Exam 2 Rev- study

Question 1

_____ ______ ______
The hemisphere of the cerebral cortex responsible for skilled motor action and other important abilities. In right-handed individuals, the left-hemisphere is dominant; in left-handed individuals, motor and language skills are often shared between the hemispheres.

Answer 1

Dominant cerebral hemisphere

Question 2

_____
General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation, eg: when asked to tell what happens at a restaurant, a 3 year old might say, “You go in, get the food, eat, and then pay.” Although children’s first scripts contain only a few acts, they are almost always recalled in correct sequence. Scripts help children and adults organize and interpret routine experiences.

Answer 2

Scripts-

Question 3

_____ ______ A stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises.

Answer 3

Dominance hierarchy

Question 4

_____ A structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of body movement.

Answer 4

Cerebellum

Question 5

_______ thinking about thought; a theory of mind, or coherent set of ideas about mental activities.

Answer 5

Metacognition

Question 6

_____ _____ ____- Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, extending from about 7 to 11 years, during which thought becomes logical, flexible, and organized in it’s application to concrete information, but the capacity for abstract thinking is not yet present.

Answer 6

Concrete operational stage

Question 7

_____ ______- a structure in the brainstem that maintains alertness and consciousness.

Answer 7

Reticular formation

Question 8

____ ____ ____- the understanding of one’s own and others’ mental states and includes, among others, understanding of thoughts, intentions, desires, or beliefs.
Ex: knowing the state of mind of Jimmy because he dropped his ice cream. You are able to understand he is sad and might try to make him feel better.

Answer 8

Theory of mind

Question 9

______- the ability to order items along a quantitative dimensions, such as length or weight.

Answer 9

Seriation

Question 10

_______- An inner brain structure that plays a central role in processing of novelty and emotional information.

(Emotion Center)

Answer 10

Amygdala

Question 11

______ _______ the ability to reflect on and manipulate the second structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words, to rhyming, and to incorrect pronunciation. A strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge.

Answer 11

Phonological awareness-

Question 12

______ _____- the ability to seriate, or order items along a quantitative dimensions, mentally.

The ability to deduce that if Item B is related to Item C and Item C is related to Item D, then Item B must be related to Item D.

Answer 12

Transitive inference

Question 13

______- An inner-brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.

Answer 13

Hippocampus

Question 14

________ overextension of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions.

Answer 14

Overregularization

Question 15

_____ _____- mental representations of familiar spaces, such as classroom, school, or neighborhood.

Answer 15

Cognitive maps

Question 16

_____ _____- the large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. Supports smooth coordination of movement on both sides of the body and integration of many aspects of thinking.

Answer 16

Corpus callosum

Question 17

____- the practical, social side of language concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication.

Answer 17

Pragmatics

Question 18

_____- a memory strategy that involves repeating information to oneself .

Answer 18

Rehearsal

Question 19

____ ___- a gland located at the base of the brain that releases hormones that induce physical growth.

Answer 19

Pituitary gland

Question 20

_____- adult responses that restructure childrens grammatically inaccurate speech into correct form.

Answer 20

Recasts

Question 21

_______- In Piaget’s Theory, the internal rearrangement and linking of schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system. In information, a memory strategy that involves grouping related items together to improve recall.

Answer 21

Organization

Question 22

_____ _____- A pituitary hormone that affects the development of almost all body tissues.

Answer 22

Growth hormone

Question 23

______- Adult responses that elaborate on children’s speech, increasing in complexity.

Answer 23

Expansions

Question 24

______- A memory strategy that involves creating a relationship, or shared meaning, between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category.

Answer 24

Elaboration

Question 25

______ ______- A pituitary hormone that prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have it's full impact on body size.

Answer 25

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 26

____________- In Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of early childhood, which is resolved positively through play experiences that foster a healthy sense of initiative and through development of a superego, or conscience that is not overly strict and guilt ridden.

Answer 26

Initiative vs guilt

Question 27

_____ ______- A form of perspective taking that involves the ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives-- that is, to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking.

Answer 27

Recursive thought

Question 28

_____ _____- Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, extending from about 2 to 7 years of age, in which children undergo an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, although thought is not yet logical.

Answer 28

Preoperational stage

Question 29

____ _____- The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.

Answer 29

Self-concept

Question 30

____ ______- the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccesful efforts.

Answer 30

Cognitive self-regulation

Question 31

____ _____- the make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood.

Answer 31

Sociodramatic play

Question 32

___ ____- An aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one’s own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments.

Answer 32

Self-esteem

Question 33

_____ ______- An approach to beginning reading instruction in which children are exposed to text in it's complete form, using reading materials that are whole and meaningful, to promote appreciation of the communicative function of written language. Distinguished from phonies approach.

Answer 33

Whole-language approach

Question 34

_____ ______- the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.

Answer 34

Dual representation

Question 35

____ _____- emotions involving injury to or enhancements of the sense of self, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride

Answer 35

Self-conscious emotions

Question 36

____ _____- An approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes coaching children on phonics-- the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds-- before exposing then to complex reading material. Distinguished from whole-language approach.

Answer 36

Phonics approach

Question 37

_______- Failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own. Children tend to focus on their own viewpoint and simply assume others perceive, think, and feel the same way they do. It involves the 3 mountains problem. Responsible for pre-operational children’s Animistic thinking: the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions.

