterns of behavior
5
Q
Etiological tale
A
a creation myth is an example of etiological tale
explains the causes that brought the world into existance
ex: the origin of mount etna, a dangerous volcano in Sicily. Beneath it Zeus imprisoned the fiire-breathing monster who can spew fire and lava
-the etiological tale expresses a conjecture about the cause of something that existed long before the explanation
6
Q
Folktale types
A
a story that appears repeatedly in different cultures widely separated in space or time
ex: Cinderella
made of folktale motifs
7
Q
folktale motifs
A
smaller elements that make up folktale types
can be recombined in endless variety
-are the cells that make up the body of a tale- thus a constellation of motifs that constitutes an independent story
different types may have similar motifs ex: the hero grows up and goes off into the world to seek his fortune
8
Q
Boitia
A
plains
where Thebes was in ancient times
9
Q
Attica
A
Southeast of Boetia are the plains of Attica, with Athen as the Capital
10
Q
Peloponnesus
A
south of Athens/Attica, is a small penninsula
11
Q
Laconia
A
a.k.a Lacedaemon
the territory around the town of Sparta
12
Q
Euboea
A
the Greeks has access to excellent deposits of limestone and clay
the best were found on the island of Euboea, just east of the mainland, not far from Athens
13
Q
Aegean Sea
A
a gret resource for the greeks
most of them lived near the sea and fished from there as fish was a staple diet’
the sea was also an avenue of communication with the world beyond the mountains that enclosed the isolated greek communities
14
Q
Cylades
A
of the 2 principal groups of islands, Cyclades (circle of islands) is placed in a rough circle around the tiny central island of Delos which is sacred to Apollo and Artemis (the other group is Spordes “scattered islands” which extend along the coast of Ionia, the western coast of Asia minor
15
Q
Indo-Europeans
A
the Greeks originally belonged to a cultural and linguistic group known as the Indo-Europeans whose original homeland was in central asia, maybe east of the Caspian sea
begininning in the 4th millenium BC, the indo-europeans migrated in all directions into Eurpoe and aisa, bringing with them their linguistic and cultural traditions
little is known about them, and much is inferred by scholars from a reconstruction of their language
16
Q
Late Bronze Age
A
also known as the Mycenaean age
in the Mycenaean age, powerful kings rules greece
they had a militarym and an arisocratic elite
loved war, used bronze weapons, concentrated their wealth
-independent kings built impressive strongholds from which they controlled local economies
their greatest centers were Thebes, Orchomenus, Athens, Pylos, Sparta
-all of these are featured in Greek myths
-Palaces were strongly fortified
17
Q
Achaeans
A
they Mycenaean Greeks may have called themselves this
-Achaeans was a word Homer used to describe those who attacked Troy
18
Q
Linear B
A
a nonalphabetic script used in Greek
was used to keep track of economic accounts, not creative literature
was found on preserved clay tablets
19
Q
Dark Age
A
lasted nearly 400 years
-the destruction of the Mycenaean world to an invasion by greek-speaking peoples from northwest Greece called Dorians
the Dorians overthrew the Mycenaean Greeks except for the remote mountaineous central Arcadia in the Peloponnesus
-a time of social disorganization, impoverishment
petty kings with only local authority replace the great Monarchs of the Myceanean age
many settlements were split apart by tribal feuds
20
Q
Ionia
A
Many Greeks migrated from other regions migrated to resettle in the Aegean islands during the Dark Age
Refugees from Peloponnesus took possession of the central islands of the Aegean and the central sector of the western coast of Asia minor henceofourth known as Asia as Ionia
21
Q
Archaic period
A
period of political and cultural revival, began with the invention of the alphabet
-emergence of the Greek polis
rebirth of commerce
22
Q
polis
A
a plitically independent city-state
emerged in the Archaic period
the members of a polis owed their allegiance to a social group defined by geography
only men were citizens and could participate in political affairs, women lived in a separate world
-downside was that this created tensions in many citizens between ancient loyalty to the family and current loyalty to the political state
23
Q
Classical Period
A
-the emergence of the world’s first democracy in Athens
authority in govt no longer came from inheritance
from this emerged other forms of civilization: rule by writeen law, reason supported by evidence, seperation of religion and politics
historical writing, science, philosophy arose
myths recreated for entertainmens
Athenian soliders drove the Persian army away-shows power of freedom
many key thinkers emerged: Plato, Aristotle etc in Athens
24
Q
Peloponnesian War
A
war between Sparta, a military state rules by old fashioned aristocrasy, and Athens which was a democracy
