Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What nerve’s branches control motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?
A
Facial Nerve (C.N. VII)
2
Q
What nerve, when compressed, will lead to Bell’s palsy?
A
Facial nerve (C.N. VII)
3
Q
What nerve’s branches control sensory innervation to the face?
A
Trigeminal nerve (C.N. V)
4
Q
What are the 3 major branches of the trigeminal nerve?
A
Ophthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), and Mandibular (V3)
5
Q
What major branch of the trigeminal nerve distributes primarily to the face and scalp?
A
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
6
Q
What major branch of the trigeminal nerve is considered V1?
A
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
7
Q
What major branch of the trigeminal nerve distributes primarily to the cheek and the area lateral to the orbit?
A
Maxillary nerve (V2)
8
Q
What major branch of the trigeminal nerve is considered V2?
A
Maxillary nerve (V2)
9
Q
What major branch of the trigeminal nerve distributes primarily to the chin and temporal region?
A
Mandibular nerve (V3)
10
Q
What major branch of the trigeminal nerve is considered V3?
A
Mandibular nerve (V3)
11
Q
What are the 5 branches of the ophthalmic nerve?
A
Supraorbital nerve, Supratrochlear nerve, External Nasal nerve, Infratrochlear nerve, and Lacrimal nerve
12
Q
What is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve?
A
Supraorbital nerve
13
Q
What is the smallest branch of the ophthalmic nerve?
A
Lacrimal nerve
14
Q
What branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the area between the eyes and nose?
A
Infratrochlear nerve
15
Q
What are the 3 branches of the maxillary nerve?
A
Zygomaticotemporal nerve, Zygomaticofacial nerve, and Infraorbital nerve
16
Q
What branch of the maxillary nerve is relatively small?
A
Zygomaticofacial nerve
17
Q
What branch of the maxillary nerve is giant?
A
Infraorbital nerve
18
Q
What branch of the maxillary nerve supplies the entire area over the cheek bone?
A
Infraorbital nerve
19
Q
What branch of the maxillary nerve is the most frequently injured nerve with blows to the face?
A
Infraorbital nerve
20
Q
Is the bone around the infraorbital nerve thick?
A
No
21
Q
Is the bone around the infraorbital nerve thin?
A
Yes
22
Q
What are the 3 branches of the mandibular nerve?
A
Auriculotemporal nerve, Buccal nerve, and Mental nerve
23
Q
What is the largest branch of the mandibular nerve?
A
Auriculotemporal nerve
24
Q
What branch of the mandibular nerve supplies the cheek?
A
Buccal nerve
25
What branch of the mandibular nerve supplies the chin?
Mental nerve
26
What condition is characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain occurring in an area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve?
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
27
What does Tic Douloureux mean?
Unhappy Tic
28
What can trigger trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)?
Often due to touch (could be from shaving or cold wind as well)
29
What branch of the trigeminal nerve does trigeminal neuralgia most commonly occur to?
Maxillary Division
30
What branch of the trigeminal nerve does trigeminal neuralgia second most commonly occur to?
Mandibular Division
31
What branch of the trigeminal nerve does trigeminal neuralgia least commonly occur to?
Ophthalmic Division
32
What is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)?
Cause is unknown
33
What cord level does the spinal trigeminal nucleus extend down to?
C4
34
What nucleus is involved with pain reception of the face?
Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
35
What is the sensory innervation of the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp from?
Posterior (Dorsal) Primary Rami of cervical nerves 2 to 4
36
What is the sensory innervation to the occipital region?
Greater Occipital nerve (Posterior Primary Ramus of C2)
37
Which nerve is the posterior primary ramus of C2 synonymous with?
Greater Occipital nerve
38
What is the sensory innervation to the upper part of the back of the neck?
Third Occipital nerve (Posterior Primary Ramus of C3)
39
Which nerve is the posterior primary ramus of C3 synonymous with?
Third Occipital nerve
40
What is the sensory innervation to the lower part of the back of the neck?
posterior primary ramus of C4
41
Does C1 have posterior root carrying sensory fibers?
no, it is strictly a motor nerve
42
Which spinal nerve is strictly a motor nerve?
C1
43
What is the sensory innervation of the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck from?
anterior (ventral) primary rami of cervical nerves 2 to 4
44
What plexus is formed by the anterior primary rami of C1, C2, C3, and C4?
Cervical Plexus
45
What is the cervical plexus formed by?
anterior primary rami of C1, C2, C3, and C4
46
What spinal nerves supply sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb (via brachial plexus)?
C5, C6, C7, and C8
47
What are the 4 sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
lesser occipital nerve (C2), great auricular nerve (C2 & C3), transverse cervical nerve (C2 & C3), and supraclavicular nerve (C3 & C4)
48
Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?
lesser occipital nerve (C2)
49
What is the segmental innervation of the lesser occipital nerve?
C2
50
Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear?
great auricular nerve (C2 & C3)
51
Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus accompanies the external jugular vein?
great auricular nerve (C2 & C3)
52
What is the segmental innervation of the great auricular nerve?
C2 and C3
53
Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)?
transverse cervical nerve (C2 & C3)
54
What is the segmental innervation of the transverse cervical nerve?
C2 and C3
55
Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the lateral surface of the neck?
supraclavicular nerve (C3 & C4)
56
What is the segmental innervation of the supraclavicular nerve?
C3 and C4
57
Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus has 3 subdivisions?
supraclavicular nerve
58
What are the 3 branches of the supraclavicular nerve (C3, C4)?
medial supraclavicular nerve, intermediate supraclavicular nerve, and lateral supraclavicular nerve
59
Where does the cervical plexus carry motor fibers to?
infrahyoid (strap) muscles used for swallowing and breathing
60
What muscles, supplied by the cervical plexus, are used for swallowing and breathing?
infrahyoid (strap) muscles
61
What is the loop from which the cervical plexus' motor fibers arise?
ansa cervicalis
62
What are the 2 parts of the ansa cervicalis?
superior root (primarily from C1) and inferior root (from C2 and C3)
63
Which portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve to join the inferior root?
superior root
64
What is the segmental innervation of the ansa cervicalis' superior root?
primarily C1; or C1 and C2
65
Which portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from cervical nerve branches to join the superior root?
inferior root
66
What is the segmental innervation of the ansa cervicalis' inferior root?
C2 and C3
67
Which 3 of the 4 infrahyoid muscles receives its innervation from the ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)?
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid
68
Which infrahyoid muscle receives its innervation exclusively from C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve?
thyrohyoid
69
Is the phrenic nerve usually considered to be part of the cervical plexus?
yes
70
What is the phrenic nerve's segmental innervation?
C3, C4, and C5 (C3, 4, and 5 keeps the diaphragm alive)
71
What nerve is the motor supply to the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
72
What nerve is the sensory supply to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen?
phrenic nerve
73
What nerve can be found in the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle?
phrenic nerve
74
What nerve runs vertically down the anterior scalene muscle and into the thorax?
phrenic nerve
75
What are the 3 superficial muscles of the neck?
platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius
76
What does platysma mean?
plate or flat
77
What is the origin of the platysma?
superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
78
What is the insertion of the platysma?
lower border of the mandible and the angle of the mouth
79
What is the nerve supply to the platysma?
cervical branch of facial nerve (C.N. VII)
80
What is the function of the platysma?
depresses the mandible and draws down the corner of the mouth
81
What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
sternal head from the front of the manubrium, clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle
82
What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
lateral surface of mastoid process, lateral half of the superior nuchal line
83
What is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid?
accessory nerve (C.N. XI)
84
What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?
chief flexor of the head
85
What condition is a pathological contraction of the sternocleidomastoid?
torticollis
86
In the condition torticollis, is the head tilted toward the affected side?
yes
87
In the condition torticollis, is the head tilted away from the affected side?
no
88
In the condition torticollis is the face turned toward the affected side?
no
89
In the condition torticollis is the face turned away from the affected side?
yes
90
What are the 3 types of torticollis?