Answer 37

Egocentrism

Question 38

______ _____- | Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self

Answer 38

Prosocial (altruistic) behavior

Question 39

____ __ _____ In Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks.

Answer 39

Industry vs inferiority-

Question 40

______ -refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2–7, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11. In which the child realizes that properties of objects—such as mass, volume, and number—remain the same, despite changes in the form of the objects.

Answer 40

Conservation

Question 41

_______ | Feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight.

Answer 41

Sympathy

Question 42

______ _____ | Judgements of their appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.

Answer 42

Social comparisons

Question 43

______ Children focus on one aspect of the situation, neglecting other important features, eg: in conservation of liquid, the child centers on the height of the water, failing to realize that changes in width compensate for changes in height. Also children are easily distracted by the perceptual appearance of objects and treat the initial and final states of the water as unrelated events, ignoring the dynamic transformation (pouring or water) between them.

Answer 43

Centration

Question 44

_____ | The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.

Answer 44

Empathy

Question 45

_____ _____- children attribute their success to their abilities and take an incremental view of ability, meaning they feel they can increase their abilities through their effort.

Answer 45

Mastery-oriented attributions

Question 46

_____- is a stage in early child development in which a child falsely b believe that actions cannot be reversed or undone.

Answer 46

Irreversibility

Question 47

____ _____-is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own

Answer 47

Gender typing

Question 48

____ _____- children attribute their failures (not their achievements) to their ability. They take an entity view of ability in that it cannot be improved by trying hard. ______ _______ emerges over a child's lifetime as a result of uncontrollable bad experiences. They develop a perceived lack of control of many aspects of their lives, thus leading to a generalized helplessness.

Answer 48

Learned helplessness

Question 49

``` _____ _____ The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences. -Piaget’s class inclusion problem: Children are shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. Asked, “Are there more red flowers or flowers?” The preoperational child responds, “More red flowers,” failing to realize that both red and blue flowers are included in the category of “flowers.” ```

Answer 49

Hierarchical classification

Question 50

____ _____-is one's personal experience of one's own gender. Gender identity can correlate with assigned sex at birth, or can differ from it.

Answer 50

Gender identity

Question 51

____ ____- this type of praise evaluates a child's traits, like his intelligence [1]. Person praise evaluates a child globally, telling her that she is good or smart or outstanding. Examples of this kind of praise include, "You're a good girl", "You're so good at this", or "I'm very proud of you"

Answer 51

Person praise

Question 52

_____ _____-is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior. Children from two to about seven years old can be observed engaging in private speech. Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others.

Answer 52

Private speech

Question 53

_____- is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Usually used to describe characters or persons who have no specific gender, gender ambiguity may also be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle

Answer 53

Androgyny

Question 54

____ ____-centers around someone’s behavior rather than on a fixed trait. It focuses on what someone did not who someone is. It focuses on the effort and strategy behind a specific behavior. “You worked hard!” “You thought of a terrific way to help that person.”

Answer 54

Process praise

Question 55

_____ Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance. When the child has little notion of how to proceed, the adult uses direct instruction, breaking the task into manageable units, suggesting strategies, and offering rationales for using them.

Answer 55

Scaffolding

Question 56

_____ _____ A full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change. -Then children use this knowledge to guide their gender-related behavior. -Gender constancy task can be considered a type of conservation problem, in that children must conserve a person’s sex despite a superficial change in his or her appearance.

Answer 56

Gender constancy

Question 57

___________-targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress. Problem focused strategies aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor, including: Problem-solving. Time-management.

Answer 57

Problem-centered coping

Question 58

_____ _____- A broader concept that scaffolding. It refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication. It allows for variations across situations and cultures.

Answer 58

Guided participation

Question 59

_____ ____ _____-children adjust their behavior to align with the gender norms of their culture from the earliest stages of social development.These gender schemas are used to organize and direct the child's behavior based on his or her society's gender norms and expectations related to the child's gender.

Answer 59

Gender schema theory

Question 60

____ _____-involves trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration. This may be the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person’s control.

Answer 60

Emotion-centered coping

Question 61

____ ____ Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering. Improvement in recall in early childhood is strongly associated with language development, which greatly enhances long lasting representations of past experiences, but even preschoolers are not skilled at using memory strategies

Answer 61

Memory strategies-

Question 62

_____- is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors.

Answer 62

Obesity

Question 63

____ ___ Collectives of peers who generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers. Peer groups organize on the basis of proximity (being in the same classroom) and similarity in sex, ethnicity, academic achievement, popularity, and aggression. During the group, children acquire many social skills, cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.

Answer 63

Peer groups

Question 64

____ ____- is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Answer 64

Episodic memory

Question 65

____________- has been defined as physically vigorous behaviors, such as chase and play fighting, that are accompanied by positive feelings between the players.

Answer 65

Rough-and-tumble play

Question 66

____ ____ Refers to likability, the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as worthy social partner. Likability is not a mutual relationship, but a one-sided perspective, involving the group’s view of an individual.

Answer 66

Peer acceptance

Question 67

_____ ____ Information removed from the context in which it was first learned that has become part of your general knowledge base. Between ages 3 and 6 years, children’s improve sharply in memory for relations among stimuli, eg: in a set of photos, they remember not just the animals they saw but their contexts, such as a bear emerging from a tunnel or a zebra tied to a tree.

Answer 67

Semantic memory