Flashcards in Exam 1 Deck (61)
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1
Your top 3 differentials always?
Bacteria
Demodex
Dermatophyte
2
Onset age of atopy is typically?
young (6months- 3 years)
3
The pathogenesis of atopy is based on a skewed immune response; toward which cell type is the response skewed?
TH2 cells (overproduction of their pro-inflammatory cytokines)
4
What are the components of eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats? (5)
1) eosinophilic plaques
2) rodent/indolent ulcer
3) linear granuloma
4) plasma cell pododermatitis
5) miliary dermatitis
5
How is atopy diagnosed?
EXCLUSION!! (once everything else has been ruled out)
6
Gold standard treatment for atopy?
Immunotherapy
7
Gold standard/best test for identifying allergens to use with immunotherapy?
Intradermal skin testing
8
With intradermal skin testing, what 3 factors are used to grade the response?
Size
turgidity
erythema
9
Which types of allergens should not be mixed in the same vial and why?
Molds and pollens
Molds secrete an enzyme that degrades the pollen antigens into haptens, making them too small for the immune system to respond to
10
What 2 ways can essential fatty acids help treat atopy?
1) influence arachadonic acid pathway (reduced inflammation)
2) help restore abnormal lipid bilayer of skin
11
Most common flea spp. infecting cats and dogs?
Ctenocephalides felis
12
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity reaction(s) is/are involved with flea bite hypersensitivity?
Type 1 & Type 4
13
Which 3 skin lesions are suggestive of chronicity?
Lichenification
Hyperpigmentation
Alopecia
14
Which GENERAL types of flea control are toxic to cats?
Organophosphates
Permethrins
15
Many OTC cat flea medications contain which GENERAL type of flea control
Insect growth regulators (IGR)
16
Which type of hypersensitivities are involved with food allergy?
Types 1, 3, and 4
17
Only reliable method for Dx of food allergy?
Food elimination trial
18
An important first step before applying any meds to treat sarcoptes
bathe with keratolytic shampp (removes crusts/scaling to allow meds to better penetrate)
19
Ivermectin should never be given to any dog already receiving.....
Spinosad
20
Avoid products containing _____ when treating for Notoedres
Permethrins!
21
Do Cheyletiella mites burrow into the skin?
No; surface feeders
22
What are the two types of lice?
Anoplura--sucking
Mallophaga--chewing/biting
23
Name the general categorical breakdown of nodular dermatitis etiologies
Either inflammatory or non-inflammatory
Inflammatory is either infectious or sterile
Non-inflammatory= neoplastic
Infectious= bacterial, fungal/oomyces, parasitic
24
Most common bacterial cause of nodular dermatitis?
Staphylococcus spp. (pseudintermedius)
25
If you biopsy a lesion and find a Gram +, weakly acid-fast bacilli and NO sulfur granules...that's consistent with?
Nocardia spp.
26
An acid-fast, G+ rod that is commonly associated with the caudal abdominal fat in cats is.....
Mycobacteria
27
Mycobacteria is commonly associated with which type of inflammation?
pyogranulomatous
28
A G+, non acid-fast rod that's commensal to oral cavity, URT, and bowel?
Actinomyces
**produces sulfur granules
29
Which bacteria is the most common cause of abscess in large animals?
Corynebacterium (C. pseudotuberculosis)
30
Match the description to the fungus:
1) Broad-based budding, large yeast
2) Narrow-based budding large yeast with a thick capsule
3) tiny, intracellular (inside macrophages), shrunk yeast with a halo
4) encapsulated endospores
1) Blastomycosis
2) Cryptococcosis
3) Histoplasmosis
4) Coccidiomycosis
31
The infectious stage of the fungal oomyces?
Flagellated zoospore
**attracted to elevated CO2 levels at wounds
32
Which fungal oomyce likes to spread to the great vessels?
Lagenidium
33
The most common type of nodule in horses?
Eosinophilic granuloma
34
Food allergy in cats commonly presents with lesions in which location?
area btwn ear and lateral cathus of eye
35
Most common cause of eosinophilic reactions in cats?
Ectoparasites
36
If a cat presents with crusted papules, what should you always check for?
Ringworm (do DTM)
37
If a cat has developed eosinophlic plaques secondary to whatever allergic condition, which treatment modality will be ineffective?
Antihistamines
38
What two things do we think about when a cat presents with plasma cell pododermatitis?
1) contact dermatitis (try switching litters)
2) mosquito hypersensitivity (they like to feed on paw pads)
39
Name the 4 factors predisposing to otitis
1) poor conformation
2) maceration
3) over medication (treatment)
4) obstruction
40
Most common primary cause of otitis?
Top differentials when it's a recurring problem?
Hypersensitivity (allergy)
Atopy and food allergy
41
Name 3 perpetuating factors for otitis
Bacteria
Yeast
Otitis media (progressive infections--think cats)
42
When would C&S be indicated for otitis?
When it's otitis media because you will need to use systemic antibiotics
43
What two things should NEVER be used to clean the ears
Chlorhexidine
Iodine (cats)
44
Concerning aminoglycosides and Fluorinate quinolones in treating otitis:
1) what spectrum do they each cover
2) are either ototoxic
3) how do exudates impact them
1) both cover G+ cocci and G- rods
2) Aminoglycosides are ototoxic
3) Aminoglycosides WILL breakdown in exudates but the FQs will not
45
3 effects corticosteroids can have when treating otitis
decrease inflammation
decrease pruritus
lower sebum production
46
4 indications for ear canal surgery
Calcified ear (mineralized)
neoplasia
stenosis
proliferative (hyperplastic pinna)
47
Top 3 causes of pruritus in horses
Atopy
Food allregy
Insect hypersensitivity
48
Best treatment option for atop in horses? two other options?
Best= hyposensitization shots
can also use prednisolone and hydroxyzine
49
Most common allergy you see in horses?
Culicoides hypersensitivity
50
What are your top 3 treatment options for Culicoides?
1) late afternoon fly spray (the feed in evening)
2) stable at night with fans blowing (bad fliers)
3) remove sources of stagnant water (where they breed)
51
List the 3 common causes of urticaria in horses
Drugs (vaccines, meds)
Allergy (insect, atopy, food)
Physical trauma, cold, or heat
52
Two benefits of colloidal oatmeal for pruritus?
Anti-inflammatory
Humectant (moisturizer--can help increase pruritic threshold)
53
Name 2 aloe vera extracts and their MOAs
1) Salicylic acid--inhibits prostaglandin production
2) Magnesium lactate--inhibits conversion of histidine to histamine in mast cells
54
The anti-inflammatory dose for glucocorticoids in dogs?
0.5-1 mg/kg/day
55
How does the anti-inflammatory dose of glucocorticoids differ in cats and why? What is it?
It's higher than in dogs bc cats have fewer glucocorticoid receptors
1-2 mg/kg/day
56
Atopica (Cyclosporin) MOA
calcineurin inhibitor--inhibits T-lymphocyte production, thus lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines
57
Apoquel (Oclacitinib) MOA?
JAK-1 inhibitor--prevents prodcution of IL-31 (a pruritogenic cytokine)
58
A contraindication for Protopic & Elidel?
ulcerative lesions
59
3 common causes of headshaking that can predispose to aural hematomas
otitis externa
atopy
food allergy
60
Bite wound abscesses should be lavaged with?
dilute betadine
61