congenital torticollis, muscular torticollis, and spasmodic torticollis
91
Which type of torticollis results from a fibrous tissue tumor which develops at or shortly before birth?
congenital torticollis
92
Which type of torticollis is due to birth injury?
muscular torticollis
93
Which type of torticollis occurs in adults and is due to abnormal tonicity?
spasmodic torticollis
94
Which type of torticollis often responds well to chiropractic care?
spasmodic torticollis
95
What is the origin of the trapezius?
external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of the 7th cervical and all thoracic vertebrae
96
What is the insertion of the trapezius?
the lateral 3rd of the clavicle, spine of the scapula, and the acromion process
97
What is the nerve supply to the trapezius?
accessory nerve (C.N. XI) and C3 and C4 from the cervical plexus
98
What is the function of the trapezius?
the upper portion elevates, the middle portion retracts, and the lower portion depresses the scapula (also involved with scapulohumeral rhythm)
99
Which vein drains the face and scalp, and also contains a large amount of cerebral blood?
external jugular vein
100
What vein is formed immediately below the parotid gland?
external jugular vein
101
What vein is formed by the union of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein?
external jugular vein
102
What vein runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the sternocleidomastoid, and empties into the subclavian vein?
external jugular vein
103
What vein is the only vein superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?
external jugular vein
104
What are the 6 tributaries of the external jugular vein?
retromandibular vein, posterior auricular vein, posterior external jugular vein, anterior jugular vein, transverse cervical vein, and suprascapular vein
105
What vein forms an arch at the jugular notch?
anterior jugular vein
106
When venous pressure is normal, is the external jugular vein visible?
no, maybe barely
107
What 2 conditions can cause the external jugular vein to become very prominent throughout its length?
congestive heart failure and obstruction of the superior vena cava
108
What types of people can develop prominent external jugular veins, and why?
opera singers and bagpipe players due to increased intrathoracic pressure during singing or playing
109
What structure is found along the external jugular vein, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?
superficial cervical lymph node
110
What triangle of the neck lies in front of the sternocleidomastoid?
anterior triangle
111
What triangle of the neck lies behind the sternocleidomastoid?
posterior triangle
112
What are the 3 boundaries (anterior, posterior, and inferior) of the posterior triangle?
anterior boundary is the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid; posterior boundary is the anterior border of trapezius; inferior boundary is the superior border of the middle third of the clavicle
113
Are the important visceral structures of the neck found in the anterior triangle?
yes
114
Are the important visceral structures of the neck found in the posterior triangle?
no
115
What are the 3 boundaries (superior, anterior, and posterior) of the anterior triangle?
superior boundary is the inferior border of the mandible, anterior boundary is the anterior midline, and posterior boundary is the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
116
What is the apex of the anterior triangle?
inferior at the jugular notch
117
What is the roof of the anterior triangle formed by?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, the superficial cervical fascia, and the platysma
118
What are the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle?
submental triangle, submandibular (diagastric) triangle, carotid triangle, and muscular triangle
119
What triangle is the only one of the anterior subdivisions which is unpaired?
submental triangle
120
What are the 3 boundaries of the submental triangle?
left and right anterior bellies of diagastric, and the body of the hyoid bone
121
What makes up the floor of the submental triangle?
mylohyoid muscle
122
What are the 2 contents of the submental triangle?
minor veins and lymph nodes (submental lymph nodes)
123
What are the 3 boundaries of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
the inferior border of the mandible, the anterior belly of digastric, and the posterior belly of digastric
124
What 2 muscles make up the floor of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
mylohyoid and hyoglossus
125
What are the 6 contents of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?
submandibular gland (one of the 3 major salivary glands along with the parotid and sublingual), the internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX), and the vagus nerve (C.N. X)
126
Which triangle should elicit caution when palpating or adjusting?
submandibular triangle
127
What are the 3 boundaries of the carotid triangle?
posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
128
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
parts of the common and internal carotid arteries, the external carotid artery and 3 of its branches: the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery; also contained within the carotid triangle are the corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein: superior thyroid vein, lingual vein, and facial vein
129
What are the 3 boundaries of the muscular triangle?
superior belly of omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck, and the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
130
What makes up the floor of the muscular triangle?
posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
131
What are the 5 contents of the muscular triangle?
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus
132
What bone is located between the mandible and larynx, and serves as a point of attachment for many muscles?
hyoid bone
133
Does the hyoid bone articulate with any other bones?
no
134
What bone is often broken in strangulation?
hyoid bone
135
What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?
body, greater horn, and lesser horn
136
What part of the hyoid bone is the attachment point for the stylohyoid ligament?
lesser horn of the hyoid bone
137
What are 4 ribbon-like muscles which attach to the hyoid bone?
infrahyoid muscles
138
What muscles function primarily to move the hyoid bone and larynx?
infrahyoid muscles
139
What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid
140
What 2 muscles make up the superficial layer of infrahyoid muscles?
omohyoid and sternohyoid
141
What 2 muscles make up the deep layer of infrahyoid muscles?
sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
142
What is the fibrous sling attached to the clavicle around its intermediate tendon?
omohyoid
143
What is the origin of the omohyoid?
inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of the scapula; it ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle; the superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon
144
What is the insertion of the omohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
145
What is the nerve supply to the omohyoid?
ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)
146
What is the function of the omohyoid?
depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
147
What is the origin of the sternohyoid?
posterior surface of the manubrium, and the medial end of the clavicle
148
What is the insertion of the sternohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
149
What is the nerve supply to the sternohyoid?
ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)
150
What is the function of the sternohyoid?
depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
151
What is a fan-shaped muscle, deep to the sternohyoid?
sternothyroid
152
What is the origin of the sternothyroid?
posterior surface of the manubrium, inferior to the origin of the sternohyoid
153
What is the insertion of the sternothyroid?
the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
154
What is the nerve supply to the sternothyroid?
ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)
155
What is the function of the sternothyroid?
depresses the larynx
156
What muscle is a continuation of sternothyroid?
thyrohyoid
157
What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?
the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
158
What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
159
What is the nerve supply to the thyrohyoid?
C1 through hypoglossal nerve
160
What is the function of the thyrohyoid?
depresses the hyoid bone
161
What are the 4 functions of all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx?
swallowing, breathing, speech, and if hyoid is fixed, digastric depresses the mandible
162
What is a dense, sheet-like layer of connective tissue?
fascia
163
What surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck?
cervical fascia
164
What are the 2 layers of cervical fascia?
superficial cervical fascia and deep cervical fascia
165
What is a thin layer of connective tissue which encloses the platysma muscle and contains the cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and lymph nodes?
superficial cervical fascia
166
What are the lymph nodes contained within the superficial cervical fascia?
superficial cervical lymph nodes
167
What are the 4 subdivisions of the deep cervical fascia?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, pretracheal fascia, prevertebral fascia, and carotid sheath
168
What deep cervical fascia layer lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
169
What deep cervical fascia layer encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus?
pretracheal fascia
170
What deep cervical fascia layer encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back?
prevertebral fascia
171
What deep cervical fascia layer does the sympathetic trunk run through?
prevertebral fascia
172
What deep cervical fascia layer is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck?
carotid sheath
173
What 5 structures does the deep cervical fascia, carotid sheath, contain?
common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes
174
What is the largest vein of the neck?
internal jugular vein
175
What artery exits the carotid sheath before giving off its branches in the neck?
external carotid artery
176
What's function is to provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movement of the head and neck, and swallowing?
fascial layers of the neck
177
What is the chiropractic significance of the fascial layers of the neck?
adhesions can cause neck pain and may be treated with myofascial release
178
What are the 2 clinical significances of the fascial layers of the neck?
they may serve as a channel for infection, for example the pretracheal fascia may allow an infection to spread from the head and neck to the mediastinum directly, and cancer involving the deep cervical lymph nodes can compress the internal jugular
179
What deep cervical fascia may allow an infection spread from the head and neck to the mediastinum directly?
pretracheal fascia
180
What is the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax?
superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
181
What are the 3 boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
1st thoracic vertebra, 1st ribs and their cartilages, and manubrium of sternum
182
What shape is the superior thoracic aperture?
kidney shaped
183
What arteries pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, and internal thoracic artery
184
What vein passes through the superior thoracic aperture?
brachiocephalic vein
185
What 4 nerves pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and sympathetic trunk
186
What 5 viscera structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura (membrane that covers the lung), apex of the lung, and thymus
187
What is the membrane that covers the lung located in the superior thoracic aperture?
cervical pleura
188
What passes through the superior thoracic aperture immediately posterior to the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
cervical pleura and apex of lung
189
What could a broken 1st rib or penetrating wound of the neck result in?
atelectasis or "lung collapse"
190
What part of the immune system produces T-lymphocytes?
thymus
191
What happens to T-cells in the thymus throughout life, and what does this result in?