from 431-404 they fought each other
25
Hellenistic period
starts with the death of Alexander the great
(Greece was invaded by Phili 2 of Macedon, who got rid of democracy
when he was killed, his son Alexander took the throne, and then invaded Persia, and went as far as India. After his death starts the Hellenistic period)
-after his death, Alexander's empire broke up into small hostile kingdoms, but Greek culture spread
other cities were established by the Greek moel
-and then Rome conquered the Greek mainland
26
pederasty
isolated from the female sex, men in their 20s gathered where prepubescent boys would excersize naked, and court them with gifts and poetry
"love for boys"
27
Hoplites
heavily armed men who fought wars in the Classical period for the glory of their polis
had to pay for their own equipment
28
parthenos
the period between first menstruation and marriage was of great danger to a girl and her family
as a parthenos, the girl was thought to be wild and dangerous, like the goddess artemis to whom the parthenis was often compared and whose cult young girls served
most heroines of greek myth are parthenoi, in a momentary position of freedom to do immense harm or bring great advantage to their people
29
miasma
childbirth was a moment of personal crisis for women because many died from it, but also of enormous pollution called miasma because of the blood and other fluids that accompany childbirth
no man would come close to a woman in labor
30
Narcissus
a youth of tremendous beauty
his parents wanted to know whether he would live a long life
a priestess told them "very long" but only if he did not look at his own face
when Narcissus was grown, he saw his face reflected in a spring. Reaching for the beautiful figure, he fell in and drowned
his body as changed into a flower and still bears his name
term narcissism comes from this
31
Roman period
dates from when Egypt, the Hellenistic cultural center fell into Roman hands
32
Etruscans
North of Rome lived the powerful and influential Etruscans who resided in independent city-states like the Greeks
they spoke a language different from Greek or latin
their origin is unknow, could have originated from Asia minor
they took over the greek alphabet after it was introduced to them
33
Potnia Theron
"lady of the beasts"
figure of Artemis
role in Greek religion was to promote the abundance of game
might havae been a seperate deity, perhaps of a Mycenaean mother-goddess
34
Mesopotamia
"the land between the rivers"
occupies what is now Iraq
important source of Greek myth: ex:The Greek myth of the origin of the present world-order in a battle of the gods was of Mesopotamian origin
35
Sumerians
unknwn racial stock, spoke a language unrelated to other known ones
lived close to the Persian gulf
their culture appeared suddenly about 4000 BC
they came from somewhere outside Mesopotamia-maybe from Iran (Persia) or India
they invented agriculture and created the fist known full-fledged city-states
each Sumerian city had its own protectie deity (god or goddess) that lived in the city's center, often at the top of a tall pyramid known as a ziggurat
the ruling elites most powerful tool was the writing cuneiform
-the first true writing
36
An
-Sumerian god
"sky" was god of the infinite expanse above us across which the sun travels from which the rain falls
was originally the supreme authority, the source of order in the worlds of gods above and humans below
37
Inanna
```
Sumerian goddess
An's daughter
"queen of heaven"
goddess of sexual love and curiosity and war
her lust ws insatiable
is like Aphrodite in the Greek myth
```
38
Enlil
sumerian god
"lord of storm"
embodied force, power, the unruly violence of a thunderstorm
was also King, An's agent on Earth, was personally involved in Earthly events
he could be beneficial, bringer of fertilizing rain, or destructive, the drier up of the flood water
similar to Zeus in Greek myth
39
Enki
sumerian god
"lord of Earth"
ruled the sweet groundwater found beneath the soil
was the active fertilizing principle
was clever, crafty, the trickster of Sumerian myth
also the God of wisdom and magic who instructed humankind in all the arts and crafts
Enki has much in common with Hermes but also shares characteristics with Hephaestus, Promethius, Poseidon, Dionysus
40
Semites
seminomadic people who inhabited the steppe at the fringes of the Arabian desert
conquered Sumer
not a united people or race
41
Akkadians
the Semitic Akkadians, named after their capital, Akkad, took over southern Sumerian cities and adopted Sumerian culture
they identified Sumerian gods with their own deities, and took Sumerian myths, refashioned them, and preserved them in cuneiform script on clay tablets
the Sumerian language itself dissapeared as a living spoken language
42
Hebrews
the best known of the Semitic peoples
traced their ancestry back to Abraham
