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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of disease are zoonotic?

A

more than half 61%

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2
Q

What percent of emerging dz are zoonotic?

A

75%

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3
Q

What is the difference between clinician approach and epidemiologist approach?

A

Epidemiologists reduce dz without knowing etiology. (population, field, control/prevention, identify pattern, what is it)

Clinician- sick animal, hospital, Rx individual, identify dz, what is it, how to treat

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4
Q

Direct transmission is

types?

A

directly from reservoir to susceptible host
direct contact: skin to skin, bite. scratch
direct projection: direct projection: droplet spread, short range aerosols, coughing/talking

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5
Q

Biological vector

A

agent undergoes changes or multiples while in the vector, required for transmission
arthropod parasite to human

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6
Q

Propagated source curve

A

exposure followed by waves of secondary/tertiary cases

contagious dz

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7
Q

Common source single point exposure curve

A

all animals exposed at once & to the same source of infection.
NOT contagious
determine the min, average, & max incubation time

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8
Q

Secondary determinant

A

factors that make the dz more or less likely; predisposing or enabling factors

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9
Q

Intrinsic determinant

A

internal to the animal

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10
Q

Horse w/ upright conformation of hooves is predisposed to navicular dz

A

secondary intrinsic

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11
Q

Emerging disease

A

previously unknown dz that suddenly appears in a population or a known dz that suddenly appears in a new population
ex. outbreak of dz in a new species

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12
Q

Stage 2 of pathogen emergence

A

dead end host

animal reservoir transmits to human/other animals, but no transmission among them

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13
Q

Drivers of emerging dz

A 
land use changes
food & ag systems
environmental systems
human behavior
transmission from intentional release
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14
Q

Food animal issues

A

carcass disposal from mass casualties, animal ID, policy issues, environmental contamination
(herd health good for disaster management)

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15
Q

Incident command system (ICS)

A

multiple agency cooperation
standardized, on scene, all hazard, incident management
flexible

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16
Q

Hazard is high & outrage is low

A

task of risk communication = precaution advocacy
alerting people to serious risk
emerging dz, 80% fatal, no one seems to care = precaution advocacy

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17
Q

In a pre-crisis it is important to

A

test messages, be prepared, foster alliances

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18
Q

Regulatory framework of USDA

A

is to provide surveillance for reportable dz

designates list of OIE-reportable dz not notifiable in USA

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19
Q

Suspected FAD

A

positive reports must be confirmed by USDA lab

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20
Q

Clinical vets need to know

A

signs of FAD’s, signs of reportable dz, proper procedures for vx & testing, how to fill out legal forms, who to report dz to

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21
Q

Who can preform exams for health certificates and perform activities related to regulatory dz

A

accredited veterinarians through USDA

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22
Q

Category II accreditation

A

all animals, no exclusions

pigs

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23
Q

Category I accreditation

A

excludes food & fiber species, horses, all birds, farm raised aquatic species & zoo animals that could transmit dz to livestock