T-cells mature in the thymus throughout life, and as the thymus involutes (shrinks up and become fatty) gradually after puberty the result is reduced immune function in the elderly
192
What is usually composed of 2 irregular lobes, and lies primarily behind the manubrium and body of the sternum?
thymus
193
What commonly exhibits extensions into the neck around the front and sides of the trachea?
thymus
194
How is the thymus positioned compared to the thyroid gland?
thymus lies inferiorly to the thyroid gland
195
What 2 muscles lie anterior to the thymus and thyroid gland?
sternohyoid and sternothyroid
196
What is the blood supply to the thymus?
internal thoracic artery
197
What is the nerve supply to the thymus?
stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus
198
What is an endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin?
thyroid gland
199
What spinal level is the thyroid gland at?
CV5 - TV1
200
What is the general shape of the thyroid gland?
H-shaped or U-shaped
201
What are the 3 parts of the thyroid gland?
left lobe of the thyroid gland, right lobe of the thyroid gland, and isthmus (connects right lobe to left lobe) of the thyroid gland
202
What percentage of thyroid glands have a pyramidal lobe, which extends upward from the isthmus as a finger of glandular tissue?
50%
203
What common variation found associated with the thyroid gland connects the isthmus of the thyroid gland with the hyoid bone?
levator glandulae thyroideae muscle
204
What 2 arteries provide the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
superior thyroid artery (from the external carotid artery) and inferior thyroid artery (from the thyrocervical trunk)
205
What artery is an inconstant branch to the thyroid gland, from the brachiocephalic trunk?
thyroid ima artery
206
What percentage of individuals have a thyroid ima artery?
10%
207
What is the clinical signifcance of the thyroid ima artery?
may be damaged in a tracheotomy
208
What 3 veins drain the blood from the thyroid gland?
superior thyroid vein (to the internal jugular vein) middle thyroid vein (to the internal jugular vein), and inferior thyroid vein (to the brachiocephalic vein)
209
What is the nerve supply to the thyroid gland?
superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
210
What is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces swelling in the anterior neck?
goiter
211
What type of goiter is due to dietary deficiency of iodine (necessary to produce thyroxine)?
endemic goiter
212
In what type of goiter does the thyroid gland enlarge to increase output because the hormone is largely inactive?
endemic goiter
213
What type of goiter has symptoms of hypothyroidism?
endemic goiter
214
What type of goiter is due to autoimmune disease?
exophthalmic goiter (Grave's disease)
215
In what type of goiter do thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor sites causing overactivity of the gland?
exophthalmic goiter (Grave's disease)
216
In what type of goiter is hormone active?
exophthalmic goiter (Grave's disease)
217
What type of goiter has symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
exophthalmic goiter (Grave's disease)
218
What type of goiter is also known as Grave's disease?
exophthalmic goiter
219
What nerve branches off of the vagus within the thorax, and then travels up into the neck to supply motor innervation to all but 1 of the laryngeal muscles?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
220
What nerve, within the neck, lies first on the posterior surface of the thyroid lobe and then deep to the lobe?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
221
What are glands which are involved in calcium homeostasis?
parathyroid glands
222
Are the parathyroid glands essential to life?
yes
223
What are small ovoid bodies located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?
parathyroid gland
224
How many parathyroid glands are there usually, and what are the other variations?
4, though the number varies from 2 to 6
225
What are the 2 arteries that provide blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
inferior thyroid artery and superior thyroid artery
226
What is the nerve supply to the parathyroid glands?
inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
227
What are 3 factors contributing to the difficulty of thyroid surgery?
presence of parathyroid gland, vascularity, and presence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
228
What spinal level does the trachea begin at?
CV6
229
Within the thorax, what does the trachea split into?
left and right main bronchi
230
What is the anatomical name for the "windpipe?"
trachea
231
What supports the trachea's walls?
a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings which are open posteriorly
232
Which direction are the trachea's cartilaginous rings open?
posteriorly
233
What muscle spans the posterior gap of the trachea's incomplete cartilaginous rings?
trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
234
What type of muscle is the trachealis muscle?
smooth muscle
235
What artery provides blood supply to the trachea?
inferior thyroid artery
236
What is the nerve supply to the trachea?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
237
What does the opening of the trachea allow?
expansion of esophagus during swallowing
238
What is a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach?
esophagus
239
Where does the esophagus begin compared to the spine?
level of CV6
240
How is the esophagus positioned compared to the trachea?
esophagus lies posterior to the trachea
241
What are the main arteries of the head and neck?
left and right common carotid arteries
242
The common carotid artery ascends within the ______ ______ to the ____ ________ where it splits into the ________ _______ artery and ________ _______ artery.
carotid sheath; carotid triangle; internal carotid; external carotid
243
Which branch of the common carotid artery has no branches in the neck?
internal carotid artery
244
Which branch of the carotid artery enters the skull through the carotid canal (in the temporal bone) to supply blood to the brain?
internal carotid artery
245
What branch of the carotid artery is the main source of blood to the structures of the neck, face, and scalp (structures external to the skull)?
external carotid artery
246
What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, superficial temporal artery, and maxillary artery
247
What branches of the external carotid artery have a palpable pulse?
facial artery and superficial temporal artery
248
What are the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery
249
What is a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid?
carotid sinus
250
What part of the carotid artery is a baroreceptor (blood pressure sensor)?
carotid sinus
251
What is the nerve supply to the carotid sinus?
carotid sinus nerve branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)
252
What is a small reddish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
carotid body
253
What part of the carotid artery is a chemoreceptor which detects changes in the chemical makeup of the blood within the carotid?
carotid body
254
What is the nerve supply to the carotid body?
carotid sinus nerve branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)
255
What part of the carotid artery senses an increase in CO2 or decrease in O2 which then causes a reflex to increase rate and volume of ventilation?
carotid body
256
What part of the carotid artery senses an increase in blood pressure resulting in a decrease in heart rate?
carotid sinus
257
Is the internal jugular vein ever visible topographically?
no
258
What are the 2 major veins of the neck?
external and internal jugular veins
259
What is usually the largest vein of the neck?
internal jugular vein
260
What vein begins at the jugular foramen as the direct continuation of the sigmoid sinus?
internal jugular vein
261
Where does the internal jugular vein drain?
brachiocephalic vein
262
What is the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen?
superior jugular bulb
263
What are the 6 tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
inferior petrosal sinus, pharyngeal veins, facial vein, lingual vein, superior thyroid vein, and middle thyroid vein
264
What is the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein?
inferior jugular bulb
265
What nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata and passes through the jugular foramen, along with the vagus and accessory nerves?
glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)
266
What are the 6 branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
tympanic nerve, branch to the carotid sinus, pharyngeal branch, branch to the stylopharyngeus, tonsillar branch, and lingual branch
267
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland?
tympanic nerve
268
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) senses pain of otitis media?
tympanic nerve
269
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to both the carotid sinus and carotid body?
branch to the carotid sinus
270
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus?
pharyngeal branch
271
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to the pharynx?