(according to tradition, Abraham migrate to Canaan (Isreal and Jordan) after God promised that he would become father of a mighty nation. Abraham's descendents drifted into Egypt where they became slaves to the pharoh, remaining there for centuries. The tradition remains today a basis for Jewish self-explanation
-the great teacher Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt
the writing system the hHebres used was the Phoenicia alphabet
43
Hittites
```
non-Semitic
controlled Anatolia (Asia Minor)
were Indo-European speakers but they inherited cultural traditions first formulated among the Sumerians and later refine by the Sumerians' Semitic successors
```
44
Homer
the earliest Greek literature is the poems of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey
we know nothing for certain about Homer's life
but his poems show wide knowledge of Aegean and Greece
must have lived just as the alphabet was introduced in Greece (would have been impossible to record it with any earlier writing- Linear B or Phoenician)
The Iliad: a long peom set in a period of several weeks during the tenth year of the Trojan war
The Odyssey: narrates the return of Odysseus to his home after an absence of 20 years
Homeric poems are mysterious-no one has explained their purpose
45
epic
a long narrative poem celebrating the deeds of Heroes
46
Hesiod
contemporary of Homer
tells us about himself a little
the Muses, inspirers of poetry, came to him in a vision while he was tending his flock and gave him the power of song
His works:
-Theogony: a description of the creation of the present world order, owes a great deal to Mesopotamian myths
tells how Zues overcame the earlier generation of monsters in battle and came into power
Works and Days: describes the bitter dispute between Hesoid and his brother over the desposition of their father's property, a theme which allos Hesoid to talk about the issues of right and wrong which he illustrates by telling stories like Pandora
47
Homeric Hymns
collection of poems
they were composed orally (like the poems of Homer and Hesoid) and were believed to be by Homer himself
the Homeric hymns are a literary elaboration of old religious tradition with a focus on mythic narrative, on the story about the god
performed in public spaces, at festivals including women and other social classes (myths performed for elite male audiences)
48
humanism
ethics and law together make up humanism which is a central value to Western civilization
the Greeks cultural prejudgment led to them creating ethics, a way to tell right from wrong without divine authority, and secular law where rules of behavior, and punishment depend on human invention and not divine revelation
49
choral song
new technique of composition in writing
memorized for public presentation by a group of twelve or more boy or girl dancers
(Greek chorus= dance)
50
tragedy
-word "tragoidia" means "goat song" because the goat was an animal associated with Dinoysus, at whose spring festival tragedies were staged, the name may be taken from the song sung during the sacrifice of a goat in the god's honor
composed in writing, the script of a tragic playw asn't meant ot be read, but to serve as a prompt of a live performance
the actors were always male, and never more than 3 in number
they wore masks with stereotypical features to distinguish their roles (ex: old man, young girl)
tragedy was a form of popular entertainment directed to the complex concern of the Athenian male citizens and their taste for propaganda, horror, violence, conflict between the sexes
tragedy allowed the audience to feel intense emotion that they could not in real life without terrible cost
they expanded one's experience as a human being
51
Aeschylus
the earliest tragedian whose works survive
loved song and elaborate descriptions especially of foreign lands, high-flown metaphorical language
used myth to explore grand moral issues like conflict between will and divine destiny
his characters tended to embody some principle
his play, Persians, about the events of his own time, is the only surviving tragedy that doesn't have a mythical theme
52
Sophocles
wrote plays
in his plays the characters were usually locked in bitter onflict
liked to show humans in conflict with superior, divine forces
his heroes were lonely and unbending- they learn to late how they should act
he is deeply influenced by folklore, especially by the theme of fulfillment of an oracle; all his plays have an orable or prophecy with an unexpected outcome
53
Euripides
was a poet
subjected traditional myths to scrutiny and criticism
characters are often deflated heroes, mere humans caught up a human squabble
his characters iten veer of into abnormal mental states
he showed man as they really are
most of his plays were abou tlong debates
was called an irrationalist because he liked to celebrate the power of emotion over reason
54
Apollonius of Rhodes
wrote an epic poem on Jason in the style of Homer
Apollonius of Rhodes, is best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece.