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24
Q

Purpose of surveillance

A 
rapid detection of dz outbreaks
support dz control/ eradication
assess population health & safety of food
produce info about dz
evaluate dz control/biosecurity programs
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25
Passive surveillance
spontaneous report of cases or suspicion of a dz ex. state surveillance of rabies, states depend on submission of case forms pros: continuous, emerging dz, inexpensive
26
Active surveillance
representative of the population
27
Sentinel surveilance
small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or dz risk ex. chickens being bit by mosquitoes to tell us about EEV/WEEV
28
Primary prevention
prevent dz from occurring by keeping pathogens out before the dz even occurs ex. border security to keep out FAD from US, vx, meat inspection
29
Reducing contact potential
quarantine of possible infected
30
Increasing host resistance
genetic selection of Ndama cattle to be trypanotolerant | chemoprophylaxis, vaccination
31
Examples of direct horizontal transmission
``` direct skin to skin, bite, scratch direct projection, droplet spread, short range aerosols direct, airborne indirect: vehicle, fomites indirect: vector, mechanical/biological ```
32
T/F dz occur at random in a population of people or animals
FALSE
33
T/F human social behavior has little to do with emergence on a dz
FALSE
34
T/F when participating in crisis communication, one should never withhold info from public to prevent panic
TRUE
35
USDA labs are the only ones that can
dx foreign animal dz
36
Food borne dz originate primarily from
animals
37
During the Tularemia outbreak, people affected were within 5 meters of the contaminated area, what type of transmission is this an example of
horizontal & direct
38
Reportable program that uses surveillance
continuous/passive surveillance
39
Epidemic curves
contagious dz are represented in a propagated epidemic curve
40
Evacuation concern
people can decide to not evacuate due to their pets
41
What is asked of the USDA approved vets
to provide surveillance of reportable dz
42
Example of an emerging dz
into of west nile virus to the US in 1999
43
You have an HIV positive client who is scratched by her 8 week old kitten during a routine exam. She is at risk for which dzs?
bartonellosis (cat scratch dz) | abcsesssation
44
In 2003 the US had an outbreak of monkey pox in people, via pet prairie dogs that were commingled w/ african rodents that carried the dz. This is an example of
international trade/commerce
45
You see vesciles in the mouth of sheep in WY. what do you do?
it could be FMD or orf so call state vet
46
You need cat II accreditation to work with
parakeets, pigs, cattle, horses
47
Tularemia outbreak in germany, what was the primary transmission?
airborne
48
What transmission is Borrelia burgdorferi caused by?
vector- tick
49
Animal health surveillance examples
reportable dz program alert system testing mosquito pool meat inspector condemning a TB infected bovine carcass
50
State wide surveillance for rabies depends on the submission of case investigation forms from all vets licensed in that state. What type of surveillance?
passive
51
Surveillance for WNV in FL uses small flocks of chickens to test. What type of surveillance is this?
sentinel
52
After an outbreak of parvo in a city vet epidemiologists visit all clinics to review charts for cases of dogs with diarrhea illness. What type of surveillance?
active
53
Which type of test produces a lot of false positives?
low specificity
54
A very sensitive test will have
many true positive results
55
which type of test produces a lot of false negatives?
low sensitivity
56
What describes a very specific test?
many true negative test results
57
Regarding the Tularemia outbreak in Germany, what type of transmission was it?
horizontal direct
58
What does a propagated source tell you?
Exposure followed by primary cases
59
An outbreak of Measles in 2001 in the UK was discussed in class and that example was used to highlight what point?
herd immunity
60
9. The outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease in 2001 is an example of
re-emerging dz
61
example of emerging dz
nipah virus
62
What stage of emergence stops at the dead end host?
stage 2
63
What is the order of disaster management?
mitigation preparedness response recovery
64
13. You are recently employed veterinarian working in Key West Florida and your case load is light so you decide to be productive employee and taken it upon yourself to outline and revise evacuation plans if disaster was to ever strike, this is an example of?
preparedness
65
Can be structural Can be non-structural like procedural changes Attempts to reduce the effect of disaster when they occur
mitigation
66
NFR Nation response framework
Includes all levels of the government private sector and other organizations Establishes a comprehensive all hazard approach to domestic incident response Builds on the national incident management system with its flexible and adaptable coordinating structures
67
Testing cows for Brucella Culling the ones that are positive Publishing an article about it
surveillance
68
You are a veterinarian working at the slaughter house, inspecting incoming animals, what kind of surveillance is that?
targeted surveillance
69
20. When you ship a pet into St. Kitts from the US and the pet undergoes quarantine, what type of prevention is this?
primary prevention
70
What surveillance type is representative of the population?
active surveillance
71
Role of USDA vet within the regulatory framework
provide surveillance for reportable dzs
72
27. You are called to a zoo to examine endangered species of a cow that was recently imported into the US. One of them is salivating and has lesions in the mouth. What do you do?
Call AVIC immediately | Call the state veterinarian
73
28. When a country has an outbreak of a FAD, what agency should be notified ASAP?- call within 24 hours
OIE
74
USDA accreditation
a. Only accredited veterinarians can perform exams for health certificates b. Only accredited veterinarians can perform EIA testing c. Only accredited vets can perform Rabies vaccinations in many US states d. Only accredited vets can perform Brucella and TB testing b. Need to know proper procedures for vaccinating, testing animals for regulatory diseases c. Need to know how to fill out legal forms for traveling d. Need to know who to report the diseases to

Epi (3 decks)

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