Exam 1

Question 1

calculate stroke volume:

Answer 1

EDV - ESV

Question 2

circular situation in which the information about the status of something is continually reported to a central control region

Answer 2

feedback system

Question 3

how to calculate gain?

Answer 3

corrected / uncorrected

Question 4

additional electrical spikes increases the total amount of calcium ion in the cytosol and increases muscle tension
each addition spike adds to the effects of the previous spikes

summation
tetany

Answer 4

summation

Question 5

which anion is most abundant in the extracellular fluid?

sodium
potassium
chloride

Answer 5

chloride

Question 6

actin and myosin filaments

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament

Answer 6

myofilament

Question 7

inactivate acetylcholinesterase

neostigmine 
methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
curare
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine

Answer 7

neostigmine
physostigmine
diisopropylfluorophosphates

Question 8

heart moves toward spastic contraction

Answer 8

excess of calcium

Question 9

length of this period determines the maximum frequency of action potentials

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

Answer 9

absolute refractory period

Question 10

period during which a second action potential cannot be elicited no matter how strong the stimulus

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

Answer 10

absolute refractory period

Question 11

prevents passage of impulses from nerve ending into muscle

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methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
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diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine

Answer 11

curare

Question 12

load the muscle works against

Answer 12

aftrerload

Question 13

period during which most fast sodium ion channels are either open or in the inactivated state

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

Answer 13

absolute refractory period

Question 14

maintains muscle tone

load on muscle while relaxed

Answer 14

preload

Question 15

additional electrical spikes increases the total amount of calcium ion in the cytosol and increases muscle tension
each addition spike adds to the effects of the previous spikes

summation
tetany

Answer 15

summation

Question 16

why do smaller nerves slow velocity of nerve action potentials?

Answer 16

smaller diameter = increased resistance

Question 17

list the events of the cardiac cycle in the correct order

rapid inflow
ejection
diastasis
atrial systole
isovolumic contraction
isovolumic relaxation

Answer 17

atrial systole
isovolumic contraction
ejection
isovolumic relaxation
rapid inflow
diastasis

all ice cubes eventually ignore really rapid dogs

Question 18

Which wave of the ECG correlates with ventricular contraction?

T
R
S
P
Q

Answer 18

R

Question 19

maintains an optimum calcium concentration gradient to facilitate return of calcium to SR

Answer 19

calsequestrin

Question 20

resting potential for a neuron?

Answer 20

-90

Question 21

have the same effect on muscle fibers as acetylcholine but not broken down by acetylcholinesterase

neostigmine 
methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
curare
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine

Answer 21

methacholine
carbachol
nicotine

Question 22

a chain of sarcomeres

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament

Answer 22

myofibril

Question 23

resistance (outforce) is in the middle
both in and out forces are on the same side of the fulcrum
ex raising the body on the ball of the foot

first class
second class
third class

Answer 23

second class

Question 24

at rest: 70mL

EDV
SV
ESV
EF

Answer 24

SV

Question 25

Which wave of the ECG correlates with atrial contraction? ``` T R S P Q ```

Answer 25

p

Question 26

threshold of an SA node fiber: ``` 50mV -85 mV to -90mV -40mV -55 mV -55 to -60 mV 90mV ```

Answer 26

-40 mV

Question 27

which cation is most abundant in the intracellular fluid sodium potassium chloride

Answer 27

potassium

Question 28

fulcrum in the middle in-force and out-force move in opposite directions ex. raising chin using sternocleidomastoids or similar muscles ``` first class second class third class ```

Answer 28

first class

Question 29

proteins bound for lysosomes or for secretion are synthesized on _______ ``` mitochondria SER lysosomes golgi RER ribosomes ```

Answer 29

RER

Question 30

effort (in-force) is in the middle both forces move in the same direction ex. lifting a weight in the palm of your hand ``` first class second class third class ```

Answer 30

third class

Question 31

in SA node, sodium-calcium channels activate at: ``` 50mV -85 mV to -90mV -40mV -55 mV -55 to -60 mV 90mV ```

