Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Types of scientific papers
A
- Peer reviewed manuscripts
- Invited manuscripts
- Book chapters
2
Q
What are the classical features of autism?
A
- deficits in communication
- repetitive interests and behaviors
- abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction
- developmental origin
3
Q
Core symptoms of ASD
A
- atypical reciprocal social interactions
- delayed and distorted language
- restricted repertoire of interests
- symptoms may fluctuate
4
Q
ASD disorders - list them
A
- autistic disorder
- asperger syndrome
- pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
- rett syndrome
- childhood disintegrative disorder
5
Q
autistic disorder
A
6 symptoms for 3 domains of funtioning
6
Q
asperger syndrome
A
- intact language
- 2 symptoms in social domain and 1 symptom in restricted interests
7
Q
PDD-NOS
A
met only a few of autistic disorder criteria
8
Q
rett syndrome
A
- females only - rare
- loss of social interactions and purposeful hand movements
- mental retardation and delayed language
- due to a mutation
9
Q
Childhood disintegrative disorder
A
impairment in 2 of the 3 domains of ASD
10
Q
Other related behaviors to ASD
A
- sensory sensitivity
- motor impairments
- ADHD symptoms
- sleep and eating problems
- seizure disorders and/or gastrointestinal disorders
- self-injurious behaviors (frustration)
11
Q
Environmental factors of ASD
A
- infectious disease in first trimester
- complications during pregnancy
- exposure to teratogens during embryonic stage
12
Q
Genetic factors of ASD
A
-single genes/multiple genes
13
Q
What can biomarkers be used to do?
A
- identify risk factors
- Improve diagnosis
- Develop personalized treatment plans
14
Q
Define epigenetic
A
the study of how our experiences may affect our DNA
15
Q
DNA modifications
A
-Environmental factors
16
Q
Types of experiences that can lead to sustained changes in neurobiology and behavior
A
- prenatal stress
- infant separation
- nurturing caregiver
- caregivemaltreatment
17
Q
What are some of the chromosomal abnormalities that can lead to the development of autism?
A
- Chromosome 15
- Chromosome 7
- Chromosomes 2, 22, and 8
18
Q
What is sig about chrom 15?
A
- associated with severe mental retardation
- associated with autism and Angelman syndrome
19
Q
What is sig about chrom 7
A
- Inversion or deletion linked with autism
- —ASD or language impairments
20
Q
What is sig about chrom’s 2, 22, and 8?
A
-Associated with ASD
21
Q
Define social cognition
A
study of how people or animals process social information
-especially in its encoding, storage, retrieval, and application to social situations
22
Q
Define social neuroscience
A
Study of neural structures or neural circuits that support social cognitive processes
23
Q
Mechanisms needed for social competence - infancy to childhood
A
- eye gaze monitoring
- joint attention
24
Q
Mechanisms needed for social competence - childhood to adulthood
A
- imitation
- theory of mind
- empathy
- deception
25
Gaze following development - list in order
1. Mutual vs averted gaze
2. Gaze following
3. Joint attention
4. Shared attention
5. Mental state attribution or theory of mind
26
Describe Gaze following
Individual A detects that B's gaze is not directed towards them, and follows the line of sight of B onto a point in space
27
Describe Joint Attention
Same as gaze following, except that there is a focus of attention (such as an object), so that indiv.s A and B are looking at the same object
28
Describe shared attention
A combination of mutual attention and joint attention and joint attention, where the focus of individual A and B's attention is on the object of joint focus and each other
-i.e. I know you're looking at X, and you know that I'm looking at X
29
Describe Mental state attribution or theory of mind
Prob uses a combination of diff types of gaze following and other higher-order cognitive strategies
30
Define reflexive attention - what pathway?
Subcortical visual pathway
| -each of the parts can modulate processing in other parts of the brain and thus influence attention
31
Define cognitive control of attention
Late developing cortical systems critical for object perception and recognition, gaze and body motion, and control of spatial attention
32
Define Ventral
Vision for perception
| -object perception
33
Define Dorsal
Vision for action
| -visuospatial discrimination
34
Define Motion
Eye gaze, body motion
35
What is the function of the frontoparietal network?
Mediates orienting decisions -> balances costs and benefits of attention shifts
36
Define social orienting
The predisposition or bias to preferentially seek out social info in the world around us
37
Define social reward
Take process from social interactions
38
Define social maintaining
The continual process to foster and maintain social bonds
39
Define symbolic play
Representational play
40
Define Theory of Mind
Ability to infer mental states and use this info to understand and predict future behavior
41
What are some examples of social cognition?
- reading faces
- recognizing emotional expressions
- eye gaze monitoring
- joint attention, etc
42
What are some behavioral manifestations? Define them.
