Exam 2 Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
8
HR modulation = distributed to all parts of the heart, mainly the ventricles
increases depolarization rate
may increase permeability of fiber membranes to sodium and calcium ions
vagus nerve
sympathetic innervation
A
sympathetic innervation
2
Q
9
fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
A
tachycardia
3
Q
9
categorize the ECG
A
atrial fibrillation
caused by enlargement of the atria (due to valve lesions) and inadequate emptying of the ventricles causing blood to back up into the atria
4
Q
8
depolarization and repolarization of the heart occurs in which directions?
A
from base to apex from outside to inside
5
Q
9
categorize the ECG
A
paroxysmal tachycardia (atrial; lead I)
6
Q
8
negative terminal: left arm positive terminal: left leg
looks at heart from upper left to lower left
recording limb lead I
recording limb lead II
recording limb lead III
A
recording limb lead III
7
Q
pulmonary artery pressure (systolic)
0
8
10
25
35
80
120
A
25
8
Q
the T wave of an ECG represents
atrial depolarization
atrial repolarization
ventricular depolarization
ventricular repolarization
A
ventricular repolarization
9
Q
systemic arterial pressure (systolic)
0
8
10
25
35
80
120
A
120
10
Q
9
categorize the ECG
A
ventricular fibrillation (lead II)
11
Q
8
ectopic focus (pacemaker) definition
A
action potentials that originate anywhere other than from the SA node
12
Q
8
abnormal conditions that cause deviation from the mean electrical axis of the heart
A
change in position of the heart
hypertrophy of one ventricle
bundle branch block
fluid in pericardium
pulmonary emphysema
13
Q
8
repolarization of the atria (atrial t-wave) is almost always masked by the
A
QRS complex
14
Q
which would have the highest amplitude for the normal QRS wave, and which would explain the high amplitude?
I; because it is more perpendicular to the vector of depolarization
I; because it is more parallel to the vector of depolarization
II; because it is more perpendicular to the vector of depolarization
II; because it is more parallel to the vector of depolarization
A
II; because it is more parallel to the vector of depolarization
15
Q
8
negative terminal: right arm positive terminal:
left arm looks at heart from right to left
recording limb lead I
recording limb lead II
recording limb lead III
A
recording limb lead I
16
Q
8
at -40mV, which channels in the SA node become activated?
A
slow sodium-calcium channels
17
Q
8
length of the Q-T interval in a normal ECG
- 16 sec
- 24 sec
- 35 sec
- 42 sec
A
0.35
18
Q
9
categorize the ECG
A
second degree A-V block
Lead V3
characterized by a dropped beat
19
Q
8
vector angle for recording limb lead III
0
60
120
A
120
20
Q
9
categorize the ECG
A
first degree A-V heart block
lead II
characterized by long P-R interval (0.28)
21
Q
systemic pressure at the termination of the vena cava
0
8
10
25
35
80
120
A
0
22
Q
9
increased body temp stimulation of heart by sympathetic nerves (loss of blood or state of shock) toxic conditions of the heart
A
causes of tachycardia
23
Q
9
categorize the ECG
A
paroxysmal tachycardia (ventricular; lead III)
24
Q
pathologically mediated tachycardia results in an (increase/decrease) of cardiac output? why?
A
decrease HR increases before sympathetic nervous system can compensate; no muscle pump to increase venous return
25
8
normal QRS length
0.06-0.08 secs
26
systemic arterial pressure (diastolic)
0
8
10
25
35
80
120
80
27
8
HR modulation = distributed to mainly the SA and AV nodes acetylcholine decreases rate of rhythm of the SA node
vagus nerve
sympathetic innervation
vagus nerve
28
8
length of the P-R interval in a normal ECG
0. 16 sec
0. 24 sec
0. 35 sec
0. 42 sec
0.16
29
8
mean electrical axis of the heart
59 degrees
30
which wave occurs at the beginning of atrial contraction?