55
Library of Apollodorus
a straightforward account of mythical events from the creation of the world to the death of Odysseus
our best source of information abou tmany Greek myths, especially those told in the lost Cyclic poems
56
Vergil
the greatest Roman poet
told the story of Aeneas in his epic the Aeneid- this poem has our fullest description of the underworld and our most vivid account of the sack of Troy
the poem also preserves the legends of Dido, queen of Carthage and of Hercules (Heracles) battle against the monster Cacus
57
Ovid
poet
most important source about the period of the early Roman empire
was of good birth, famed for his inteligence
moved in the highest society
was implicated in a sexual scandal that touched the Emperor Augustus' own house so was exiled to the remote town of Tomis on the Black sea where he dies
wrote the Metamorphoses- the most influential repertory of Greek myth- important source for everyone
almost every story he told was a love story,
appealing to the refined, good-humored taste of the powerful but idle Roman elite
58
Metamorphoses
the mist important and influential repretory of Greek myth
a compilation of more than 200 stories united by the theme of the transformation of shapethe poem is ever-changing, begining with the transformation of chaos into cosmos and ending with the transformation of Julius Ceaser into a star
59
Cosmogony
a story that explains the origin of the world
60
theogony
a story that explans the origin of the god and their rise to power
61
Chaos
"chasm"
from Hesoid's cosmogony-creation stroy
came first in the world, a being of some kind that was not always there
a gaping
62
Gea
```
"earth"
from Hesoid's cosmogony
came after Chaos
is the personification of the earth beneath us, the solid sure foundation of the world
the foundation of all that is
```
63
Uranus
"sky"
from Hesoid's cosmogony
born asexually by Gea
hated his children and kept them hidden in Gea's womb until she and Cronus finally hatch a plan and Cronus cut's Uranu's gentials off and frees himself and his siblings
64
Eros
from Hesoid's cosmogony
also appread after Chaos
is "sexual love" or attraction
the source of motion that brings all sexual beings together to produce more offspring
is a being as well as the force that drives Hesoid's complex genealogies (line of descendents)
65
Titans
sprang from Earth
| were born through the union of Gea and Uranus (her son) and produced 6 male and 6 females
66
Cyclops
monstrous beings that sprang from the earth
Gaea bore them in addition to the Titans after her union with Uranuus
there were 3 cyclops
they were clever smiths of the god
they made the weapon of victory0 lightening
their names were Brontes "thunderer", Steropes "flasher" and Arges "brightner"
67
Hecatonchires
monstrous beings that sprang from the earth
68
Cronus
last BORN TITAN
fought with Uranus for power
Cronos and Rhea double for Uranus and Gaea from Hesoid
are the parents or grandparents of the 12 Olympians
Became first king of the world after overthrowing Eurainus
swallowed his children as soon they were born from his wife Rhea because he was told by his parents that he would fall victim to one of his children
was eventually forced by Zeus to vomit up the rest of his siblings
69
Oceanus
a titan
was the watery male Oceanus he and the female Tehtys gave birth to all the gods
the pair united to give birth to the six thousand Oceanids, spirits of the sea, river and springs
Oceanus is the river that encircles the world
all the waters tha emerge from wells, springs, fountains and rivers are also fed by the flow of Oceanus
70
Helius
the sun-god
| Homer portrays the journey of Helius iacross the sky in his chariot
71
Eros
the god of the dawn
very lascivious
had many love affairs
she loved Tithonus, a Trojan prince, she asked Zeus to grant him immortality, but forgot to ask that he never age, and so he grew very old She looked after him for a while, until she eventually locked him in his room and left
72
Phaethon
son of Helius and Clymene (an Oceanid)
his mother was married to the king of Ethiopia,but his father was actually Helius, the sun-god
Phaethon begged his mother for confirmation that his father was the sun god, and as proof, his mothr told him to go to Helius
Helius embraced him when he came to him, and gave him one wish, and Phaethon wished to drive his chariot
Helius warned him of the danger, but granted his wish. Phaethon lost control of the chariot while driving, nearly setting the world ablaze, resulting in Zeus blasting the boy from the car, and he ended up falling into the river
