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BI110 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how are we different than apes

A

bipedal locomotion, grip and shorter arms, speech, higher brain functions (language, symbols, awareness)

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2
Q

what is natural selection

A

process that favors more adaptive things, survival of the fittest, as it proceeds organisms diverge and species and their environment mold each other or they become extinct (variation, competition, adaptation)

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3
Q

what is believed to be the origin of life

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single-celled organism, no nucleus of membrane, various kinds of respiration and energy sources

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5
Q

what are the 4 core principles of evolution

A

1) all life linked through common ancestor
2) populations of living things change over time (variation, evolve)
3) the environment influences this change (natural selection) so that advantageous traits are selected over less advantageous traits
4) the advantageous traits become more common in the population (descent with modification)

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6
Q

how do we determine evolution

A

fossil records, biomolecules and genes, structures and functions, and geographical distribution

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7
Q

what is differentiation

A

cells take up their adult function and provide the body with its different needs

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8
Q

what are the three classes of cells

A

archaea, prokaryotes, eukaryotes

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9
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

cells of plants and animals, are more advances and complex cells, they have cell membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, DNA, etc

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10
Q

how do biologists define living creatures

A
  • utilize environment to extract energy
  • homestatic
  • reproduce
  • corporeal structure
  • familial and evolutionary history
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11
Q

do viruses reproduce

A

no they do not reproduce, but they use the cells in other living things to create proteins for themselves

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12
Q

what is the human evolutionary history

A

primates diverged from mammals, hominins diverged from gibbons, Homo sapiens left Africa and replaced Homo erectus

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13
Q

What are the modern behaviors of Homo sapiens

A

symbolic language, culture, stone technology

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14
Q

what do proteins in the cell membrane do

A

help get energy from the outside of cells to the inside

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15
Q

what is diffusion (know for test)

A

random movement of molecules, the net effect of which for matter to move to areas of lower concentration (matter moves from high concentration to low concentration)

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16
Q

what is osmosis (know for test)

A

the movement of solvent from lower concentration to a higher concentration across a cell membrane, (water goes to the area where theres more salt to dissolve)

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17
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

cell eating, cell takes in bacteria

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18
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

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19
Q

how do drugs interact with cells

A

must interact with specific proteins on the cell and specific receptors on neurons

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20
Q

how do anti-narcotics work

A

they bind to the narcotic receptors making the contact of narcotic and receptor difficult, helps stop overdoses

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21
Q

what are the principles of homeostasis within cells

A

1) specialized cells need support and nutrition
2) cells rely upon organisms systems to provide optimal environment
3) a dilute salt water system bathes all cells
4) maintenance of that environment is critical to maintain life

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22
Q

how does the body maintain its internal environment

A

different parts have different functions (cardiovascular pumps blood, digestive deals with nutrients and nutrient control, kidneys waste control, etc)

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23
Q

how does a unicellular creature maintain homeostasis because it is subject to whims of its external environment

A

extracts nutrients and oxygen from the environment and it uses the cell membrane as protection

24
Q

what is a cell

A

fundamental unit of life

self-contained energy collecter that controls its internal environment and responds to its external environment, self-replicating and has master controls and code

25
Q

how are cells made

A

can only come from pre-existing cells, mitosis (parent produces two identical daughter cells as a result of DNA replication) & meiosis (produces four daughter cells unidentical to parent cell)

26
Q

what are organelles

A

specialized parts within a cell

27
Q

what is the nucleus

A

site of DNA

28
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

where ribosomes are made, ribosomes are a key component in protein synthesis

29
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

material between nucleus and cell membrane, contains many organelle and structural elements

30
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of protein synthesis
rough ER: has many ribosomes (protein processing)
smooth ER: has no ribosomes (phospholipids)

31
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus

A

stacks of flattened vesicles, modification of proteins and lipids, packs and transport of these materials

32
Q

what are vacuoles

A

membrane-delimited sacs that store food

33
Q

what are lysosomes

A

contain enzymes that degrade cellular components

34
Q

what is the cilia and flagella

A

microtubules, deal with cell mobility and movement of surrounding materials, called cellular sense organs

35
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

cytoplasm of cell given structural support, also involved in movement

36
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

the energy furnace of the cell

37
Q

what cell structures deal with internal environment controls

A

membranes and lysosomes

38
Q

what cell structures deal with response to the external environment

A

cilia, membranes, receptors

39
Q

what cell structures deal with energy acquisition processing

A

receptors, membranes, mitochondria

40
Q

what cell structures deal with production systems

A

DNA, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

41
Q

what cells structure deals with structural maintenance

A

cytoskeleton

42
Q

what is respiration

A

general term for heterotrophs converting food into energy for the cells

43
Q

what is glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle which makes NADH and ATP

44
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of similar cells that provide common functions, usually composed of more than one cell type, but one dominates

45
Q

what are the four types of tissue

A

connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial

46
Q

what is connective tissue and what is it made of

A

tissue covers and links bones, organs and muscles

made of secretory cells that make extracellular fibrous materials (except blood and adipose) and ground substance

47
Q

what are the three kinds of connective tissue

A

fibrous connective, supportive connective, fluid connective

48
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

1) spongy bone: mesh like appearance, ends of long bone and surrounds bone marrow
2) compact bone: structural unit is osteon, central canal site of nerves and blood vessels (long bone shafts)

49
Q

what are the three types of blood cells

A

red blood cells (transports oxygen)
white blood cells (transports immune protection)
platelets (participation in clotting)

50
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

liquid that bathes your cells, excess fluid is collected by the lympathic system and sent back to blood system

51
Q

what is muscle tissue and its purpose

A

movement, thermoregulation, support

arranged in bundles, cells are spindly (they can extract and expand)

52
Q

what are the three kinds of muscle tissue

A

1) skeletal/ striated muscle (voluntary): composed of striated muscle fiber
2) smooth muscle (involuntary): found in walls of viscera and blood vessels and is under control of autonomic nervous system
3) cardiac muscle: striated but involuntary, it is autoryhtmic which provides the regular heart contractions that pump blood

53
Q

what is the function of the nervous system

A

take in sensory information, monitor the internal body environment, evaluate these inputs and activate activities to respond to the inputs
executive and motor functions
speech and balance functions
intellectual functions

54
Q

what are the two specialized cells in the nervous system and their purposes

A

1) neurons: conduct electrochemical signals, have specialized processes: axons and dendrites
2) neurologlia: support neurons, provide nutrients, provide myelin sheath (increase nerve conduction)

55
Q

what tissue do membranes consist of

A

epithelial and connective tissue (cover inside of body)

56
Q

what is a cell membrane and what does it consist of / do

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Manages what goes in and out (selective permeability)
Surface receptors for recognition and immunity

57
Q

what are organs

A

Usually defined as a structure composed of several tissues that performs specific bodily functions

BI110 (10 decks)

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