pharyngeal branch
272
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) senses pain in acute pharyngitis?
pharyngeal branch
273
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is the afferent limb of the gag reflex?
pharyngeal branch
274
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is the motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle?
branch to the sytopharyngeus
275
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate?
tonsillar branch
276
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) senses pain in tonsillitis?
tonsillar branch
277
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?
lingual branch
278
What is the longest cranial nerve, with an extensive distribution in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen?
vagus nerve (C.N. X)
279
What does vagus mean?
wanderer
280
What nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata, and exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves?
vagus nerve (C.N. X)
281
What are the vagus nerve's 2 ganglia in the neck?
superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior (nodose ganglion)
282
Are the 2 ganglia of the vagus nerve exclusively sensory?
yes
283
Are the 2 ganglia of the vagus nerve exclusively motor?
no, they are exclusively sensory
284
Which ganglia of the vagus nerve is located in the jugular foramen?
superior (jugular) ganglion
285
What ganglia of the vagus nerve is big enough to look like a lymph node?
inferior (nodose) ganglion
286
What are the 5 branches of the vagus nerve in the head and neck?
meningeal branch, auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, and superior laryngeal branch
287
Which branch of the vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation?
meningeal branch
288
What branch of the vagus nerve senses pain from cervicogenic headaches?
meningeal branch
289
What branch of the vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion and is sensory to the auricle, the floor of the external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane?
auricular branch
290
What branch of the vagus nerve senses pain in ottis externa (swimmer's ear)?
auricular branch
291
What 2 branches of the vagus nerve arise from the superior ganglion?
meningeal branch and auricular branch
292
What branch of the vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and is the chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate?
pharyngeal branch
293
What branch of vagus nerve has most of its fibers originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve which then join up with the vagus?
pharyngeal branch
294
What branch of the vagus nerve joins with branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk, to form the pharyngeal plexus?
pharyngeal branch
295
What plexus is motor to all of the muscles of the pharynx except for stylopharyngeus (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve), and to all of the muscles of the soft palate except for tensor veli palatini (innervated by the trigeminal nerve)?
pharyngeal plexus
296
What is the stylopharyngeus muscle innervated by?
glossopharyngeal nerve
297
What is the tensor veli palatini muscle innervated by?
trigeminal nerve
298
What branch of the vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and then divides into an internal and external branch?
superior laryngeal nerve
299
What branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal folds?
internal laryngeal nerve
300
What branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles?
external laryngeal nerve
301
What 2 branches of the vagus nerve arise from the inferior ganglion?
pharyngeal branch and superior laryngeal nerve
302
What branch of the vagus nerve arises within the thorax and then ascends back into the neck in the groove between the trachea and esophagus, and is closely applied to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
303
What branch of the vagus nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds, and to the trachea?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
304
What is the most important function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve?
motor to all of the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
305
What branch of the vagus nerve is motor to all of the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
306
What clinical consequence of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in respiratory distress, hoarseness aka partial aphonia?
unilateral damage
307
What clinical consequence of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in complete aphonia and may result in suffocation (due to spasm of the vocal cords)
bilateral damage
308
What are the 4 causes of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve?
trauma during thyroid surgery, goiter or thyroid tumor, lung tumor, and aortic aneurysm on the left side only
309
What side does the aortic aneurysm have to be on in order to cause damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve?
left side only
310
What are the 2 parts of the accessory nerve?
cranial part (originates from the medulla oblongata) and spinal part (originates from the sides of the spinal cord)
311
What part of the accessory nerve originates from the medulla oblongata?
cranial part
312
What part of the accessory nerve originates from the sides of the spinal cord?
spinal part
313
The _____ part of the accessory nerve ascends through the foramen magnum and joins the _____ part for a short distance and both parts exit through the jugular foramen.
spinal; cranial
314
What part of the accessory nerve joins the vagus just above the inferior vagal ganglion?
cranial part
315
What part of the accessory nerve supplies the vagus with motor fibers that travel in the pharyngeal branch of the vagus to the muscles of the pharynx and the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the muscles of the larynx?
cranial part
316
Which part of the accessory nerve is motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
spinal part of the accessory nerve
317
What nerve is the motor nerve to the tongue?
hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)
318
What nerve originates from the medulla oblongata, and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal where it loops downward and forward, deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of digastric muscle?
hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)
319
While some of the fibers carried by the hypoglossal are proper to the nerve itself, others originate from where, which merely "hitch a ride" with hypoglossal?
cervical spinal nerves
320
What are the 4 branches of the hypoglossal nerve?
meningeal branches, superior root of the ansa cervicalis, nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid, and lingual branches
321
What branch of the hypoglossal nerve supplies the dura mater?
meningeal branches
322
What branch of the hypoglossal nerve is involved with pain associated with cervicogenic headaches?
meningeal branches
323
What branch of the hypoglossal consists mainly of C1 fibers, and unites with the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis (from C2 and C3) to form the ansa cervicalis, which is motor to the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid)?
superior root of the ansa cervicalis
324
What branches of the hypoglossal consist of C1 fibers and are motor to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles?
nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
325
What branch of the hypoglossal nerve is motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
lingual branches
326
Where does the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk begin?
base of the skull
327
What is the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk continuous with?
thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk
328
What fibers of the sympathetic trunk supply structures of the head and neck and originate from T1 to T3 and then travel up sympathetic trunk to 1 of several cervical ganglia where they synapse?
preganglionic sympathetic fibers
329
What fibers of the sympathetic trunk distribute from the ganglia to the blood vessels, smooth muscle, and glands of the head and neck?
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
330
What are the 4 major branches of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?
superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, vertebral ganglion, and cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
331
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebrae 1 through 3, immediately below the base of the skull?
superior cervical ganglion
332
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia supplies the heart?
superior cervical ganglion
333
What are the 3 branches of the superior cervical ganglion?
internal carotid nerve, superior cervical cardiac nerve, and branch to the pharyngeal plexus
334
What branch of the superior cervical ganglion is a relatively large nerve which accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull?
internal carotid nerve
335
What branch of the superior cervical ganglion supplies everything in the head with sympathetic innervation?
internal carotid nerve
336
What is the superior cervical ganglion branch to the cardiac plexus?
superior cervical cardiac nerve
337
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebra 6?
middle cervical ganglion
338
What is the middle cervical ganglion branch to the cardiac plexus?
middle cervical cardiac nerve
339
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia is variable and often fused with either the middle or inferior cervical ganglion?
vertebral ganglion
340
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebra 7 and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery?
vertebral ganglion
341
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the 1st thoracic ganglion?
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
342
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia supplies the upper extremity with sympathetic innervation and the thymus?
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
343
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebra 7 through thoracic vertebra 1?
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
344
What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia is located posterior to the vertebral artery and anterior to the transverse process of cervical vertebra 7 and the neck of the 1st rib?
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
345
What is the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion branch to the cardiac plexus?
inferior cervical cardiac nerve
346
What is the nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?
ansa subclavia
347
What is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?
mandible (lower jaw)
348
What are the 6 parts of the mandible?
body, alveolar process, ramus, angle, condylar process, and coronoid process
349
What is the large horizontal part of the mandible?
body
350
What part of the mandible is the upper border of the body, containing the tooth sockets (alveoli)?
alveolar process
351
What are the tooth sockets known as?
alveoli
352
What is the vertically ascending part of the mandible?
ramus
353
What part of the mandible is at the posterior terminus of the body?
angle
354
What part of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint?
condylar process
355
What part of the mandible is the area of attachment for muscles of mastication?
coronoid process
356
What are the processes that come off of the ramus of the mandible?
condylar process and coronoid process
357
What major cause of migraine headaches is a misalignment of the temporomandibular joint?
