Exam 1 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Fertilization usually takes place in the Fallopian tube.
A) True
B) False
A
A) True
2
Q
During the period of the fetus, the most rapid prenatal changes take place.
A) True
B) False
A
B) False
3
Q
research indicated that fetal activity towards the end of pregnancy is linked to infant temperament.
A) True
B) False
A
A) true
4
Q
An individual’s unique genetic information is called genotype.
A) True
B) False
A
A) True
5
Q
What is a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes called? A) information B) Chromosomes bits C) Gene D) Phenotype
A
C) Gene
6
Q
Which period of prenatal development is the longest? A) Fetal Period B) All are the same C) Embryonic period D) Period of zygote
A
A) Fetal Period
7
Q
The age of viability occurs sometimes between \_\_\_\_\_ weeks A) 20 and 24 B) 26 and 30 C) 22 and 26 D) 36 and 40
A
C) 22 and 26
8
Q
What is a segment of DNA located along the chromosomes called? A) information B) chromosomes bits C) gene D) phenotype
A
b) chromosome bits
9
Q
We have 22 matching pairs of chromosomes, called \_\_\_\_\_ . A) autosomes B) zygote C) ovum D) gametes
A
A) autosomes
10
Q
____
Hereditary information
Received from parents at conception
A
Nature
11
Q
____
Physical and social forces
Influences biological and psychological development
A
Nurture
12
Q
______ ____, a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
A
developmental science
13
Q
a ____ is an orderly, integrated set of statement that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
Ex: a good ___ of infant-caregiver attachment would
1. describe the behaviors of babies of 6 to 8 months of age as they seek the affection and comfort of a familiar adult
2. explain how and why infants develop this strong desire to bond with a caregiver, and
3. predict the consequences of this emotional bond for future relationships.
A
theory
14
Q
Our large storehouse of information about development is ________. It has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study. Because of the need for solutions to everyday problems at all ages, research from psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology and neuroscience have joined forces in research with professionals from education, family studies, medicine, etc.
A
interdisciplinary
15
Q
_______ a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
A
continuous
16
Q
_____ : a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
A
discontinuous
17
Q
_____ : qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development.
-change is fairly sudden rather than gradually
A
stages
18
Q
____ unique combination of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
A
contexts
19
Q
are genetic or environmental factors more important? This is the age-old ____ ___ ____
A
nature and nurture controversy
20
Q
Theorist, taking a more optimistic view, see development as having substantial ____ throughout life– as open to change in response to influential experiences.
A
plasticity
21
Q
A leading systems approach is the ____ ____. Four assumptions make up this broader view: the development is
- lifelong
- multidimensional and multidirectional
- highly plastic
- affected by multiple interacting forces
A
lifespan perspective
22
Q
Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last are called _____ ____
A
age-graded influences
23
Q
_____ ____ explain why people born around the same time– called cohort– tend to be alike in ways that them apart from people born at all other times.
A
history-graded influences
24
Q
____ ____ are events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.
A
non normative influences
25
_____ ____ measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.
normative approach
26
According to ____ ___, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the persons ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.
Psychoanalytic perspective
27
_____ ____ emphasizes that how parents manage their Childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for the healthy personality development.
psychosexual theory
28
____ ____ by Erikson, emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.
psychosocial theory
29
According to ____, directly observable events stimuli and responses- are the appropriate focus of study.
behaviorism
30
_____ ____ ___ the most influential, devised by Albert Bendura emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful spruce of development.
social learning theory
31
____ ___ ___ consists of careful observations of individual behavior and related environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. The goal is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increases desirable responses.
applied behavior analysis
32
According to ____ _____, children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
cognitive-development theory
33
The design of digital computers that use mathematically specified steps to solve problems suggested to psychologists that the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows-- a perspective called _____ _____
information processing
34
___ _____ : it bring together researches from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
cognitive neuroscience
35
A complimentary new era, _____ ___ ____, is devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development.
developmental social neuroscience
36
____ is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
ethology
37
A ____ _____ is a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. However, its boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.
sensitive period
38
Recently, researchers have extended this effort in a new area of research called ____ ___ ___. It seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies chase with age.
evolutionary developmental psychology
39
_____ _____ focuses on how culture- the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group- is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygonsky, social interaction- in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knlowedgabwle members of society- is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.
social cultural theory
40
______ ____ ___ views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
ecological system theory
41
the innermost level of the environment, the ________ , contains of activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surroundings.
microsystem
42
The second level of Bronfenbrenner's model, the _____, encompasses connections between Microsystems.
mesosystem
43
The _____ consists of social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affects experiences in immediate settings.
exosystem
44
One approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest-- a method called ____ ___
naturalistic observations
45
In a ____ ___, researches use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participants point of view.
clinical interview
46
____ ____ (including tests and questionnaires), in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way, eliminate the problem.
structured interviews
47
An outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory, the ___, or ___ ___, method bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores.