73
Tithonus
Eros (goddess of Dawn, loved Tithonus, a Trojan prince, she asked Zeus to grant him immortality, but forgot to ask that he never age, and so he grew very old She looked after him for a while, until she eventually locked him in his room and left
74
Erinyes
born from Uranius's blood when Cronus sliced his genitals
ferocious female spirits who hunt anyone who shed's kindred blood, driving them into maddness
they are especially malicious because kindred blood is one's own blood
75
Giants
also sprang from Uranu's blood when Cronus cut his genitals
beings of enromous strength and violence
fought against Zeus and the other Olympians
76
Sphinx
a descendent of Gaea and Pontus
Greks influenced the Egyptians, so the Egyptians symbolized the divine power of the Pharoh as a human headed lion, and in this form the Pharoh watched over Egypt in death as in life
the Greek's changed the Sphinx's sex from male to female, added wings and changed the meaning of the name to "Strangler" a deadly spirit who besieged the coty of Thebes
77
Cerberus
a fifty-headed (or 3 headed) hound who guarded the gates of Hades realm
78
Chimera
a she-goat
| a lion with a snake's tail and goat's head
79
Titanomachy
battle of the titans
occured after Zeus became kings of the gods, and him and his brothers and sisters were in Mount Olympus,
the titans resented his rule and banded together and attacked the Olympians in this battle
80
Atlas
either a Titan or a giant, was condemned by Zeus to live at the edge of the world where he held up the heavens, ensuring the continued seepration of Sky and Earth
81
Typhoeus
After Zeus and the Olympians defeated the titans, Gaea became resentful of Zeus's victory and became his greated enemy. She coupled with Tartarus and gave birth to the monstrous Typhoeus, also called Typhon
he attacked the Olympians, who ran to egypt and hid as various animals
Zeus and he fought, and he trapped Zeus in a cave guarded by a dragon. But Hermes slipped past Typhoeus and rescued Zues, who then defeated Typhoeus
82
Succession myth
each ruler had to be succeeded by another
said that Zeus too had to be succeded by someone else
to forestall this, Zues married cleverness herself, the Oceanid Metis and to establish his rule forever,, he swallowed her as the child she would carry after the current one (Athena) would overthrow him. This way, that child was never born= he has therefore thwarted the prophecy
83
Gigantomachy
the giants, concieved of Uranus's blood, urged on by Gaea, attacked Olympus
Heracles joined Zeus in this battle and helped defeat the giants
after that Zeus, Hades and Poseidon divided the world ampngst themselves. Zeus took heaven, Poseidon the Sea and Hades the dark underworld
84
Tiamat
from the Mesopotamian creation myth myth of creation
| Apsu male freshwater and female Tiamat, saltwater mingled together and created everything
85
Anu
same as Sumerian An= sky
| -mesopotamian creation myth
86
Ea
```
same as Sumerian Enki
Mesopotamiain creation myth
knows everything, is skillful, wise
cast a spell over Apsu (who wanted to destroy his offspring) and Mummu, sending them into a deep sleep
then killled Apsu, and improsoned Mummu
```
87
Marduk
son of Ea (killed Apsu and saved his siblings- the gods, in Mesopotamian creation myth) and his wife
fought Tiamat (who like Gaea in the Greek story) attacked Ea
he imprisoned Kingu (Tiamat's lover) and caught his army of monsters and tool control of the tablet of destiny
he then built a temple on Kingu's corpse anf made the constellations, set up the calender and put the North Star in its place, and brought forth the sun and the moon
returned home and divivded the gods into those who lived in the sky and those who live beneath the earth. the grateful gods then built the ziggurat of Babylon
they also held a banquet and called Madurak the lord of the universe
88
Prometheus
the titan who took Zeus's side during the battle of the Titans
as known for being cleevr an inventor of many things
created human beings by mixing earth and water
also protector of mortals
angered Zues, who then took fire away from mortal, but Prometheus stole it anf gave it back
but Zeus punished him by binding him to a pillar,and every day an eagle would eat his liver which ould grow back everyday
he could never ide, so he suffered for us- Jesus too was crucified and suffered otside the city
Heracles killed the devoring eagle and freed him
89
Pandora
Zeus pnished man by imposing women on them- they are the greates affliction of all
explains the origin of women and suffering in the world.
