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Flashcards in Exam 1 Deck (60)
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1
Q

Creates a numbing feeling that eliminates the feeling of sensation in a specific area without loss of consciousness

A

Local Anesthesia

2
Q

routinely referred to as analgesics

A

Pain relievers

3
Q

what is most useful for pain control

A

Opium

4
Q

Early methods of pain reduction included

A

Religious techniques of scaring of demons and praying for the touch of God to stop the suffering
PLants and herbs, include roots, berries, and seeds became the prominent method for treating pain

5
Q

A new compound containing Salicylic acid was introduced as what?

A

Aspirin in 1899, it was highly effective as an analgesic and antipyretic

6
Q

The first local anesthetic

A

Cocaine

7
Q

What remains the most popular anesthetic used in dentistry in the US

A

Lidocaine

8
Q

What are the two vasoconstriction drugs

A

epinephrine

levonordefrin

9
Q

how many states permit the administration of nitrous oxide by dental hygienists

A

33

10
Q

what is it called when you are anxious and nervous during treatment

A

Dental-phobia

11
Q

Studies suggest that pts who are fearful of dental tx may have?

A

elevated blood pressure
elevated heart rate
Salivary cortisol levels

12
Q

what are some clinical signs of moderate anxiety in the dental chair

A
unnaturally stiff posture 
nervous play with tissue 
white knuckle syndrome 
Perspiration on forehead and hands 
over willingness to cooperate with clinician
quick answers
13
Q

What type of appointments should you have for pts what have anxiety

A

shorter appointments, even through more app. may be needed, may help some pts reduce stress levels, as can scheduling pt during specific time periods of the day

14
Q

What local anesthetics was available in US in 2000

A

Articaine 1969

15
Q

What pts have an higher tolerance of pain

A

older pt than younger

16
Q

Are nerve tissues that lie in the periphery or (outer regions) of the nervous system, consisting of 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord and 12 pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

17
Q

What are the two divisions of the CNS and PNS

A

Afferent and efferent divisions

18
Q

which division consists of all incoming information traveling alone sensory or afferent pathways

A

Afferent

19
Q

Which division consists of all outgoing information along motor or efferent pathways

A

efferent

20
Q

These are the basic functional unit of the nervous system that manipulate information and respond to either excitation or inhibition

A

Nerve cell (neurons)

21
Q

is an excitable cell that is the basic functional unit of the nervous system, specialized in sending impulses and making all nervous system functions possible

A

The neuron

22
Q

Each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called

A

Endoneurium

23
Q

The nerve fibers are bundled together into groups called

A

Fascicles

24
Q

Each fascicles is wrapped in a layer of connective tisse called the

A

Perineurium

25
Q

The entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called

A

Epineurium

26
Q

what nerve conducts signals from sensory neurons to the spinal cord or brain (carry toward)

A

Afferent nerves

27
Q

what nerve conduct signals away from the brain or spinal cord along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands (carry away)

A

Efferent nerves

28
Q

What causes more allergic reaction amide or ester

A

Ester

29
Q

Along myelinated nerve fibers, gaps in the sheath between adjacent Schwann cells are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

30
Q

What are the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

31
Q

also known as a nerve impulse is a spike of positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell

A

Action potential

32
Q

This occurs once the peck of the action potential is reached and the membrane potential begins to move back toward the resting potential

A

Repolarization

33
Q

Local Anesthetic drug act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium- specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane; in particular that so- called

A

voltage-gated sodium channels

34
Q

Local Anesthetic agents are divided chemically into two groups:

A

ester

amides

35
Q

Due to the high degree of hypersensitivity to injectable esters, all injectable local anesthetic manufactured for dentistry today are in

A

the amide group

36
Q

Local anesthetic molecule consist of 3 components

A
  1. Lipophilic aromatic ring
  2. Intermediate hydrocarbon ester or amide chain
  3. Hydrophilic terminal amine
37
Q

There are 2 major routes of delivery of local anesthetic drugs

A

Topical

Submucosal injection

38
Q

drugs applied to the surface of mucosal tissue that produce local insensibility to pain

A

Topical anesthetics

39
Q

injections of local anesthetics are more effective than topical routes of administration

A

Submucosal

40
Q

Refers to the physiological effects of drugs on the body an the mechanisms of drug action and its relationship between drug concentration and effects

A

Pharmacodynamics

41
Q

Higher pKa = fewer base molecules =

A

Slower onset of action

42
Q

Lower pKa = more base molecules =

A

Faster onset of action

43
Q

IS the study of the action of drugs within the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

44
Q

The period from local anesthetic deposition near the never trunk to profound conduction block,

A

The onset of action

45
Q

What is the primary factor determining the onset of action

A

pKa

46
Q

Is defined as the time interval between the initial deposition of the anesthetic solution at the nerve site and complete conduction blockage

A

induction time

47
Q

Increased tolerance to a drug that is administered repeatedly

A

Tachyphlaxis

48
Q

What are vasodilators and produce a pharmacologic effect on blood vessels, varying slightly from type to type

A

All local anesthetics

49
Q

THis is the period of time it takes for 50% of the drug to be metabolized/removed from the body

A

Half-life of a local anesthetic

50
Q

What organ is responsible for the entire metabolic process of most amides?

A

Liver

51
Q

The rate of biotransformation is slower in what type of pt

A

Significant liver dysfunction (cirrhosis) or pt with lower hepatic blood flow, causing an increased rick of systemic toxicity

52
Q

What organ is the primary excretory organ for the metabolites of all local anesthetic agents

A

Kidneys

53
Q

what are important additives to the local anesthetic solution because of their ability to constrict blood vessels

A

Vasoconstrictors

54
Q

Two vasoconstrictors that are added to local anesthetic drugs available in the US are

A

epinephrine

levonordefrin

55
Q

Epinephrine is administered intravenously, it has a half life of

A

1 to 3 min

56
Q

The maximum recommended dose per visit of epinephrine for healthy pts are

A

0.2mg

57
Q

The maximum recommended dose per visit of epinephrine for a cardiovascular compromised pt or a pt with tx modifications

A

0.04mg

58
Q

Side effects of overdose of vasoconstrictors only last

A

5-10mins

59
Q

Maximum recommended dose per visit of levonordefrin for healthy pt is

A

1.0mg

60
Q

Maximum recommended dose per visit of levonirdefrin for a cardiovascularly compromised pt or a pt needed tx modifications is

A

0.2mg