clinical, or case study, or method
48
_____ ____ is a descriptive, qualitative technique. But instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed towards understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation.
enthrographic research
49
In a ____ ___, researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experience. Then they look at relationships between participants characteristics and their behavior or development.
correlational design
50
____ ____, a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other.
correlation coefficient
51
An ____ ___ permits inferences about cause and effects because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions.
experimental design
52
The ____ ___ is the one of the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
independent variable
53
The ___ ____ is the one investigators expects to be influenced by the independent variable.
dependent variable
54
To protect against confusion of what variable produced the behavior, researchers engage in ____ ___ of participants to treatment conditions. By using an unbiased procedure, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin, investigators increase the chances that participants characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.
random assignment
55
In ___ ___, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.
field experiment
56
often researchers cannot randomly assign participants and manipulate conditions in the real world. Sometimes they can compromise by conducing ____ ____ comparing treatment that already exist, such as different family environments, schools, workplaces, or retirement villages.
natural experiment
57
In a ____ ____, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. The time span can be short (months) or long (decade).
longitudinal design
58
The most discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings is _____ ____. Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to people developing at other times.
cohort effects
59
In the ____ ___, groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time.
cross-sectional design
60
To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, investigators sometimes use ___ ___, in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called ____)
sequential designs
61
____ store and transmit genetic information
chromosomes
62
Humans have ___ chromosomes patching pairs
23
63
Chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance called ___
DNA
64
A ___ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome
gene
65
New individuals are created when two special cells called ____, or sex cells-- the sperm and ovum-- combine.
gametes
66
Gametes are formed through a cell division process called ____
meiosis
67
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting cell, called a ____, will have 46 chromosomes.
zygote
68
22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs, called _____ (meaning NOT sex chromosomes)
autosomes
69
The 23rd pair consists of ___ ____. in females, this pair is called XX; in males, it is called XY.
sex chromosomes
70
Jeannie and Jason are ____, or dizygotic twins, the most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova.
faternal
71
____, or monozygotic, twins because they have the same genetic makeup.
identical
72
Two forms of each gene occur at the same place in the chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one form the father. Each form of a gene is called an ___
allele
73
If the alleles from both parents are alike, the child is _____ and will display the inherited trait. If the alleles differ, then the child is ____, and relationships between the alleles influence the phenotype.
homozygous; heterozygous
74
In many heterozygous pairings, ______ ___ occursL only one allele affects the child's characteristics. it is called dominant; the second allele, which has no effect, is called recessive.
dominant-recessive inheritance
75
Heterozugous individuals with just one recessive allele can pass the train individuals can pass that trait to their children. Therefore, they are called ____ of the trait.
carriers
76
____ ____, a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two.
incomplete dominance
77
When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosomes, ___ ___ applies. Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match
x-linked inheritance
78
In ____ ___, alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked through regulatory process within the genome, in such a way that one pair member (either the mother's or the father's) is activated, regardless of its makeup.
genomic imprinting
79
How are harmful genes created?
mutation
80
____ a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA
mutation
81
____ ___, genes affect the characteristics in question.
polygenic inheritance
82
___ ___ is a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals.
genetic counseling
83
if couples at risk for bearing a child with abnormalities decide to conceive, several ___ ___ ___-- medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth are available.
prenatal diagnostic methods
84
When a marital relationship is warn and considerate, mothers and father are more likely to engage in effective _____, mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors.
coparenting
85
Researchers assess a family's standing on this continuum through an index called ____ ____, which combines three related, but not completely overlapping variables:
1. years of education and
2. the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires,
both of which measure social status; and
3. income, which measure economic status.
socioeconomic status
86
___ - groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture.
subcultures
87
The African American tradition of ____ ___, in which parent and child live with one or more adult relatives, is a vital feature of black family life that has promoted resilience in its members, despite a long history of prejudice and economic deprivation.
extended-family households
88
___ ____ - laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions.
public policies
89
___ ___ is a field devoted to uncovering the contribution of nature and nurture to this diversity in humans traits and abilities.
behavioral genetics
90
___ ___ measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors.
heritability estimates
91
Heritability estimates are obtained from ___ ___, which compare the characteristics of family members.
kinship studies
92
____ ___ , which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
gene-environment interactions
93
According to the concept of ______ ____, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.
gene-environment correlation
94
The tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity is called ______
niche-picking
95
_____ which means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment .
epigenesis
96
______ - a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compound (called a methyl group) lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression.
methylation
97
Between the 7th and 9th days, _____ occurs: the blastocyst deep into the uterine lining..
implantation
98
_____ encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperate of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement.
amnion
99
By the end of the second week, cells of the trophoblast form another protective membrane- the ___, which surround the amnion. From the chorine, tiny fingerlike villi, or blood vessels, emerge.
chorin
100
By bringing the embryo's and mother's blood close together, the ____ permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organisms and waste products to be carried away.
