Exam 1 Flashcards by Tara Arnett

Creates a numbing feeling that eliminates the feeling of sensation in a specific area without loss of consciousness

Local Anesthesia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

routinely referred to as analgesics

Pain relievers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is most useful for pain control

Opium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Early methods of pain reduction included

Religious techniques of scaring of demons and praying for the touch of God to stop the suffering
PLants and herbs, include roots, berries, and seeds became the prominent method for treating pain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A new compound containing Salicylic acid was introduced as what?

Aspirin in 1899, it was highly effective as an analgesic and antipyretic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The first local anesthetic

Cocaine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What remains the most popular anesthetic used in dentistry in the US

Lidocaine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two vasoconstriction drugs

epinephrine

levonordefrin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many states permit the administration of nitrous oxide by dental hygienists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is it called when you are anxious and nervous during treatment

Dental-phobia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Studies suggest that pts who are fearful of dental tx may have?

elevated blood pressure
elevated heart rate
Salivary cortisol levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are some clinical signs of moderate anxiety in the dental chair

unnaturally stiff posture 
nervous play with tissue 
white knuckle syndrome 
Perspiration on forehead and hands 
over willingness to cooperate with clinician
quick answers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of appointments should you have for pts what have anxiety

shorter appointments, even through more app. may be needed, may help some pts reduce stress levels, as can scheduling pt during specific time periods of the day

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What local anesthetics was available in US in 2000

Articaine 1969

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What pts have an higher tolerance of pain

older pt than younger

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are nerve tissues that lie in the periphery or (outer regions) of the nervous system, consisting of 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord and 12 pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two divisions of the CNS and PNS

Afferent and efferent divisions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which division consists of all incoming information traveling alone sensory or afferent pathways

Afferent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which division consists of all outgoing information along motor or efferent pathways

efferent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are the basic functional unit of the nervous system that manipulate information and respond to either excitation or inhibition

Nerve cell (neurons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is an excitable cell that is the basic functional unit of the nervous system, specialized in sending impulses and making all nervous system functions possible

The neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called

Endoneurium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The nerve fibers are bundled together into groups called

Fascicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each fascicles is wrapped in a layer of connective tisse called the

Perineurium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called

Epineurium

what nerve conducts signals from sensory neurons to the spinal cord or brain (carry toward)

Afferent nerves

what nerve conduct signals away from the brain or spinal cord along motor neurons to their target muscles and glands (carry away)

Efferent nerves

What causes more allergic reaction amide or ester

Ester

Along myelinated nerve fibers, gaps in the sheath between adjacent Schwann cells are called

Nodes of Ranvier

What are the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells called

Nodes of Ranvier

also known as a nerve impulse is a spike of positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell

Action potential

This occurs once the peck of the action potential is reached and the membrane potential begins to move back toward the resting potential

Repolarization

Local Anesthetic drug act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium- specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane; in particular that so- called

voltage-gated sodium channels

Local Anesthetic agents are divided chemically into two groups:

ester | amides

Due to the high degree of hypersensitivity to injectable esters, all injectable local anesthetic manufactured for dentistry today are in

the amide group

Local anesthetic molecule consist of 3 components

1. Lipophilic aromatic ring 2. Intermediate hydrocarbon ester or amide chain 3. Hydrophilic terminal amine

There are 2 major routes of delivery of local anesthetic drugs

Topical | Submucosal injection

drugs applied to the surface of mucosal tissue that produce local insensibility to pain

Topical anesthetics

injections of local anesthetics are more effective than topical routes of administration

Submucosal

Refers to the physiological effects of drugs on the body an the mechanisms of drug action and its relationship between drug concentration and effects

Pharmacodynamics

Higher pKa = fewer base molecules =

Slower onset of action

Lower pKa = more base molecules =

Faster onset of action

IS the study of the action of drugs within the body

Pharmacokinetics

The period from local anesthetic deposition near the never trunk to profound conduction block,

The onset of action

What is the primary factor determining the onset of action

pKa

Is defined as the time interval between the initial deposition of the anesthetic solution at the nerve site and complete conduction blockage

induction time

Increased tolerance to a drug that is administered repeatedly

Tachyphlaxis

What are vasodilators and produce a pharmacologic effect on blood vessels, varying slightly from type to type

All local anesthetics

THis is the period of time it takes for 50% of the drug to be metabolized/removed from the body

Half-life of a local anesthetic

What organ is responsible for the entire metabolic process of most amides?

Liver

The rate of biotransformation is slower in what type of pt

Significant liver dysfunction (cirrhosis) or pt with lower hepatic blood flow, causing an increased rick of systemic toxicity

What organ is the primary excretory organ for the metabolites of all local anesthetic agents

Kidneys

what are important additives to the local anesthetic solution because of their ability to constrict blood vessels

Vasoconstrictors

Two vasoconstrictors that are added to local anesthetic drugs available in the US are

epinephrine | levonordefrin

Epinephrine is administered intravenously, it has a half life of

1 to 3 min

The maximum recommended dose per visit of epinephrine for healthy pts are

0.2mg

The maximum recommended dose per visit of epinephrine for a cardiovascular compromised pt or a pt with tx modifications

0.04mg

Side effects of overdose of vasoconstrictors only last

5-10mins

Maximum recommended dose per visit of levonordefrin for healthy pt is

1.0mg

Maximum recommended dose per visit of levonirdefrin for a cardiovascularly compromised pt or a pt needed tx modifications is

0.2mg

Exam 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)