T
R
S
P
Q
P
31
8
resting membrane potential of the SA node
- 55 to -60 mV
- 40 mV
- 85 to -90 mV
-55 to -60 mV
32
8
which channels are inactivated when SA node membrane potential is less negative than -55mV (during depolarization)?
fast sodium channels
33
8
negative terminal: right arm positive terminal: left leg
looks at heart from upper right to lower left
recording limb lead I
recording limb lead II
recording limb lead III
recording limb lead II
34
8
which channels open when the slow sodium-calcium channels inactivated? what does this cause?
potassium channels repolarization
35
more than half of the delay from the origin of the signal from the SA node occurs in which of the following areas?
SA node
AV node
SA fibers
Penetrating bundles
AV node
36
8
on an ECG, repolarization of ventricles is represented by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
T wave
37
8
occurs at the beginning of the contraction of the ventricles (ventricular depolarization)
QRS complex
38
9
categorize the ECG
bradycardia
39
Which of the following conditions may cause tachycardia?
toxic conditions
increased body temperature
sympathetic nerve innervation
all the above
all the above
40
8
on an ECG represents phase 0 of the action potential spreading through the atrial muscle
P wave
41
endogenously mediated tachycardia results in an (increase/decrease) of cardiac output? why?
increase sympathetic stimulation increases contractility and helps to maintain stroke volume
42
9
categorize the ECG
premature contraction
result of ectopic foci (local ischemic areas, calcified plaques, irritation of the conduction system or nodes)
43
8
occurs at the beginning of the contraction of the atria (atrial depolarization)
P wave
44
8
ventricular fiber resting potential?
- 55 to -60 mV
- 40 mV
- 85 to -90 mV
-85 to -90 mV
45
9
categorize the ECG
tachycardia
bradycardia
SA node block
AV block
complete A-V block
no relation between P waves and QRS-T complexes
ventricles establish their own signal
causes patient fainting (stokes-adams syndrome)
46
8
vector angle for recording limb lead I
0
60
120
0
47
9
athletic heart
vagal stimulation
causes of bradycardia
48
circus movements are the basis of heart fibrillation. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
fib. may occur when the refractory period of the muscle is greatly shortened
fib. may occur when the pathway around the circle is too short
fib. may occur when the conduction velocity slows down
fib. may occur when the heart becomes dilated
fib. may occur when the pathway around the circle is too short
49
systemic capillary pressure
0
8
10
25
35
80
120
between 10 and 35
50
8
an arrow that points in the direction of the electrical potential generated by the current flow, with the arrowhead in the positive direction
vector
51
9
slow HR (\<60 bpm)
bradycardia
52
8
vector angle for recording limb lead II
0
60
120
60
53
8
on an ECG represents phase 3 or repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers spreading through the ventricles.
T wave
54
which bipolar lead is connected to the left arm and left leg?
I
II
III
all leads
III
55
9
categorize the ECG
partial intraventricular block (electrical alternans)
note change in amplitude of QRS complexes
56
9
sudden cessation of the P waves
standstill of the atria
ventricles pick up a new rhythm, usually originating in the AV node
rate of QRS is slowed but not otherwise altered
SA block
57
ventricular vector during depolarization is toward the _____ of the heart
base
apex
apex
58
which is generally not seen on an ECG?
atrial depolarization
atrial repolarization
ventricular depolarization
ventricular repolarization
atrial repolarization
59
8
in three lead ECG, which lead should have the greatest amplitude and why?
lead II because its vector is closest to the mean electrical axis of the heart
60
which bipolar lead is connected to the right arm and left leg?
I
II
III
all leads
II
61
the QRS complex represents
atrial depolarization
atrial repolarization
ventricular depolarization
ventricular repolarization
ventricular depolarization
62
on an ECG represents phase 0 of the action potential spreading through the atria
P
Q
R
S
T
P
63
8
on an ECG represents phase 0 of the action potential spreading through the ventricles
QRS complex
64
which bipolar lead is connected to both the left and right arms?