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome
358
What are the 5 features of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible?
superior mental (genial) spine, inferior mental (genial) spine, digastric fossa, mylohyoid line, sublingual fossa, and submandibular fossa
359
What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?
superior mental (genial) spine
360
What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?
inferior mental (genial) spine
361
What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the anterior belly of digastric?
digastric fossa
362
What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle?
mylohyoid line
363
What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the location of the sublingual salivary gland?
sublingual fossa
364
What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the location of part of the submandibular gland?
submandibular fossa
365
What is the origin of the digastric muscle?
posterior belly from the mastiod process, anterior belly from the digastric fossa
366
What is the insertion of the digastric muscle?
both bellies "insert" into the hyoid bone by an intermediate tendon which connects them together; the intermediate tendon is strapped to the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop
367
What is the nerve supply to the digastric muscle?
posterior belly by the cervical branch of the facial nerve (C.N. VII), anterior belly by the nerve to mylohyoid (C.N. V)
368
What is the function of the digastric muscle?
elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when hyoid is fixed
369
What is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle?
mylohyoid line
370
What is the insertion of the mylohyoid muscle?
body of hyoid bone, median raphe
371
What is a seam where fibers come together and interweave?
raphe
372
Wha is the nerve supply to the mylohyoid muscle?
nerve to mylohyoid (C.N. V)
373
What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?
elevates hyoid bone and floor of the mouth
374
What is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?
inferior mental spine
375
What is the insertion of the geniohyoid muscle?
body of hyoid bone
376
What is the nerve supply to the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 fibers through hypoglossal
377
What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?
elevates hyoid bone and tongue
378
What is the largest muscle of the tongue?
genioglossus muscle
379
What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?
superior mental spine
380
What is the insertion of the genioglossus muscle?
tip and entire undersurface of tongue
381
What is the nerve supply to the genioglossus muscle?
hypoglossal nerve
382
What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?
draws tongue forward, protrudes tip of tongue
383
What is the origin of the hyoglossus muscle?
body and greater horn of hyoid bone
384
What is the insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?
body and greater horn of hyoid bone (upper surface)
385
What is the nerve supply to the hyoglossus muscle?
hypoglossal nerve
386
What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?
draws tongue downward
387
What muscle slip of the hyoglossus may take origin from the lesser horn of the hyoid bone?
chondroglossus
388
What is the origin of the styloglossus muscle?
styloid process
389
What is the insertion of the styloglossus muscle?
sides of the tongue
390
What is the nerve supply to the styloglossus muscle?
hypoglossal nerve
391
What is the function of the styloglossus muscle?
draws tongue upward and backward
392
What muscle is pierced by the intermediate tendon of digastric?
stylohyoid muscle
393
What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscle?
styloid process
394
What is the insertion of the stylohyoid muscle?
body of hyoid bone
395
What is the nerve supply to the stylohyoid muscle?
facial nerve
396
What is the function of the stylohyoid muscle?
elevates hyoid bone and tongue
397
What is one of the 3 paired salivary glands that wraps around the posterior border of the mylohyoid?
submandibular gland
398
What are the 3 paired salivary glands?
submandibular, parotid, and sublingual
399
What are the 2 parts of the submandibular gland?
superficial part and deep part
400
What part of the submandibular gland is large and lies within the submandibular triangle and in the submandibular fossa?
superficial part
401
What part of the submandibular gland is small and lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle?
deep part
402
What duct is 5 cm long and opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle, located lateral to the frenulum of the tongue?
submandibular duct
403
What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?
parasympathetic fibers form the facial nerve (C.N. VII) via the submandibular ganglion
404
What is the smallest of the 3 major salivary glands?
sublingual gland
405
What major salivary gland lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle, in the sublingual fossa?
sublingual gland
406
What major salivary gland empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts, located along the sublingual fold?
sublingual gland
407
What is the innervation of the sublingual gland?
parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion
408
What nerves are found associated with the mandible?
lingual, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal
409
What blood vessels are found associated with the mandible?
lingual artery and vein, and facial artery and vein
410
What 2 lymph nodes are associated with the mandible?
submandibular and submental lymph nodes
411
What are the 4 functions of the nasal cavity?
provide an airway, olfaction, warming and moistening of inspired air, and cleansing of inspired air
412
What extends from the nostrils (nares) anteriorly to the choanae (plane of choanae) posteriorly and divides into left and right chambers by the nasal septum?
nasal cavity
413
What are the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which open into the nasopharynx?
choanae
414
What part of the external nose is the free end of the nose?
tip
415
What part of the external nose connects the nose to the forehead?
root
416
What part of the external nose are the nostrils?
nares
417
What part of the external nose binds the nares laterally?
alae
418
What are the 4 boundaries of the nasal cavity?
roof, floor, medial wall (nasal septum), and lateral wall
419
What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the body of the sphenoid bone?
roof
420
What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone?
floor
421
What does the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone together form?
hard palate
422
What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the vomer?
medial wall (nasal septum)
423
What condition is when the nasal septum does not lie in the median plane?
deviated septum
424
When can a deviated septum cause breathing difficulties, and why?
severely deviated septum can touch the lateral wall and cause breathing difficulties
425
Can a deviated septum exacerbate snoring?
yes
426
What are the 3 causes of a deviated septum?
congenital malformation (least common), birth injury, and postnasal trauma (most common)
427
What is the most common cause of deviated septum?
postnasal trauma
428
What is the least common cause of deviated septum?
congenital malformation
429
What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone?
lateral wall
430
What boundary of the nasal cavity is characterized by a series of projections termed conchae, which jut medially into the nasal cavity?
lateral wall
431
What are the 3 conchae of the lateral wall?
superior nasal concha (of ethmoid bone), middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone), and inferior nasal concha (a separate bone)
432
Which 2 conchae are features of the ethmoid bone?
superior and middle nasal conchae
433
Which concha is not a feature of the ethmoid bone?
inferior nasal concha
434
What are the 2 functions of the nasal concha?
increase surface area (warming, moistening, cleaning air) and increase turbulence (increases olfaction and other 3 functions)
435
What is a frequent anatomical variation among the nasal conchae?
there will be a highest nasal concha above the superior nasal concha which is also part of the ethmoid bone
436
What is a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha that receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus?
sphenoethmoidal recess
437
What is a space below the superior nasal concha that receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells?
superior meatus
438
What is a space below the middle nasal concha that receives the openings of the frontal sinus (frontonasal duct or infundibulum), maxillary sinus, middle ethmoidal cells, and anterior ethmoidal cells?
middle meatus
439
What is a rounded projection into the middle meatus that has middle ethmoidal cells open into it?
ethmoidal bulla
440
What is a curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus that has the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells, and maxillary sinus open into it?
hiatus semilunaris
441
What is the space below the inferior nasal concha that receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
inferior meatus
442
What connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity and drains off excess tears?
nasolacrimal duct
443
What is the area just inside each nostril that contains hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands?
nasal vestibule
444
What is the lower two thirds of the nasal cavity known as?
respiratory region
445
What is the superior nasal concha and the upper 1/3 of the nasal septum?
olfactory region
446
What contains the fibers of the olfactory nerve (CN I) that give us our sense of smell and pass down through the cribriform plate?
olfactory region
447
At what rate do people over 50 years of age lose olfactory receptor cells per year, and what can speed this up?
1% per year, cocaine use can speed this up
448
What is a loss of olfaction?
anosmia
449
Where is special sensory innervation of the nasal cavity from?
olfactory nerve (CN I)
450
Where is general sensory innervation of the nasal cavity from?
branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
451
Where is autonomic innervation (both sympathetic and parasympathtic) of the nasal cavity from?
pterygopalatine ganglion
452
Is the nasal cavity richly vascularized?
yes
453
Is the nasal cavity poorly vascularized?
no
454
What 2 branches are the primary blood supply to the nasal cavity?
sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery and anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery
455
What condition is common due to richness of blood supply?
epistaxis (nosebleed)
456
What are the 2 forms of epistaxis (nosebleed)?
mild form and severe form
457
Which form of epistaxis (nosebleed) involves small branches in or near the vestibule and is caused by minor trauma and/or low humidity?
mild form
458
Which form of epistaxis (nosebleed) involves spurting arterial blood and results from rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at 1 of its major anastomoses, caused by major trauma?
severe form
459
What 3 causes of epistaxis (nosebleed) can lead to both mild and severe forms?
hypertension, blood disorders, and cocaine abuse
460
Where does lymph from the nasal cavity drain into?
deep cervical nodes
461
What are the 2 possible reasons for the formation of the paranasal sinuses?
