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Toxicology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What act paved the way for the current FDA?

A

Pure Food and Drug Act

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2
Q

Who was the chemist chief medical examiner Charles Norris hired?

A

Alexander Getler

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3
Q

During the prohibition what was the leading cause of poisoning? And found in what way?

A

Methanol poisoning

Denatured alcohol

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4
Q

Which one of the following are not signs or symptoms of methanol poisoning?

A) Diff. Breathing
B) Visual disabilities
C) Coma
D) Severe Abdominal Pain
E) Headache
A

E) Headache

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5
Q

What tissue does methanol poisoning attack?

A

Liver

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6
Q

What was radium used for in the 1920’s?

A

Healthy drinks, Watch dial paint.

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7
Q

Where does radium go in the body when ingested?

A

BONE

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8
Q

What happens when radium is ingested?

A

It goes to the bone and continually causes radioactive decay.

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9
Q

Lead was introduced into gasoline to help with engine knocking, what are some side effects people experienced that handled the gasoline daily?

A

Lead poisoning had a neurotoxin effect causing people to develop antisocial behaviors and lower IQs.

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10
Q

what does Emetic mean?

A

A substance that induces vomiting.

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11
Q

What are the 6 reasons to NOT induce vomiting after ingestion of a toxic substance?

A

1) If it is corrosive (Cleaners)
2) Ingestion of volatile petroleum. (Kerosene etc.)

3) Convulsants
4) Patient unreliable, in shock, no gag reflex.
5) If < 1 years old
6) Cardiac or vascular diseases.

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12
Q

T/F Snakebites can be treated in the field by sucking the venom out and applying a tourniquet and ice?

A

FALSE only treatment is SNAKE ANTIVENOM

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13
Q

What are two methods of poisoning?

A

External and Inhalation

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14
Q

If you smell a garlic odor on a patient you suspect is poisoned what is the toxin?

A) Cyanide
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
C)Hydrocarbons
D) DKA, Isopropyl alcohol

A

B) Organophosphates, Arsenic

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15
Q

If you smell a bitter almond odor on a patient you suspect is poisoned, what is the toxin?

A) Cyanide
B) Organophosphates, Arsenic
C) Hydrocarbons
D) DKA, Isopropyl alcohol

A

A) Cyanide

Hydrocarbons–Gas smell

DKA, Isopropyl Alcohol—Fruity smell

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16
Q

T/F Majority of poisonings are intentional?

A

False

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17
Q

T/F Majority of deaths that are from poisoning are intentional.

A

True, I.e Drug overdose

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18
Q

What toxin is responsible for the most deaths?

A

Opioids (analgesics)

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19
Q

What toxin is responsible for the least deaths?

A

Hydrocarbons

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20
Q

The #1 poisonous killer is what?

A

CO (carbon monoxide)

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21
Q

Which methylxanthine is most toxic?

A

Theophylline

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22
Q

For the following poisons list the antidote.

A) Acetaminophen
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Carbamate Insecticides
D) Lead
E) Opioids
F) Organophosphates
G) Warfarin, Haparin
A 
A) N-acetylcysteine
B) Flumazenil
C) Atropine
D) EDTA
E) Naloxone
F) Atropine, Pralidoxime
G) Vitamin K
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23
Q

What is the most commonly reported poison?

A

Acetaminophen (analgesics

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24
Q

What is the least common reported poison?

