EXAM 1

Question 1

~At base of aorta

~Open during systole - blood flow from L ventricle to systemic circulation

Answer 1

Aortic valve

Question 2

~Two small, thin-walled chambers of heart
~Low pressure
~Receive blood from systemic and pulmonary circulation
~Deliver blood to ventricles

Answer 2

Atria

Question 3

~On floor of R atrium

~Delaying effect on electrical impulses

Answer 3

AV node

Question 4

~Anterior interatrial band of internodal conduction tracts

~Transmits impulses to L atrium

Answer 4

Bachmann’s bundle

Question 5

~Two cusp valve - separates L atrium from L ventricle
~Prevents backflow during systole
~Connected to papillary muscles via cordae tendinae

Answer 5

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 6

~Splitting ventricle septum
~Moves through R and L ventricles
~Transmits impulses to Purkinje fibers

Answer 6

Bundle branches

Question 7

~Combines with AV node to make AV junction

~Speeds up impulses and delivers to bundle branches

Answer 7

Bundle of His

Question 8

~Received from the veins

~Transported through R side of heart to lungs

Answer 8

Deoxygenated blood

Question 9

~Innermost layer of the heart

Answer 9

Endocardium

Question 10

~Outermost layer of the heart

Answer 10

Epicardium

Question 11

~Anchors heart to mediastinum
~Attaches to diaphragm surface
~Continuous with CT of great vessels

Answer 11

Fibrous pericardium

Question 12

~Vessels that provide blood supply to heart muscle

Answer 12

~Right coronary artery

~Left coronary artery

Question 13

~Supplies oxygenated blood to anterior aspect of both ventricles
~1 major branch of LCA

Answer 13

Left anterior descending (LAD)

Question 14

~Supplies oxygenated blood to lateral aspect of L ventricle and L atrium
~1 major branch of LCA

Answer 14

Left circumflex (LCX)

Question 15

~Middle layer of heart

~Made of actual cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 15

Myocardium

Question 16

~Returns to L side of heart from lungs

~Pumped through systemic circulation

Answer 16

Oxygenated blood

Question 17

~Releases acetylcholine
~Decreases all 4 properties of cardiac muscle cells
~Through vagus nerve
~AKA Cholinergic

Answer 17

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

~Surrounds the heart and protects it

~Double-walled closed sac

Answer 18

Pericardium

Question 19

~At base of pulmonary artery

~Open during systole - blood flow from R ventricle to pulmonary circulation

Answer 19

Pulmonic valve

Question 20

~Thin filaments embedded in endocardium

~Conduct impulses rapidly through ventricular muscle - assist in depo and contraction

Answer 20

Purkinje fibers

Question 21

~2 major branches of RCA

~Supply oxygenated blood to inferior aspect of both ventricles

Answer 21

~Marginal branch

~Posterior interventricular branch (PIV)

Question 22

~In superior aspect of R atrium

~Natural pacemaker that initiates electrical impulse

Answer 22

SA node

Question 23

~Rate of SA node

Answer 23

60-100 bpm

Question 24

~Transparent, delicate, thin inner layer of pericardium

Answer 24

Serous pericardium

Question 25

~Outer layer that lines fibrous pericardium

Answer 25

Parietal pericardium

Question 26

~Inner layer that covers cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 26

Visceral pericardium

Question 27

~Nerves of thoracic and lumbar ~Stimulators: epinephrine and norepinephrine ~Produces vasodilation ~AKA Adrenergic

Answer 27

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 28

~Three cusps ~Separates R atrium and R ventricle ~Connected to papillary muscles via chordae tendinae

Answer 28

Tricuspid valve

Question 29

~2 larger, thick-walled (muscular) chambers of heart ~Pump blood through pulmonary and systemic circulations ~Separated by a septum

Answer 29

Ventricles

Question 30

~Useful diagram to correlate cardiac electrical cycle and events that take place during cycle

Answer 30

Wiggers diagram

Question 31

~Only used when HR is regular | ~Most accurate way to calculate HR from ECG

Answer 31

1500 method: find 2 consecutive R waves, count number of small boxes between, divide 1500 by number = bpm

Question 32

~Used when HR intervals are regular or irregular

Answer 32

6 second method: determine 6-sec period, count number of cycles, multiply by 10

Question 33

~Used to fill ventricles with blood before ventricular systole ~Increases end diastolic volume

Answer 33

Atrial kick

Question 34

~Determines direction of ventricular depo | ~Axis used to determine flow of atrial depo

Answer 34

Axis deviation

Question 35

~Only used when HR is regular

Answer 35

Dark line method: find one R wave on dark line, find next R wave, determine HR range

Question 36

~Associated HRs for dark lines

Answer 36

300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50, 44, 38...

Question 37

~Triangle that forms leads I, II, III | ~Shows movement of electricity from - to + poles

Answer 37

Einthoven's triangle

Question 38

~Leads I, II, III are called...

Answer 38

Bipolar limb leads

Question 39

~Records the electrical potentials (depo and repo) via electrodes placed on the chest wall

Answer 39

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 40

~Diagram showing relationship of 6 limb leads in frontal plane ~Determines heart's electrical axis

Answer 40

Hexaxial reference system

Question 41

~R wave + in lead I, - in aVf

Answer 41

Left axis deviation (LAD)

Question 42

~Direction of ventricular depo | ~Calculated by using hexaxial reference system and limb leads

Answer 42

Mean QRS axis (vector)

Question 43

~Measured from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex ~Time for impulse to move from SA node to AV node and through Purkinje fibers ~Beginning of atrial depo to beginning of ventricular depo

Answer 43

PR interval

Question 44

~Produced using horizontal plane ~Produce chest leads ~Directly measure heart's activity

Answer 44

Precordial leads

Question 45

~What are the precordial leads?

Answer 45

V1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Question 46

~Generated by atrial depo | ~Represents conduction of electrical activity from SA node to AV node

Answer 46

P wave

Question 47

~Generated by ventricular depo | ~Represents conduction of electrical activity through L ventricle

Answer 47

QRS complex

Question 48

~Time between start of QRS complex and end of T wave

Answer 48

QT interval

Question 49

~R wave - in lead I, + in aVf

Answer 49

Right axis deviation (RAD)

Question 50

~Period between end of S wave and start of T wave ~No electrical activity occurring ~Correlates with early systole and high ventricular systolic pressures

Answer 50

ST segment

Question 51

~Evidence of potential CAD or old myocardial injury (possible myocardial ischemia) ~Electrical signal is moving slower through myocardium

Answer 51

ST segment depression

Question 52

~Evidence of recent or impending myocardial infarction | ~Myocardium not receiving blood to supply oxygen and other nutrients

Answer 52

ST segment elevation

Question 53

~Ventricular repo | ~End of ventricular systole

Answer 53

T wave

Question 54

~Time from end of QRS complex to peak height of T wave

Answer 54

Absolute refractory period

Question 55

~Time from peak height of T wave to end of T wave

Answer 55

Relative refractory period

Question 56

~Rarely seen in normal ECG | ~If seen, represents last stages of ventricular repo

Answer 56

U wave

Question 57

~Developed from a combination of leads | ~Movement of electricity from one limb leads towards the other two

Answer 57

Augmented vector leads (unipolar limb leads)

Question 58

~Measured from LL -> RA and LA

Answer 58

aVf

Question 59

~Measured from RA -> LA, LL

Answer 59

aVr

Question 60

~Measured from LA -> RA, LL

Answer 60

aVl