I
II
III
all leads
I
65
pulmonary artery pressure (diastolic)
0
8
10
25
35
80
120
8
66
which of the following conditions may result in tachycardia?
toxic conditions of the heart
increased body temp
sympathetic nerve stimulation
all of the above
all of the above
67
circus movements are the basis of heart fibrillation. which of the following statements is NOT true
fibrillation may occur when the refractory period of the muscle is greatly shortened
"" when the pathway around the circle is too short
"" when the conduction velocity slows down
"" when the heart becomes dilated
"" when the pathway around the circle is too short
68
circus movements are the basis of heart fibrillation. which of the following statements is NOT true
fibrillation may occur when the refractory period of the muscle is greatly lengthened
"" when the pathway around the circle is too long
"" when the conduction velocity slows down
"" when the heart becomes dilated
fibrillation may occur when the refractory period of the muscle is greatly lengthened
69
circus movements are the basis of heart fibrillation. which of the following statements is NOT true
fibrillation may occur when the refractory period of the muscle is greatly shortened
"" when the pathway around the circle is too long
"" when the conduction velocity speeds up
"" when the heart becomes dilated
"" when the conduction velocity speeds up
70
circus movements are the basis of heart fibrillation. which of the following statements is NOT true
fibrillation may occur when the refractory period of the muscle is greatly shortened
"" when the pathway around the circle is too long
"" when the conduction velocity slows down
"" when the heart shrinks
"" when the heart shrinks
71
84% of the blood volume is in the systemic circulation. of this, 64% is in which of the following vessels?
capillaries
systemic arterioles
veins
arterioles
arteries
veins
72
84% of the blood volume is in the systemic circulation. of this, 13% is in which of the following vessels?
capillaries
systemic arterioles
veins
arterioles
arteries
arteries
73
84% of the blood volume is in the systemic circulation. of this, 7% is in which of the following vessels?
capillaries
systemic arterioles
veins
arterioles
arteries
arteriouls and capillaries
74
blood flow resistence is inversely (indirectly) proportional to which of the following?
viscosity
vessel diameter
density
A and C
vessel diameter
75
blood flow resistence is directly proportional to which of the following?
viscosity
vessel diameter
density
A and C
A and C
76
if rate of blood flow through the entire circulatory system (cardiac output) =100 ml/sec AND the pressure difference from the systemic arteries to the systemic veins = 100mmHg, the total peripheral resistance is equal to....?
10 PRU
1 PRU
.01 PRU
100000 PRU
1 PRU
Resistance = Pressure / Flow
77
when vessels are strongly constricted, total peripheral resistance may rise to as high as _____ PRU
4
78
when vessels are greatly dilated, total peripheral resistance may fall to as low as _____ PRU
0.2
79
Reynolds number is a measure of which of the following parameters?
blood pressure
resistance
tendency for turbulence
conductance
tendency for turbulence
80
which of the following represents the viscosity of blood with a hematocrit of 38-42?
1. 5
3. 0
38
42
3.0
81
what is the prime deeterminant of viscosity?
hematocrit
82
10
what effect would polycythemia have on viscosity?
increase
83
10
what effect would anemia have on blood viscosity?
decrease
84
10
how is velocity of blood flow related to cross sectional area of the blood vessel?
inversely
85
10
what controls the rate of blood flow to a particular tissue?
tissue need (monitored by microvessels)
86
10
cardiac output is mainly controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the sum of all local tissue flows
87
10
arterial pressure regulation is generally independent of either __________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
local blood flow or cardiac output control
88
10
the increased force of heart pumping and the constriction of large venous resevoirs is indicative of
response to low arterial pressure
89
10
overall blood flow of an adult at rest?