kust like prometheous offered Zues something that looked good on the outside, Zeus then offered the same to man
When Pandora opened the jar, the world then had misery, labor and diesease
Pandor's descendents are women, who contribute nothing to the production of food yet consume vast quanitities of it
90
Deucalion
Prometheus' son
he and his wife:Pyrrha (daughter of Pandora and Epimetheus) survived the destruction of the human race by Zeus
their son: Hellen
91
Pyrrha
Deucalion's (Prometheus' son) wife
survives the destruction of the human race by Zeus with her husband
daughter of Pandora and Ephimetheus
her and Deucalion's son: Hellen
92
Hellen
son fo Deuclion and Pyrrha
had 3 sons: Dorus, Aeolis, Xuthus
Dorus and Aeolus were rhe founders of the Dorians and the Aeolians, peoples who spole 2 of their principal Greek dialects
Xuthus was father to the Ion from whom descended the Ionians. the 3rd principal group of greeks
-These figures are eponymous ancestors of the Greeks as a while and of the 3 ethnic divisions among the Greeks
93
Eponym
Eponymous means "giving one's name to something" a place, people, city and an eponym is the person whose name is so given
94
Zeus
head of the Olympians
can give into flattery, charm, bribery etc
greatest god
incredible strength which he used against the TItans, Typhoeus and the Giants
95
Aegis
emblam of Zeus
"Goat-skin"
magical object that inspired terror in all who beheld it
symbolized the storm cloud of the weather-god
96
xenia
Zeus protected this custom above everything
"a formal institute of friendship"
enabled Greeks to travel the land safely to where other Greeks lived
a relationship was established when you recieved a wanderer into your household, entrtained him
should you oneday travel to his home, you were expected a similar reception
you violated xenia, if you: killed or robbed host or vice versa
example: Paris seduced Helen, wife of his host Menelaus, a violation of xenia, which led to the Trojan war, and also which ensured Zeus's approval of the destruction of Troy
97
Moerae
fates
children of the night, representing dark and implacable destiny
establish the allotment that each mortal receives in life
98
Graces
born from Zeus's union with Eurynome
3 in number
personify feminine qualities that make young women attractive to men, often portrayed in the company of Aphrodite
99
Hera
goddess of marriage and women's fertility
Zeus's wife
cow was her special animals
children with Zeus: Ares, Eileuthya and Hebe
hera vidictively persecutes Zeus's many misstresses and illegitimate children
100
Poseidon
ruled the sea, lacked Zeus's good will toward humans
dangerous, unpredictable, lived in the bottom of the sea
responsible for teh sorrows of seamen
associated with horses
101
anthropomorphism
giving human characteristics to gods
| ex: Greeks portrayed their gods in the shape of men, women who act like humans, live in families, marry, dine etc
102
nymphs
"young women"- married women not yet given birth
in myth they are lovey being that inhabit wild places or who accompany gods and goddesses
favorite subjects of poetry or love
103
Hermes
protector if travellors, protects theieves. he is also a psychopompos- "sould guide, he leads dead into the House of hades
also slayed the hundred-eyed monster, and so is known as Argeiphontes
104
Herm
a pillar with a human head, usuaklly bearded, and an erect phalus
used to warn off intruders
105
caduceus
a staff with 2 intertwined snakes copulating
106
psychopompos
sould guide, Hermes leads the dead into the House of Hades
107
Argeiphontes
slyer of Arges
| Hermes- he slayed the hundred-eyed monster sent by Hera to kill one of Zeus's mistresses
108
Maia
mother of Hermers (Zues was father)
| was a nymph
109
Cyllene
land of sheep, where Hermes was born
110
Pan
```
part-human part goat
has the power to make a sheperd's flock fat
son of Hermes
very lustful and lecherous
did not live on Mount Olympus
```
111
Hephaestus
god of smiths
was one of the chief promoters of civilization and city life
son of Zeus and Hera
112
Ares
other osn of Zues and Hera
embodiment of war and batle
under his influence, a warrior is merciless, fearless
had an adulterous affair with Aphrodite long enough to father 4 children
113
Lemnos
Island in the Aegean Sea
| probs where Hephaestus's originated
114
Hestia
eldest child of Cronos and Rhea
goddess of the hearth
and goddess of the internal space of a home because it was a woman's job to tend the domestic fire
115
Aphrodite
emboiies power of sexual attraction
constant companion is Eros (cupid) her child by Ares
her ogirin isn't greek, and could come from the Eastern Goddess of fertility known as Ishtar/ Inanna
the goddess came to Greece fro Cyprus
116
Cypris or Cytherea
the origin f Aphrodtie was this Island whci was a frequent point of transmission o fEastern culture to the West
117
Hermaphroditus
product of Aphrodite's affair with Hermes
a boy of remarkable beauty