Wolff's law and decrease weight of skull
462
What are cavities found within the bones of the face that develop as outgrowths of the nasal cavity and as a result, all of them open into the nasal cavity?
paranasal sinuses
463
What openings into the nasal cavity facilitate drainage of the sinuses?
openings from the paranasal sinuses to the nasal cavity
464
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoidal sinuses
465
What paranasal sinus lies in the frontal bone and opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct?
frontal sinus
466
What is the most frequently prone sinus to infection because it is poorly drained due to its opening in a superior position?
maxillary sinus
467
What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
maxillary sinus
468
What paranasal sinus lies within the maxilla on each side, lateral to the nasal cavity and inferior to the orbit, opens into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus?
maxillary sinus
469
What is the only paranasal sinus which may be present at birth?
maxillary sinus
470
What paranasal sinus lies within the body of the sphenoid bone, and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
sphenoidal sinus
471
What paranasal sinus consists of several groups of ethmoidal cells which lies within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and the nasal cavity?
ethmoidal sinus
472
What are the 3 groups of ethmoidal cells inside of the ethmoidal sinus?
posterior ethmoidal cell (open into the superior meatus), middle ethmoidal cells (open into the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus), and anterior ethmoidal cells (open into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus)
473
What ethmoidal cell opens into the superior meatus?
posterior ethmoidal cell
474
What ethmoidal cell opens into the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus?
middle ethmoidal cell
475
What ethmoidal cell opens into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus?
anterior ethmoidal cell
476
What 6 areas can an infection of the nasal cavity spread to?
paranasal sinuses (sinusitis), nasopharynx (acute pharyngitis via choanae), lacrimal appartus and conjunctiva (conjunctivitis via nasolacrimal duct), middle ear (otitis media via pharyngotympanic tube), anterior cranial fossa (meningitis or brain abscess via cribriform plate), and mastoid air cells (mastoiditis via aditus from middle ear)
477
What does cerebrospinal fluid dripping through the nose indicate damage to?
damage to the cribriform plate (halo sign)
478
What is a sign that there is damage to the cribriform plate?
halo sign
479
What are the 5 boundaries of the oral cavity?
roof, floor, anterior and lateral, and posterior
480
What boundary of the oral cavity consists of the palate?
roof
481
What boundary of the oral cavity consist of the tongue and oral mucosa, supported by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles?
floor
482
What boundary of the oral cavity consists of the lips and cheeks?
anterior and lateral boundaries
483
What boundary of the oral cavity consists of the oropharyngeal isthmus, demarcated by the palatoglossal arch?
posterior boundary
484
What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?
oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
485
What portion of the oral cavity lies between the lips and gums, or cheeks and gums; in other words, the portion of the oral cavity external to the tooth rows?
oral vestibule
486
What are the 2 openings into the oral vestibule?
labial glands (small salivary glands) and parotid duct (opens lateral to the maxillary 2nd molar within the vestibule)
487
What opening into the oral vestibule are small salivary glands?
labial glands
488
What opening into the oral vestibule opens lateral to the maxillary 2nd molar within the vestibule?
parotid duct
489
What portion of the oral cavity lies internal to the tooth rows?
oral cavity proper
490
What are the 2 mobile musculofibrous folds which bind the opening of the mouth?
lips and cheeks
491
What represents the fusion of the 2 sides of the maxilla?
philtrum
492
What is the median groove seen externally which extends from the nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip?
philtrum
493
What are the 2 median folds each lip is connected to the corresponding gum by?
frenulum of the upper lip and frenulum of the lower lip
494
What muscle and gland do the lips contain?
orbicularis oris muscle and labial gland
495
What muscle and gland do the cheeks contain?
buccinator muscle and buccal glands (which are similar to the labial glands of the lips)
496
What forms both the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity and is arches both transversely and anteroposteriorly?
palate
497
What are the 2 parts of the palate?
hard palate (forms the anterior 2/3 of the palate) and soft palate (forms the posterior 1/3 of the palate)
498
What part of the palate forms the anterior 2/3?
hard palate
499
What part of the palate forms the posterior 1/3?
soft palate
500
What forms a bony partition between the nasal and oral cavities?
hard palate
501
What 2 palatine bones does the hard palate consist of?
palatine process of the maxilla (anteriorly) and horizontal plate of the palatine bone (posteriorly)
502
What bone does the hard palate consist of anteriorly?
palatine process of the maxilla
503
What bone does the hard palate consist of posteriorly?
horizontal plate of the palatine bone
504
What are the 3 foramina in the hard palate?
incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, and lesser palatine foramen
505
What 2 foramina in the hard palate transmit nerves and vessels of the same name?
greater palatine foramen and lesser palatine foramen
506
What covers the hard palate and presents a palatine raphe which ends anteriorly in the incisive papilla?
mucoperiosteum
507
What extends laterally within the mucoperiosteum and aids in gripping food against the tongue during mastication?
transverse palatine folds
508
What is a mobile fibromuscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate?
soft palate
509
What is elevated during swallowing to close the opening between the nasopharynx above and the oropharynx below?
soft palate
510
What are the 2 lateral arches that the soft palate is continuous with?
palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch
511
What is the palatoglossal arch made up of superficially?
palatoglossal fold
512
What is the palatoglossal arch made up of deep to the fold?
palatoglossus muscle
513
What is the palatopharyngeal arch made up of superficially?
palatopharyngeal fold
514
What is the palatopharyngeal arch made up of deep to the fold?
palatopharyngeus muscle
515
What is the median projection of the soft palate?
uvula
516
What lies between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches on each side and contains the palatine tonsil?
tonsillar fossa
517
What are the 3 muscles of the soft palate?
musculus uvulae, levator veli palatini, and tensor veli palatini
518
What is the origin of the musculus uvulae?
posterior nasal spine
519
What is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?
mucous membrane of uvula
520
What is the nerve supply to the musculus uvulae?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
521
What is the function of the musculus uvulae?
elevates the uvula
522
What is the origin of the levator veli palatini?
inferior surface of temporal bone
523
What is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?
aponeurosis of soft palate
524
What is the nerve supply to the leavtor veli palatini?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
525
What is the function of the levator veli palatini?
elevates the soft palate
526
What is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?
scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate
527
What is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?
the tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeurosis
528
What is the nerve supply to the tensor veli palatini?