5000 mL/min
5 L/min
90
10
how is blood viscosity related to turbulent flow?
inversely
91
10
reynolds number = 450
will turbulent flow be likely to occur in some regions of the vessel?
yes
above 200-400 turbulence likely to occur somewhere along the vessel
92
10
reynolds number = 450
will turbulent flow occur in a straight vessel?
no
turbulence in a straight vessel occurs at Re \> 2000
93
10
how is resistance in a blood vessel measured?
R = change in pressure / Flow
| (mmHg / (mL/sec))
94
10
variables that determine resistance in blood vessels?
which is most important?
diameter of vessel (most important)
blood viscosity
vessel length
95
10
downstream pressure in a blood vessel has decreased. what would cause this?
increase in resistance
decrease in resistance
increase
96
10
there is an increase in upstream pressure of a blood vessel. what would case this?
increased resistance
decreased resistance
increase
97
10
largest blood pressure drop occurs across ________ because the have the _________ resistance
large arteries; lowest
veins; highest
capillaries; highest
small arteries; lowest
arterioles; highest
arterioles; lowest
arterioles; highest
98
10
highest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
systole
diastole
systole
99
10
lowest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
systole
diastole
diastole
100
10
define pulse pressure
difference between systole and diastole
101
10
how is conductance calculated?
change in blood flow / pressure
OR
1 / resistance
102
10
how is conductance related to blood vessel diameter^4?
directly proportional
103
10
how is conductance related to resistance?
conductance is the reciprocal of resistance
104
10
describe the relationship of between resistance of an entire circuit of blood vessels versus the resistance of the individual blood vessels
total resistance will be less than the resistance of any individual blood vessel
105
10
a limb must be amputated. describe the effect this would have on total resistance, conductance, and blood flow of the parallel vessel circuit
increased resistance, decreased conductance, and decreased blood flow
106
10
arterial pressure drops to 160 mmHg. will autoregulation occur?
yes.
autoregulation range is ~70-~175
107
10
arterial pressure drops to 90 mmHg. will autoregulation occur?
yes.
autoregulation range is ~70-~175
108
10
arterial pressure drops to 40 mmHg. will autoregulation occur?
no.
autoregulation range is ~70-~175
109
10
arterial pressure rises to 200 mmHg. will autoregulation occur?
no.
autoregulation range is ~70-~175
110
11
define distensibility
ease of which volume of a vessel can be increased relative to pressure increase
the lower the pressure and greater the change in volume = greater distensibility
111
11
pulmonary arteries are ______ distensible than/as systemic arteries
more
equally
less
6 times MORE
112
11
pulmonary veins are ______ distensible than/as systemic veins
more
equally
less
equally
113
11
veins are ______ distensible than/as arteries
more
equally
less
veins are 8 times MORE distensible than arteries (arteries have higher elasticity)
114
11
describe the relationship between distensibility and elasticity
inverse
higher distensiblity = lower elasticity
115
11
distensiblity is synonymous/directly proportional to \_\_\_\_\_
compliance
116
11
t/f
blood can more easily be stored in arteries than veins
F
veins are more distensible than arteries, so more blood can be stored there
117
11
t/f
blood can more easily be stored in pulmonary arteries than systemic arteries
T
pulmonary arteries are more distensible than systemmic arteries
118
11
measure of ease to increase the volume of a blood vessel
compliance
elastance
resistance
conductance
compliance
119
11
measure of the tendency of a vessel to return to its original shape
compliance
elastance
resistance
conductance
elastance
120
11
total quanitity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulatory system
vascular compliance
121
11
calculate pulse pressure
stroke volume / arterial compliance
122
11
what is the most important determinant of pulse pressure?
stroke volume
123
11
how does a decrease in blood vessel compliance (due to aging for example) affect pulse pressure?