a nymph, Salmacis, fell in love with him, but he ran away when she urged they sleep together
later while he was bathing, she jumped on him and clung tightly, praying that they never be seperated
they were fused into one being, with a woman's breasts and a man's genitals
118
Priapus
another child of Aphrodite with either Dionysus or Herms
was a garden-deity and fertility fetish with an enormous phallus, who warded off the evil eye (as did the phallus of the herm)
119
Pygmalion
king of Cyprus, who had become disgusted witht the immoral behavior of theCypriote women (temple prostitution)
he started by living a celibate life, and carved a woman out of ivory-pure, beautiful, and she came to life(because of Aphrodite)
120
Cinyras
grandson of Paphos and Pygmalion
hi wife boasted that her daughter Myrrha was more beautiful than Aphrodite
Aphrodite punished Myrrha's arrogant claim by causing her to fall in love with her own father Cinyras, and tricking them into sleeping together
he then drove her out with his sword after finding out the truth, and killed himself in shame
121
Anchises
Aphrodite fell in love with a mortal Anchises, a prince related to the Trojan royal house
it was shamefull for goddesses to consort with mortal men (not for gods), and so Anchises as not supposed to tell anyone of their affair
he does however, and Zeus strickes him with a thunderbolt and unmaned him
122
Artemis
```
misstress of the ankimals
also called `Potnia Theron
protectres of the young, animal and human
virgin-goddess
deadly huntress
```
123
Potnia Theron
Artemis
| mistress of animals
124
Niobe
boasted of her superiority to Leto as she had 6 sons an 6 daughters, whereas Let only had 2 children
Artemis and Apollo shoot down her children
125
Orion
son of Poseidon, hunter, devoted to Artemis
courted the daughter of Oneopion, a king of the island of Chios
impatient with the king's reluctance to give up his daughter, he rapes her.
in revenge the king blinds him, but he travels to the eastern horizon, where the blaing sun cures his blindness.
he then starts an affair with Eos, the dawn-goddess
Because of his affair or because he attempts ot rape Artemis herself, Artemis places a scorpion on his head and kills him
126
Actaeon
fell victim to Artmeis for his sexual transgression
while hunting, he accidently saw Artemis bathing naked. Artemis, in anger turns him into a deer his dogs are hunting, and his hounds end up attacking him
127
Athena
her emblam (symbol) is the owl
protectress of all cities and of crafts
especially protects womens crafts such as weaving, and male craft of carpentry
bron from Zeus's head, not woman's womb, is a virign
faithful servant of her father and protectress of male heroesrepresents reason, and teaches strategy an disciplined tactics
128
Arachne
a young owman who boasted her skills of weaving were equal to Athena
each of them weave to demonstrate their skills and Athena wins and turns her into a spider
129
Rhea
Zeus;s mother
130
thetis
mother of Achilles
| could change he shape at will
131
Ganymede
Zeus was also a lover of boys
he fell in love with Ganymede, a prince of the trojan royal house
Zeus seized him while he was tending to his flocks and sent an eagle to carry him to Olympus
there Ganymede remained as a cupbearer to the gods
132
Hades
didn't live on Olympus
often called Pluto
never allowed anyone who came near him to return to the living- pitiless
married to Persephone
had a magical helmet that made him invisible
133
Apollo
protected shephers from wolves
sometimes called the sun-god
also called Lycian "wolf-like"
134
Delos
Titaness Leto gave birth here and Ortygia when Hera said no land that sees the light of day could recieve her or her children- since she was Zeus's mistress
but since they were sometimes bobbing beneath the surface, they didn't count
Apollo was born on Delos, Artemis on Ortygia
135
Pythia
the prophetess at Delphi was called the Pythia
she had no special training
functioned as a shaman whose body serves as an instrument for communication with the spirits
136
Cassandra
Apollo lusted after her, so she demanded a prophet's powers which he granted her. She however refused to sleep with him, and so he added a condition to her power that made it impossible for anyone to believe her when she told them her prophecies
she was butchered by Clymenestra when Agamemnon carried her off from Troy as booty
137
Sibyl at Cumae
he gave her as many years of life as grains of sand could fit in her hands, and she too accepted his gift, but refused to sleep with him, so Apollor failed to add to his gift the gift of outh so she grew extremely old
138
Daphne
a nymph whom Apollo loved
she rejected him but he persued her into the mountain
to escape she prayed to her father (river-god Peneus) who turned her into a laurel tree
139
Asclepius
son of Apollo, conceived ny a mortal woman Coronis
140
Coronis
Carried Asclepius, Apollo's child, but while pregnant with him, slept with a mortal which was witnessed by a cow who tol Apollo, who killed her