placenta
101
the placenta is connected to the developing organism by the ___ ___, which first appears as a primitive body stalk and, during the course of pregnancy, grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet. The umbilical cord contains one large being that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products.
umbilical cord
102
The period of the ____ lasts from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy. During these brie 6 weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs.
embryo
103
The ectoderm folds over the form of the ___ ___, or primitive spinal cord.
neural tube
104
the period of the fetus, from the 9th week to the end of pregnancy, is the LONGEST prenatal period. During this "growth and finishing" phase, the organism increases rapidly ins ize.
fetus
105
A white, cheesecake substance called ___ emerges on the skin, protecting it from the chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. White, downy hair called lanugo also appears over the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin.
vernix
106
prenatal development is sometimes divided into ___, or three equal time periods.
trimesters
107
The point of which the baby can first survive, called the ___ ___ ___, occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks.
age of viability
108
the term ____ refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
teratogen
109
___ ___ ___ ___ (___): a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes cause by prenatal alcohol exposure.
fetal alchohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
110
___ ___ a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience.
natural childbirth or prepared childbirth
111
____ or inadequate oxygen supply
anoxia
112
____ ___ , turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first, and the umbilical cord was wrapped around her neck.
breech position
113
___ ___ are electronic instruments that rack the baby's heart rate during labor.
feel monitors
114
A ___ ___ is a surgical birth; the doctor makes an incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus.
caesarean delivery
115
___ ___ are born several weeks or more before their due date.
preterm infants
116
_____ new below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy.
skall-for-date infants
117
A ___ is an inborn, automatic response to particular form of stimulation.
reflex
118
Throughout the day and night, newborn infant move in and out of five ___ __ __, or degrees of sleep and wakefulness,
state of arousal
119
During irregular, or _______ (REM), sleep, brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are uneven; and slight body movements occur.
rapid-eye-movement
120
In contrast, during regular, or ______, sleep the body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breaking, and brain-wave activity are slow and even.
non-rapid-eye-movement
121
As a result, newborn cannot focus their eyes well, and their ______ or fineness of discrimination, is limited.
visual acuity
122
_________ : evaluates the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions.
Neonatal behavioral assessment scale
123
The human brain has 100 to 200 billion ___, or nerve cells, that store and trait information, many of which have thousands of direct connections with other neurons.
neurons
124
Between them are tiny gaps, or ____, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.
synapses
125
Neurons sens messages to one another by releasing checking called _______, which cross by the synapse.
neurotransmitters
126
A surprising aspecting of brain growth is ____ ___ ___, which make space for these connective structures: As synapses form, many surrounding nervous die-- 40 to 60 percent, depending on the brain region.
programmed cell death
127
About half the brain's volume is made up of ___ ___, which are responsible for myelination, the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (called myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer.
glial cells
128
The ____ ___, lying in front of areas controlling body movement, is responsible for complex thought-- in particular, consciousness and various "executive" processes, including inhibition of impulses, integration of information, and memory, reasoning, planning, and problem solving strategies.
prefrontal cortex
129
_____ ___: A highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning. And If a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over tasks it would have handled.
brain plasticity
130
The first, ____ ____ ___, refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which on ordinary experiences opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people and hear language and other sounds.
experience expected brain growth
131
The second type of brain development, _____ ____ ___, occurs throughout our lives. it consists of additional growth and reinforcement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
experience dependent brain growth
132
___ ___ : manipulation of variables using unknown participants in natural settings.
field experiments
133
____ ___ direct manipulation of variables and the observation of their effects on the behavior of other variables.
laboratory experiments
134
Strengths: can reveal continuity/ discontinuity
Limitations:
- Cost, time, subject drop out (selective attrition)
- inflexible (stuck with the same samples and measures initially chosen)
- Effects of repeating testing
Longitudinal Research
135
Strengths:
- Efficient use of time, less costly
- Provides information on general developmental trends.
Limitations:
- Will any age differences found apply longitudinally?
- It can't tell us about individual developmental tracks
- It can't tell us about past determinants of the age-related changes
cross sectional
136
Advantages:
- More efficient than longitudinal design
- Can examine cultural/historical effects
- Can test effects of repeated testing:
Ex: the 11 yr olds in Group A have been tested before, but the 11 years olds in Group B have not
Longitudinal Sequential Research
137
_____ ____: Researchers want their study to mirror circumstances of the broader world.
external validity
138
One concern involves the study's possible demands characteristics:
- cues that can signal to participants how they're supposed to behave.
One way of avoiding this problem is to use a ___ ____ ___.
double-blinding design
139
the term polygenic refers to the combined effect of many ____
genes
140
Assuming there are multiple genes and environmental factors conducive to ___ ____-:
-most individuals receive a moderate amount of these factors (fall in the middle IQ range)-
a few individuals receive a very small amount (fall in the very low IQ range)
-a few individuals receive a very large amount (fall in the very high IQ range)
high intelligence