increases pulse pressure
124
11
explain the presence of the incisura of a normal pulse pressure contour graph
marks the point where the aortic valve closes and reflects movement of a small amount of blood back into the heart due to the elasticity of the aorta returning the distended aorta to its original shape after systole
125
11
explain why the pulse pressure rises above 120 in a patient with artherosclerosis
arteries become harder and are less compliant
126
11
explain the drop of pulse pressure to virtually zero in individuals with patent ductus arteriosus and aortic regurgitation
blood is shunted to the pulmonary artery or into the left ventricle instead of the aorta
127
11
explain the lack of an incisura on the pulse pressure contour of an individual with aortic regurgitation
lack or malfuction of the aortic valve
128
11
the aortic valve is missing or malfunctioning causing aortic regurgitation. how would this affect the pulse pressure contour?
lack of incisura
129
11
arteries have hardened and lost compliance in an individual with arteriosclerosis. how would this affect the pulse pressure contour?
marked increase in pressure
130
11
after systole, blood flows back into the pulmonary artery or the left ventricle in individuals with patent ductus arteriosus and aortic regurgitation. how would this affect the pulse pressure contour?
decrease in pressure to near 0
131
11
how is the mean arterial pressure calculated?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 of systolic (pulse) pressure
132
11
central venous pressure is equal to pressure in the \_\_\_\_\_\_
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
right atrium
133
11
main former of plasmalemmal vesicles in the capillaries.
caveolins
134
11
most important factor in regulating vasomotion
concentration of oxygen in the tissues
135
11
A systemic vein is about 8 times as distensible as its corresponding artery and has a volume about three times as great. how would its compliance compare to that of a corresponding artery?
24 times higher compliance
;
136
11
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important means for the exhange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
osmosis
active transport
facilitated diffusion
diffusion
diffusion
137
11
is interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure an outward Starling force or an inward Starling force?
outward
138
11
is capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure an outward Starling force or an inward Starling force?
inward
139
11
is interstitial fluid pressure an outward Starling force or an inward Starling force?
inward
140
11
is capillary pressure an outward Starling force or an inward Starling force?
outward
141
11
which of these are outward Starling forces?
Capillary pressure
Interstitial fluid pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
capillary pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
142
11
which of these are inward Starling forces?
Capillary pressure
Interstitial fluid pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
143
144
12
briefly describe the vasodilator theory
inc. metabolism ------\> dec. O2 availiability ------\> formation of vasodilators
145
12
briefly describe the oxygen (nutrient lack) theory
dec O2 -------\> blood vessel relaxation -----\> vasodilation
146
12
tissue blood flow blocked
blood flow increases 4-7x normal after blockage resolution
reactive hyperemia
active hyperemia
reactive hyperemia
147
12
tissue becomes active
rate of blood flow to that tissue increases
reactive hyperemia
active hyperemia
active hyperemia
148
12
what is the relationship between arterial oxygen saturation and tisue blood flow?
inverse
dec oxygen = inc blood flow
149
12
what is the relationship between metabolism and tissue blood flow?
direct
inc metabolism = inc blood flow
150
12
increase in blood flow \> too much oxygen or nutrients \> washes out vasodilators
metabolic theory for blood flow autoregulation
myogenic theory for blood flow autoregulation
metabolic
151
12
stretching of vessels \> reactive vasculature constriction
metabolic theory for blood flow autoregulation
myogenic theory for blood flow autoregulation
myogenic theory for blood flow autoregulation
152
12
does nitric oxide (NO) act as a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor? how does it work?