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
529
What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses soft palate, opens pharyngotypmanic tube
530
The loss of tonus in what muscles can lead to snoring?
muscles of the soft palate
531
What is the innervation of the hard palate?
greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
532
What is the innervation of the soft palate?
lesser palatine nerve
533
What is the blood supply to the hard palate?
greater palatine artery (from maxillary)
534
What is the blood supply to the soft palate?
lesser palatine and facial arteries
535
Damage to what nerve causes uvula to deviate to the right due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae of the left side?
damage to the left vagus nerve (CN X)
536
Damage to what nerve causes uvula to deviate to the left due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae of the right side?
damage to the right vagus nerve (CN X)
537
What is a muscular organ which is attached to the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process, palate, and pharynx by muscles?
tongue
538
What are the 4 functions of the tongue?
taste, mastication, swallowing, and speech
539
What are the 5 parts of the tongue?
apex, margin, dorsum, inferior surface, and root
540
What part of the tongue rests against incisor teeth?
apex
541
What part of the tongue rests against teeth and gums on each side?
margin
542
What part of the tongue is the upper surface of the tongue?
dorsum
543
What part of the tongue is the lower surface of the tongue?
inferior surface
544
What part of the tongue is the attached base of the tongue?
root
545
What part of the tongue lies partly in the oral cavity and partly in the oropharynx?
dorsum
546
What is a V shaped groove which divides the tongue into the oral part (anterior 2/3) and oropharyngeal part (posterior 1/3)?
sulcus terminalis
547
What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
oral part
548
What is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
oropharyngeal part
549
What is a foramen located at the apex of the V of sulcus terminalis?
foramen cecum
550
What is the remnant of the embryonic thyroglossal duct?
foramen cecum
551
What condition is found at the midline of the neck and occurs when the thyroglossal duct does not obliterate?
thyroglossal cyst
552
What is a shallow groove visible on the surface of the tongue?
median groove/sulcus
553
What are the 4 lingual papillae?
filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, vallate papillae, and foliate papillae
554
What lingual papillae allows us to grip food and is the reason for the "sandpaper" feeling of a cats tongue?
filiform papillae
555
What lingual papillae are conical projections with sharply pointed tips?
filiform papillae
556
What lingual papillae do not contain taste buds and have general sensory receptors only?
filiform papillae
557
What lingual papillae are mushroom shaped, and contain taste buds?
fungiform papillae
558
What lingual papillae do not contain taste buds and have general sensory receptors only?
filiform papillae
559
What lingual papillae are mushroom shaped, and contain taste buds?
fungiform papillae
560
What lingual papillae are the largest of the lingual papillae, arrange in a V shaped row in front of the sulcus terminalis, and contain taste buds?
vallate papillae
561
What part of the dorsum of the tongue faces posteriorly?
oropharyngeal part
562
What is a mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue?
lingual tonsils
563
Do the lingual tonsils get more problems than the palatine tonsils?
no
564
Do the palatine tonsils get more problems than the lingual tonsils?
yes
565
What are the 2 folds that connect the tongue to the epiglottis?
median glossoepiglottic fold and lateral glossoepiglottic fold
566
What is the space on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold?
vallecula
567
What is connected to the floor of the mouth by the frenulum of the tongue?
inferior surface of the tongue
568
What condition occurs in some infants, where the frenulum of the tongue is short superior to inferior and long anterior to posterior, extending to near the apex of the tongue?
ankloglossia
569
What condition is where the tongue is strapped to the floor of the mouth, impeding speech?
ankloglossia
570
Why is ankloglossia not as much of an issue after infancy?
the frenulum usually grows during the 1st year of life
571
What part of the tongue is anchored to the floor of the oral cavity?
root of the tongue
572
Where do nerves, vessels, and extrinsic muscles enter or leave the tongue through?
through the root
573
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
574
What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) originate somewhere and insert of the tongue?
extrinsic muscles
575
What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) originate and insert within the tongue?
intrinsic muscles
576
What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
intrinsic muscles
577
What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) change the shape of the tongue?
intrinsic muscles
578
What is the origin of the palatoglossus?
soft palate
579
What is the insertion of the palatoglossus?
sides of the tongue
580
What is the nerve supply to the palatoglossus?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
581
What is the function of the palatoglossus?
elevates back of tongue
582
Are all of the extrinsic muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
no, all but palatoglossus (vagus nerve CN X) are
583
What extrinsic muscle of the tongue pulls the tongue forward?
genioglossus
584
What extrinsic muscle of the tongue prevents it from falling backwards, blocking the airway and potentially leading to suffocation?
genioglossus
585
When is the function of the genioglossus muscle particularly important?
during general anesthesia and in seizure disorders
586
What is the general sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?
through the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V)
587
What is the taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?
through the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
588
What is the general sensation and taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue innervated by?
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), a few taste buds on epiglottis sensed through the vagus nerve (CN X)
589
What nerve is involved with initiation of gag reflex because its fibers from vallate papillae cross the sulcus terminalis?
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
590
What is the arterial blood supply to the tongue?
lingual artery (from external carotid)
591
What is the veinal blood supply from the tongue?
lingual vein (to internal jugular)
592
What lymph nodes are associated with the tongue?
deep cervical nodes
593
What is the function of the teeth?
to break down food material during mastication, in order to increase its surface area to facilitate enzymatic activity and absorption
594
What are the 4 structures of the teeth?
enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum
595
What structure of the teeth is the hardest substance in the human body and covers the crown?
enamel
596
What structure of the teeth is internal to the enamel?
dentin
597
What structure of the teeth fills the central cavity of the tooth and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, which enter it through a foramen at the apex of the root?
pulp
598
What structure of the teeth is a bone-like substance which covers the root, and part of the periodontium (attachment system for teeth)?
cementum
599
What are the 3 parts of the teeth?
crown, neck, and root
600
What part of the teeth projects above the gingivae (gums) and is covered by enamel?
crown
601
What part of the teeth is the junction between the crown and root?
neck
602
What part of the teeth is embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, and is covered with cementum?
root
603
What are specialized oral mucosa which surrounds the teeth and covers adjacent alveolar bone?
gingivae (gums)
604
What lingual papillae senses bitter taste and can trigger gag reflex as a survival mechanism?
vallate papillae
605
What lingual papillae are grooves and ridges along the margin of the tongue, poorly developed in humans and contains sour taste buds?
foliate papillae
606
What type of teeth are single rooted chisel-shaped teeth which are used for cutting?
incisors
607
What type of teeth are single rooted, pointed teeth which are used for puncturing and tearing?
canines
608
What type of teeth are single or double rooted teeth with broad chewing surfaces which are used for grinding?
premolars
609
What type of teeth are multiple rooted teeth with very broad chewing surfaces which are used for grinding?
molars
610
Why are the 3rd molars called wisdom teeth?
they erupt around 17-21 years of age when one is supposed to have gained "wisdom"
611
Why do wisdom teeth often become impacted?
due to dental crowding which is a modern problem due to a softer diet (we're a bunch of weak toothed pansies now, and personally I blame rap music)
612
What surface of teeth is side facing the lip or buccal surface in incisors and canines only; and side facing the cheek in premolars and molars only?
labial surface
613
What surface of teeth is the side facing the tongue?
lingual surface
614
What surface of teeth is the side facing anteriorly or toward the midline?
mesial surface
615
What surface of teeth is the side facing posteriorly or away from the midline?
distal surface
616
What surface of teeth is the chewing surface?
occlusal surface
617
What are the 2 sets of teeth?
deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent (adult) teeth
618
Which set of teeth are larger, whiter, sturdier, and have thicker enamel than the deciduous teeth?
permanent teeth
619
Which set of teeth have 2 incisors, 1 canine, and 2 molars in each quadrants for a total of 20?
deciduous teeth
620
Which set of teeth have 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each quadrant, for a total of 32?
permanent teeth
621
Which teeth are innervated by superior alveolar branches from the maxillary division of the trigeminal (CN V)?
maxillary teeth
622
Which teeth are innervated by inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V)?
mandibular teeth
623
What is the difference neurologically between a tooth ache and trigeminal neuralgia?
tooth ache affects 1 tooth, whereas trigeminal neuralgia affects the whole row
624
What is the common pathway for food and air?
pharynx
625
What conducts food to the esophagus and air to the larynx and is considered to be part of both the digestive and respiratory systems?
pharynx
626
What is a funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
pharynx
627
What lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx?
pharynx
628
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
629
What part of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity?
nasopharynx
630
What part of the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity?
oropharynx
631
What part of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx?
laryngopharynx
632
What vertebra level does the nasopharynx lie at?
CV1
633
What part of the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae and with the oropharynx through the pharyngeal isthmus?
nasopharynx
634
What part of the nasopharynx is closed during swallowing?
pharyngeal isthmus
635
What are the 4 boundaries of the nasopharynx?
superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior
636
What is the superior boundary of the nasopharynx?
roof of the pharynx
637
What is the inferior boundary of the nasopharynx?
soft palate
638
What is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?
posterior border of the inferior nasal concha
639
What is the posterior boundary of the nasopharynx?
posterior wall of the pharynx
640
What are embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
641
What are the 2nd most commonly removed tonsils?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
642
What is the clinical significance of the pharyngeal tonsil?
may become enlarged, causing difficulty breathing through the nose
643
What opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx and is limited above by a cartilaginous structure called the torus tubarius (tubal elevation)?
