Exam 1

Question 1

You are treating a patient with organophosphate poisoning that resulted in increased parasympathetic stimulation. You expect his pupils to be ______ (constricted/dilated).

Answer 1

Constricted

Question 2

A patient presents with a large pituitary tumor that is pressing against the optic chiasm. Which visual fields do you expect to be affected?

Answer 2

Right temporal, left temporal

Question 3

You are examining a patient’s EOMs. You move your finger laterally from the midline to the patient’s left. The right eye tracks normally, but the left eye remains fixed at midline. Which muscle and nerve are affected?

Answer 3

Left lateral rectus, CN VI

Question 4

You are caring for an intubated/mechanically ventilated patient. Name three functions of the nose that your equipment and ventilator parameters might need to compensate for.

Answer 4

Warm inspired air
Clean inspired air
Humidify air

Question 5

A patient experiences localized damage to nasal mucosa inferior to the inferior turbinate. Do you expect her sense of smell to be altered?

Answer 5

No, the olfactory region of the nose is in the upper third.

Question 6

A patient with type A blood has ______ antigens and ______ antibodies.

Answer 6

A, anti-B

Question 7

The universal blood donor is type ______.

Answer 7

O

Question 8

If you required a blood transfusion, but could not be typed beforehand, you would hope to have which blood type?

Answer 8

AB

Question 9

Maternal/fetal transmission of antibodies results in ______ (passive/active) immunity for the baby.

Answer 9

Passive

Question 10

A stressed-out PA student has a good cry after a pharmacology quiz. Some of the tears drain into the nose via the ______ duct that empties behind the ______ turbinate.

Answer 10

Nasolacrimal, inferior

Question 11

______ are color-sensitive and concentrated near the fovea.

Answer 11

Cones

Question 12

You are treating a trauma patient who is experiencing acute inflammation. What are the five cardinal signs that you expect to see?

Answer 12

Pain, redness, swelling, heat, loss of function

Question 13

Systemic effects of inflammation are much more common in ______ (acute/chronic) inflammation.

Answer 13

Acute

Question 14

Edema is caused by ______ (increased/decreased) vascular permeability.

Answer 14

Increased

Question 15

Generally, capillaries near the site of an injury ______ (constrict/dilate) in response to mediators including histamine and ______.

Answer 15

dilate, nitric oxide

Question 16

In acute inflammation, leukocytes move from the vascular space into the tissue via ______. Within the tissue, these cells move via ______.

Answer 16

diapedesis, chemotaxis

Question 17

The predominant phagocyte in early inflmmation is the ______.

Answer 17

Neutrophil

Question 18

Objects in the lateral visual field are perceived by the ipsilateral ______ (lateral/medial) retina and contralateral ______ (lateral/medial) retina. On the ipsilateral side, these signals ______ (do/don’t) cross over at the chiasm. On the contralateral side, these signals ______ (do/don’t) cross over at the chiasm.

Answer 18

medial, lateral, do, don’t

Question 19

In low light conditions, ______ (rods/cones) are the dominant photoreceptors.

Answer 19

Rods

Question 20

A non-diabetic patient presents with chronic hypoglycemia. To assess her body’s insulin production, what should you measure?

Answer 20

C protein (or peptide)

Question 21

Insulin ______ (promotes/inhibits) glycogenesis.

Answer 21

promotes

Question 22

You are treating a patient who has islet cell antibodies. With which disease is this finding most consistent?

Answer 22

Type I DM

Question 23

Serum hyperglycemia can lead to protein glycosloation. Which complication of DM does this cause?

Answer 23

vascular damage

Question 24

A 13 year-old non-obese patient presents with a 3 week history of polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. His condition is likely due to insulin ______ (insensitivity/deficiency).

Answer 24

Deficiency

Question 25

A patient in DKA presents with a respiratory rate of 38 breaths per minute and a tidal volume (amount of air inhaled per breath) of 600 ml. The patient is sedated, intubated, and placed on mechanical ventilation with the rate set at 12 breaths per minute and tidal volume at 450 ml. Do you expect the patient’s acidosis to improve or get worse?

Answer 25

Get worse…much, much worse

Question 26

A patient presents with tachycardia and hypertension as a result of thyroid disease. You expect the T4 to be ____ (high/low).

Answer 26

High

Question 27

A patient with an iodine-deficient diet presents with a goiter. Which thyroid disorder do you suspect?

Answer 27

Hypothyroidism

Question 28

Anti-TPO antibodies are present in which disease?

Answer 28

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 29

You are treating a trauma patient who is in hypovolemic shock. Normally, you would expect the patient to be tachycardic (a compensatory mechanism), but this patient has a normal heart rate. Which endocrine disorder might you suspect?

Answer 29

Adrenal insufficiency

Question 30

Which blood test measures glycosylated hemoglobin?

Answer 30

Hb A1C

Question 31

A patient presents with lethargy, muscle weakness, and nausea/vomiting. There is a positive Chvostek’s sign. Which hormone could cause these findings, and is it hyper or hypo?

Answer 31

hyperparathyroid

Question 32

You are considering administering tPA (a drug that dissolves blood clots that cause strokes but has significant potential for complications) to a patient. Her neurological examination is remarkable for right-sided facial droop. The right side of the brow is also drooping. Based on this finding, are you more or less likely to give tPA? Why?

Answer 32

Less likely, these symptoms are consistent with Bell’s Palsy

Question 33

The facial nerve and the ______ nerve both pass through the ______ ______ meatus.

Answer 33

vestibulocochlear, internal auditory

Question 34

You ask your patient to look down and to the left. Which two cranial nerves might you be assessing?

Answer 34

III and IV

Question 35

Neutrophils move along the inner lining of blood vessels. This is called ______.

Answer 35

Margination