A

Alcohol

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25
What is the most common method of poisonings?
Ingestion
26
T/F Opioid narcotics are the number 1 drug used for intentional overdoses.
FALSE only for unintentional Intentional-- Acetaminophen
27
What is another name for coal workers' pneumoconiasis?
Black Lung disease
28
Asbestosis leads to what two major diseases?
Lung Cancer, | Mesothelioma
29
What will a worker that blast sand or works in a quarry most likely develop? A) Asbestosis poisoning B) Woolsorter's disease C) Black Lung Disease D) Silicosis
Silicosis
30
Brown Lungs Disease is also known as ___, and is from inhalation of _____.
Byssinosis, Dust from cotton, flax, hemp
31
Woolsorter's disease is from inhalation of ___ and the typical profession works with ___ products.
Anthrax, | Wool and Animal Hides
32
What colorless, odorless gas can cause similar symptoms as the flu and is the leading cause of accidental deaths?
CO
33
What poisonous gas leaks through the foundations of buildings and is the 1 cause for lung cancer in non-smokers?
RADON
34
What are the main heavy medals?
Mercury, Lead, Aluminum, Arsenic
35
Arsenic is an odorless, tasteless heavy metal that in large quantities will kill. What are the stages of Arsenic poisoning someone will go through?
Stage 1: Problems swallowing with metallic taste. Stage 2: V/D Garlic breath Stage 3: Seizure/shock DEATH
36
Mercury can be found most abundant in what 3 fish?
Shark Tuna Swordfish
37
T/F Pregnant women should never eat fish.
False, They can eat <7 oz per week.
38
What are the effects of mercury poisoning?
Neurotoxin that effects the Brain and Kidneys.
39
T/F the effects of lead poisoning is the same on children and adults?
False, Children--CNS issues, Blue gums Adult---PNS issues, ^ BP
40
What is the most common way we ingest aluminum?
Municipal water supplies
41
What will toxic levels of aluminum effect and what disease does it mimic?
Brain, Nervous system. Alzheimer's
42
What are the 8 endocrine disrupting chemicals?
1) Dioxins 2) PCB 3) BPA 4)DDT 5) Atrazine 6)DES 7) Phthalates 8) Parabens
43
Which of the following a pharmaceutical agent that is an endocrine disrupter? A) BPA B) DES C) DDT D) PCB
B) DES- Diethylstilbestrol
44
Which of the following is a plasticizer that is an endocrine disrupter? A) PCB B) Phthalates C) Atrazine D) Parabens
B) Phthalates
45
Which of the following is an Industrial solvent that is an endocrine disrupter? A) Dioxins and PCB B) DES and BPA C) DDT and Atrazine D) Parabens and Phthalates
A) Dioxins and PCB
46
Dioxins and PCB's get into humans via ___ and is found in _____.
Food, | Fatty tissue
47
PCB's and Dioxins accumulate in the food chain in _____ and is classified as _____.
Fatty tissue of animals, Lipophyilic
48
What is a great way to avoid Dioxins and PCB's? A) trim the fat off meat B) Consume low fat dairy C) Eat more veggies D) All the above
D) all the above
49
What recycling number should you avoid to avoid BPA?
7
50
T/F The clearer the plastic the lower amounts of BPA
False, Soft or cloudy do not contain BPA
51
What is the half life in the body of Dioxin? PCB?
7-11 years 8-15 years
52
What is the half life in the body of DDT?
about 8 years
53
Where doe DDT like to go in the body?
Fat tissues
54
What is the second most commonly used pesticide in the US?
Atrazine
55
DES is a synthetic form of what hormone?
Estrogen
56
What were the consequences of women that took DES while pregnant?
^ Breast Cancer risk
57
Risk for Daughters of mothers that took DES?
40x ^ risk Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma 2X ^ risk of Breast Cancer Fertility issues
58
Risk for sons of mothers that took DES?
Testicular abnormalities
59
Phthalates have been linked to developmental issues, what recycling number should you avoid?
3
60
T/F Ingredients have to say phthalates.
False, Avoid stuff that says "fragrance"
61
What are the functional groups of EO?
Acids Oxides Ethers
62
What are the effects and safety issues of ethers?
Effects-- antispasmodic | Safety issue-- Hepatotoxic
63
What are the effects of oxides?
Stimulant
64
What are the methods of application of EO?
Topical Inhalation/Aromatic Internal
65
Which method of application of EO has a greater risk of developing an allergic reaction to the EO?
Topical
66
What are the 5 EO that kids <8 should avoid?
1) Peppermint 2) Thyme 3) Camphor 4) Sage 5) Lavandula Stoechas
67
Name the 10 photosensitizing EO? (hint: 5/10 are a citrus fruit, BARTV 5/10)
1) Angelica root 2) Bergamot 3) Bitter Orange 4) Grapefruit 5) Lemon 6) Lime 7) Mandarin Petitgrain 8) Rue 9) Tagetes 10) Verbena
68
What are side effects of cinnamon oil?
Stomatitis, skin lesions, hallucination w/ smoking
69
What are side effects of Eucalyptus oil?
Epigastric burning, seizures, CNS depression
70
What are side effects of lavender oil?
Photosensitization
71
What are side effects of Melaleuca oil?
Sedation, confusion, coma
72
What are side effects of peppermint oil?
Oral mucosa irritant, CNS depression, metabolic acidosis
73
What are side comments about wintergreen oil?
98% salicylate ( 1.4g aspirin)
74
What is the difference between dyes and lakes?
Dyes- are water soluble and will dissolve in water. | Lakes- are dispersed in oil emulsion thus used for fat-based foods.
75
What are the most common food dyes used today?
Red 3 Red 40 Yellow 5
76
What are the 7 certified color additives that can be used in FDC (food, drug, comsetics)?
``` Red 3 Red 40 Yellow 5 Yellow 6 Blue 1 Blue 2 Green 3 ```
77
What act was the first attempt to protect consumers from drug and food manufacturers?
Pure Food and Drug Act
78
What act authorized the FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections?
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
79
What are the four requirements for the FD&C to consider something a "drug"?
1) recognized as officila pharmacopoeia or formulary. 2) Used for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. 3) Substance affects structure or function of the body. 4) Used as a component of medicine.
80
What amendment to the FDC made it that you can only get the drugs from a licensed physician via a prescription?
Durham- Humphrey
81
What amendment to the FDC required manufacturers to get any food additives approved and safety determined?
Food additive
82
What amendment to the FDC required manufacturers to prove their drugs' safety and effectiveness and labeling all the side effects?
Kefauver-Harris
83
What drug was prescribed in the 60's to pregnant women to help them sleep and with morning sickness?
Thalidomide
84
What did thalidomide cause to happen to the babies of mothers that took it?
Birth defects
85
what act was created to regulate the dispensing of abusive drugs and categorizing them on risk of abuse?
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act.
86
T/F The lower the scheduled drug the lease likely it will be abused.
False, schedule 1 is most risky at being abused
87
What schedule(s) of drugs are allowed to be used medically?
Schedule 2,3,4,5 NOT schedule 1
88
What act is responsible for investigating pesticide tolerance levels and develop stricter pesticide safety standards?
Food Quality Protection Act
89
What organization is responsible for regulating food, pharmaceuticals, supplements, medical devices/vaccines, animal foods, tobacco, and cosmetics?
FDA
90
What organization is in charge of changing schedules of abused drugs?
DEA
91
What organization oversees school lunch programs?
USDA
92
What organization oversees and recalls unsafe consumer products?
Consumer Products Safety Commission | CPSC

Toxicology (2 decks)

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