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
644
What connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
645
What equalizes pressure between the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity?
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
646
What is a small tonsil which lies immediately behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube and embedded in the torus levatorious?
tubal tonsil
647
What is a fold which descends from the torus tubarius to the wall of the pharynx?
salpingopharyngeal fold
648
What is deep to the salpingopharyngeal fold within the wall of the pharynx?
salpingopharyngeus muscle
649
What vertebral level does the oropharynx lie at?
C2-3
650
What are the 4 boundaries of the oropharynx?
superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior
651
What is the superior boundary of the oropharynx?
soft palate
652
What is the inferior boundary of the oropharynx?
superior border of the epiglottis
653
What is the anterior boundary of the oropharynx?
palatoglossal fold
654
What is the posterior boundary of the oropharynx?
posterior wall of the pharynx
655
What communicates with the oral cavity through the oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus of fauces), which is bounded by the palatoglossal folds?
oropharynx
656
How does the oropharynx communicate with the oral cavity?
oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus of fauces)
657
What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?
palatine tonsils
658
What are the 2 folds located in the oropharynx?
palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold
659
What fold of the oropharynx goes from the soft palate to the tongue, and deep to the fold is the palatoglossus?
palatoglossal fold
660
What fold of the oropharynx goes from the soft palate to the wall of the pharynx, and deep to the fold is the palatopharyngeus muscle?
palatopharyngeal fold
661
What is the space between the palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold?
tonsillar fossa
662
What are the most frequently removed tonsils during childhood?
palatine tonsils
663
What is the circular arrangement of tonsils around the oropharynx formed by the lingual, palatine, tubal, and pharyngeal tonsils?
tonsillar ring
664
What is the 1st line of defense against infection through the mouth?
tonsillar ring
665
What are the 4 boundaries (superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior) of the laryngopharynx?
superior boundary: superior border of the epiglottis
inferior boundary: lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus
anterior boundary: the posterior surface of the larynx
posterior boundary: the posterior wall of the pharynx
666
What is the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx?
superior border of the epiglottis
667
What is the inferior boundary of the laryngopharynx?
lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus
668
What is the anterior boundary of the laryngopharynx?
posterior surface of the larynx
669
What is the posterior boundary of the laryngopharynx?
posterior wall of the pharynx
670
What is the opening into the larynx and is found within the laryngopharynx?
laryngeal inlet
671
What is bounded laterally by the areyepiglottic folds and inferiorly by the interarytenoid notch?
laryngeal inlet
672
What is a recess in the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx, located on either side of the laryngeal inlet?
piriform fossa (recess)
673
What creates a channel for passage of food around the laryngeal inlet?
piriform fossa (recess)
674
What is a common condition that individuals with deep piriform fossa (recess) have?
halitosis
675
What part of the laryngopharynx do foreign objects such as fish bones frequently become lodged in?
piriform fossa (recess)
676
What are the 2 layers of muscles of the pharynx?
external (circular) layer and longitudinal layer
677
What layer of muscles of the pharynx insert on the pharyngeal raphe?
external (circular) layer
678
What are the 3 muscles of the external (circular) layer of pharyngeal muscles?
inferior constrictor muscle, middle constrictor muscle, and superior constrictor muscle
679
What is the origin of the inferior constrictor muscle?
cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
680
What is the insertion of the inferior constrictor muscle?
pharyngeal raphe
681
What is the nerve supply to the inferior constrictor muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus and external laryngeal nerve
682
What is the function of the inferior constrictor muscle?
contracts the pharynx during swallowing
683
What is the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?
greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone
684
What is the insertion of the middle constrictor muscle?
pharyngeal raphe
685
What is the nerve supply to the middle constrictor muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
686
What is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?
medial pterygoid plate, alveolar part of mandible, and side of tongue
687
What is the insertion of the superior constrictor muscle?
pharyngeal raphe
688
What is the nerve supply to the superior constrictor muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
689
What is the function of the superior constrictor muscle?
contracts the pharynx during swallowing
690
What is specialized band of muscle formed by the superior constrictor which helps to seal the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing?
palatopharyngeal sphincter
691
What are the 3 muscles of the longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles?
stylopharyngeus muscle, palatopharyngeus muscle, and salpingopharyngeus muscle
692
What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
styloid process
693
What is the insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
thyroid cartilage, some fibers blend with those of the constrictors
694
What is the nerve supply to the stylopharyngeus muscle?
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
695
What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
elevates pharynx
696
What 2 muscles work together to open the pharyngotympanic tube?
salpingopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini
697
What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
soft palate
698
What is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
wall of the pharynx, thyroid cartilage
699
What is the nerve supply to the palatopharyngeus muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
700
What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
elevates pharynx, narrows oropharynx
701
What is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
torus tubarius and opening of pharyngotympanic tube
702
What is the insertion of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
wall of pharynx
703
What is the nerve supply to the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
704
What is the function of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
elevates the pharynx, opens pharyngotympanic tube
705
Which 2 muscles' fibers blend together within the wall of the pharynx?
palatophayngeus and salpingopharyngeus
706
What is a network of nerves which lies on the middle constrictor formed by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X), pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion?
pharyngeal plexus
707
Which branch of the pharyngeal plexus carries motor fibers which originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve?
pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X)
708
Which branch of the pharnygeal plexus is motor to all of the muscles of the pharynx except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharngeal nerve (CN IX)?
pharyngeal branch of the vagus
709
All of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X) except for what muscle, and what is it innervated by?
stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
710
What branch of the phayrngeal plexus is sensory to the mucosa of the pharynx?
pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
711
What are the 2 arteries of the pharynx?
ascending pharyngeal artery and maxillary artery
712
What is a layer of fascia which surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx, and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia below?
buccopharyngeal fascia
713
What is a layer of fascia which lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx?
pharyngobasilar fascia
714
What is a potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia (or pretracheal fascia) and the prevertebral fascia, and it extends downward into the thorax and permits free movement of the pharynx and esophagus during swallowing?
retropharyngeal space
715
What injury may cause the posterior wall of the pharynx to balloon forward, potentially leading to suffocation?
hemorrhage from cervical trauma or abscess from pharyngeal infection into the retropharyngeal space
716
What must you look for, in radiology, in patients with cervical trauma or pharyngeal abscess?
widening of the retropharyngeal space
717
What is a complex neuromuscular act which occurs in 4 stages?
swallowing (deglutition)
718
During the 1st stage of swallowing (deglutition), the ______ moves the bolus (food mass) back into the _____________ _______.
tongue; oropharyngeal isthmus
719
During the 2nd stage of swallowing (deglutition), the ____________ and ______________ muscles squeeze the bolus back into the _______. At the same time, the _______ ____ _______ and _______ ____ _______ muscles elevate the soft palate to close off the ________ ______.
palatoglossus; palatopharyngeus; oropharynx; levator veli palatini; tensor veli palatini; pharyngeal isthmus
720
What condition is a difficulty swallowing?
dysphagia
721
During the 4th stage of swallowing (deglutition), ______________, ______________, and ______________ elevate the walls of the pharynx. At the same time, the __________ muscles elevate the hyoid bone and the larynx under the bulge of the tongue, which flexes the epiglottis back over the _________ ______.
stylopharyngeus; palatopharyngeus; salpingopharyngeus; suprahyoid; laryngeal inlet
722
During the 5th stage of swallowing (deglutition), the ________, ________, and ________ ________ muscles contract in sequence, to move the food through the ________ and ________ and into the esophagus. ________ then propels it downward to the stomach.
superior; middle; inferior constrictor; oropharynx; laryngopharynx; peristalsis