Answer 31

-40 mV

Question 32

at rest: 110-120mL can be increased to 150-180 mL EDV SV ESV EF

Answer 32

EDV

Question 33

``` utilizes pyruvic acid can only occur in the mitochondria requires oxygen as the final electron receptor produces CO2 and water relatively more ATP production ```

Answer 33

Kreb's & ETC

Question 34

Stroke volume can be increased by which of the following mechanisms? decreasing EDV increasing EDV increasing ESV decreasing ESV

Answer 34

increasing EDV OR decreasing ESV

Question 35

why do action potentials typically travel in the orthodromic direction?

Answer 35

refractory period prevents depolarization of recently repolarized cells

Question 36

mechanism for this is elevated potassium conductance absolute refractory period relative refractory period

Answer 36

relative refractory period

Question 37

in ventricular fibers, calcium can be reabsorbed/sequestered by two different methods:

Answer 37

SERCA in the sarcoplasmic reticulum | sodium-calcium exchanger

Question 38

ventricular fiber resting potential ``` 50mV -85 mV to -90mV -40mV -55 mV -55 to -60 mV 90mV ```

Answer 38

-85 mV to -90mV

Question 39

bundle of myofibers ``` muscle fascicle myofiber myofibril myofilament ```

Answer 39

fascicle

Question 40

in the SA node, inactivation gates close when membrane potential is less negative than: ``` 50mV -85 mV to -90mV -40mV -55 mV -55 to -60 mV 90mV ```

Answer 40

-55 mV

Question 41

uses ATP to pump calcium back into SR

Answer 41

SERCA

Question 42

heart becomes dilated and flaccid | heart rate slows

Answer 42

excess of potassium

Question 43

why does myelination increase velocity of nerve action potentials?

Answer 43

capacitance/saltatory conduction

Question 44

which cation is most abundant in the extracellular fluid? sodium potassium chloride

Answer 44

sodium

Question 45

period during which a stronger than normal stimulus can cause an action potential absolute refractory period relative refractory period

Answer 45

relative refractory period

Question 46

calculate ejection fraction:

Answer 46

SV / EDV

Question 47

resting potential of SA node fiber: ``` 50mV -85 mV to -90mV -40mV -55 mV -55 to -60 mV 90mV ```

Answer 47

-55 to -60 mV

Question 48

conductance of which of the following ions is responsible for phase 0 of ventricular cardiomyocyte action potentials? calcium potassium sodium calcium and potassium

Answer 48

calcium and potassium

Question 49

calculate ejection fraction:

Answer 49

(EDV - ESV) / EDV

Question 50

what happens to the heart with an excess of potassium?

Answer 50

it becomes dilated and flaccid heart rate slows decreased action potential

Question 51

at rest: 40-50mL can be as little as 10-120mL EDV SV ESV EF

Answer 51

ESV

Question 52

occurs in the cytoplasm of all cell anaerobic produces pyruvic (lactic) acid and a relatively small amount of ATP involves electron transfer between cytochromes

Answer 52

glycolysis

Question 53

a change in a parameter that causes a response that results in a return of that parameter to baseline reverses the direction of the initial condition diminishes original change stabilizes

Answer 53

negative feedback loop

Question 54

which of the following motions and ions is responsible for phase 3 of ventricular cardiomyocyte action potentials? ``` influx of calcium efflux of potassium influx of potassium efflux of calcium influx of sodium efflux of sodium ```

Answer 54

efflux of potassium

Question 55

contains relatively far fewer calcium-induced calcium release channels cardiac muscle skeletal muscle

Answer 55

cardiac muscle

Question 56

what happens to the heart with an excess of calcium?

Answer 56

moves toward spastic contraction

Question 57

proteins bound for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, or to other cell membranes are synthesized on: mitochondria SER lysosomes golgi

Answer 57

ribosomes

Question 58

cause spasms ``` neostigmine methacholine carbachol physostigmine curare diisopropyl fluorophosphates nicotine ```

Answer 58

``` neostigmine carbachol nicotine physostigmine neostigmine diisopropyl fluorophosphates ```

Question 59

plays a role in packaging proteins for secrection forms lysosomes modifies proteins from the RER ``` mitochondria SER lysosomes golgi ribosomes ```

Answer 59

golgi

Question 60

a change in a parameter that inspires an increased response increases original change destabilizing and can lead to runaway effects

Answer 60

positive feedback loop

Question 61

bundle of fascicles ``` muscle fascicle myofiber myofibril myofilament ```

Answer 61

muscle

Question 62

at rest: 70/110 = 64% EDV SV ESV EF

Answer 62

EF

Question 63

individual multinucleated muscle cell ``` muscle fascicle myofiber myofibril myofilament ```

Answer 63

myofiber

Question 64

if the frequency of electrical spikes is fast enough, there is no time for relaxation between spikes the muscle remains at maximal contraction summation tetany

Answer 64

tetany