- Social orienting -> bias to preferentially seek out social info in the world around us
- Seeking-liking -> incentive value of social reward stimuli
- Social maintaining -> continual process to foster and maintain social bonds
- Proximate level -> level of the individual
- Ultimate level -> Evolutionary reason
43
Define liking in terms of reward
pleasure of reward
44
Define wanting in terms of reward
incentive salience of the reward
| -how far are you willing to go to seek it out (i.e. 11 mins for doughnuts)
45
Define dyadic. When are early dyadic interactions normally a reward?
child-other
| -From birth, infants prefer direct over averted gaze
46
What are some of the social deficits in autism?
- Emotional recognition and expression
- Facial recognition
- Imitation
- Impairments in play and language
47
Describe the social deficit of imitation
Infants tend to imitate facial expressions
- Important for non-verbal communication skills, social learning, and play
- basic imitation i.e. babbling
48
Describe the social deficit of Impairments in play and language
Children w/ASD usually lack symbolic play
| -Can do it, but usually delayed, less diverse, and less elaborative
49
Define sig of False Belief Test
Children with ASD may be capable to carry out some of the deficits, they are just not motivated to do so
-They see no reward in it
50
Main deficits developmental course
- Early onset -> most common
| - Regression -> appears around age 1.5-2
51
Early symptoms of the main deficits - main developmental delays
- Social orienting
- Joint attention
- Facial recognition
- Imitation
- Symbolic play
- Response to emotion
52
State one way treatment used to enhance motivation
Oxytocin -> important for bonding, or "social reward"
53
Transverse
horizontal plane
54
Coronal
Frontal
55
Seven divisions of CNS - list them
- Cerebral hemisphere
- Diencephalon
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
- Spinal cord
- Cerebellum
56
Parts and functions of the cerebral hemisphere
- Cerebral cortex: four lobes
- Hippocampus: learning and memory processes
- Amygdala: regulation of emotions -> response to stressful and threatening situations
- Basal ganglia: Higher brain functions (i.e. control of movements, emotions, and cognition)
57
Diencephalon - parts and functions
- Thalamus: A relay station for info on its way to the cerebral cortex
- Hypothalamus: Integrates functions of the autonomic nervous system (i.e. hunger, thirst, body temp.)
- ---Controls endocrine hormone release from pituitary gland
58
Brain stem - function and parts
Regulates arousal
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
59
Spinal cord - what is special about it?
Clear external segmental organization
| -embryonic origins
60
Cerebellum - function
- Regulates movements of eyes and limbs
| - Helps us to maintain equilibrium (posture and balance)
61
Name the 5 lobes of the hemispheres - list and state basic functions
- Frontal: planning and execution of motor movements; language (broca's area); higher cognitive functions
- Parietal: mediates somatosensory inputs
- ---i.e. touch, cold, pressure, etc.
- Temporal: vision and audition
- ------wernick's area -> perception of language
- Occipital: vision
- Limbic: regulation of emotions
62
What are the subcortical structures within the temporal lobe? Also state function
- Hippocampus -> memory functions
| - Amygdala -> regulation of emotions
63
Thalamus
sensory gateway
64
Basal ganglia
movement, reward
65
Hypothalamus
regulation of body function
66
Amygdala
emotion
67
Hippocampus
memory
68
Cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movements
69
Wernick's area
perception of language
70
Broca's area
production of language
71
Globus Pallidus
regulates involuntary movement
72
Putamen
feedback loop that prepares and aids in movement of limbs
73
Lateral ventricle
Contains cerebrospinal fluid that acts as cushioning for the brain
-also helps to circulate and remove waste
74
Anterior commisure
Pain sensation -> acute, sharp pain
75
Substantia Nigra
Brain function
| -i.e. eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction
76
Meninges - what are they?
3 layers that cover the central nervous system
| -Dura mater > arachnoid > Pia mater
77
Name and define the processes associated with prenatal brain development
- Neurulation: formation of neural tube
- --fusion of neural plate
- Neurogenesis: formation of the neurons
- Synaptogenesis: formation of the synapses
- Myelination: formation of the white matter around the axons
78
Postnatal brain development
```
Start of:
-competitive elimination
Continuation/end of:
-programmed cell death
-myelination
-dendritic and axonal arborization (dramatic increase)
```
79
Major brain structures derived from forebrain
- Telencephalon -> cerebral hemispheres
| - Diencephalon -> thalamus and hypothalamus
80
Major brain structures derived from midbrain
-Midbrain
81
Major brain structures derived from hindbrain
- Metencephalon -> cerebellum and pons
| - Myelencephalon -> medulla and spinal cord
82
Define postnatal experience-expectant processes
Corresponds to critical or sensitive periods
- Brain is primed to receive particular classes of info from the environment
- ---brain builds an overabundance of synapses that are pruned back by experience
83
Define postnatal experience-dependent process
- Synapse formation involves brain's adaptation to info that is unique to the individual
- Formation of new neural connections
84
What are the patterns of postnatal development of grey matter?
- Reaches a peak at different periods depending on the lobes
| - --Tends to follow an "inverted U" developmental course
85
What are the patterns of postnatal development of white matter?
- Increases continuously until young adulthood
| - --Tends to increase in a linear fashion throughout childhood and adolescence