vasodilator; promotes conversion of cGTP to cGMP which activates protein kinases, resulting in vasodilation
153
12
bradykinins // histamine
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
vasodilation
154
12
norepinephrine // epinephrine // angiotensin II // vasopressin
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
155
12
histamine
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
vasodilator
156
12
bradykinins
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
vasodilator
157
12
vasopressin
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
vasoconstrictor
158
12
angiotensin II
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
vasoconstrictor
159
12
epinephrine
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
vasoconstrictor
160
12
norepinephrine
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
vasoconstrictor
161
12
the sympathetic system innervates all vessels except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
capillaries
162
12
sympathetic response primarily results in
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction
163
12
in the brain: receives signals via vagus nerves (CN X) and glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
vasoconstrictor area
vasodilator area
sensory area
sensory
164
12
in the brain: inhibits activity in the vasoconstrictor area
vasoconstrictor area
vasodilator area
sensory area
vasodilator
165
12
in the brain: establishes a partial state of contraction or vasomotor tone
vasoconstrictor area
vasodilator area
sensory area
vasoconstrictor
166
12
stimulated by pressures between 80 and 200 mmHg
sends signals to the sensory area of the brain CN X (vagus nerve)
carotid baroreceptors
aortic baroreceptors
aortic
167
12
stimulated by pressures between 50 and 180 mmHg
sends signals to the sensory area of the brain via Hering's nerves and CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
carotid baroreceptors
aortic baroreceptors
carotid
168
12
carries pressure signals to the brain from the aortic baroreceptors
CN IX
CN X
CN X
169
12
carries pressure signals to the brain from the carotid baroreceptors
CN IX
CN X
CN IX
170
12
outline the steps of vasomotor control in the brain
baroreceptors sen signal to sensory area \> promotes function of the vasodilator area \> inhibits function of the vasoconstrictor area
171
12
continous firing of signals to blood vessels
vasoconstrictor tone
172
12
partial state of blood vessel contraction
vasomotor tone
173
12
baroreceptors are inactive in the absence of \_\_\_\_\_\_
stretch
174
12
describe the primary function of baroreceptors
monitor the minute-by-minute arterial pressure changes
175
12
connects the carotid baroreceptors to CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
Hering's nerve
176
12
individual notices increased urine output, and increased HR. this would be indicative of higher or lower blood volume than normal?
this response is a result of _______ response
higher // lower
baroreceptor // atrial reflexe // neural rapid control // vasomotor
higher
atrial reflex
177
12
cardiac output X total peripheral resistance = ?
arterial pressure
178
13
angiotensin II // catecholamines // endothelin
vasoconstrictors
179
13
kinins // prostaglandins // nitric oxide
vasodilators
180
13
list the lethal effects of chronic hypertension
early heart failure
coronary artery disease
cerebral infarct
kidney failiure
181
13
early heart failure // coronary artery disease // cerebral infarct // kidney failiure
lethal effects of chronic hypertension
182
13
provides short term control of arterial pressure
affects total peripheral vascular reistance, capacitance, and cardiac pumping ability
sympatheticc NS
183
13
as arterial pressure increases, urinary and sodium output \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
increases
184
13
return of arterial pressure always back to the equilibrium point = ?
near infinite feedback gain principle
185
13
Renin-Angiotensin system:
\_\_\_\_\_ secreted by the ______ is normally free floating in the body. Decreased BP causes _____ to release _____ which converts ______ to \_\_\_\_\_\_. However, _______ must be converted to its active form ______ by ______ (also generally present normally). _____ can act in multiple ways: 1) directly on the ______ to promote ______ 2) on the ______ to produce ______ which will also act on the kidney 3) causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, resulting in volume overload in the heart, triggering the release of ______ which ultimately causes \_\_\_\_\_\_
ANGIOTENSINOGEN secreted by the LIVER and is normally free floating in the body. Decreased BP causes KIDNEY to release RENIN which converts ANGIOTENSINOGEN to ANGIOTENSIN I. However, ANGIOTENSIN I must be converted to its active form ANGIOTENSIN II by ACE (also generally present normally). ANGIOTENSIN II can act in multiple ways: 1) directly on the KIDNEY to promote sSODIUM AND WATER REABSORPTION 2) on the ADRENAL GLAND to produce ALDOSTERONE which will also act on the kidney 3) causes DIRECCT INCREASE IN BP, resulting in volume overload in the heart, triggering the release of ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE which ultimately causes VASODILATION
186
13
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
renin
187
13
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
ACE
| (angiotensin converting enzyme)
188
