Exam 1

Question 1

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 1

He developed the scientific nomenclature

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

the term used to describe diseases-causing microorganism

Question 3

Who is credited with first observing cells? (“little boxes”)

Answer 3

Robert Hooke

Question 4

Who is credited with first observing microorganisms?

Answer 4

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur :Father of modern microbiology”

Question 6

S-neck flask experiment

Answer 6

disproving the theory of spontaneous generation

Question 7

Joseph Lister

Answer 7

developed aseptic technique

Question 8

Mycology

Answer 8

the study of fungi: molds, yeasts and mushrooms

Question 9

Edward Jenner

Answer 9

first physician associated with vaccination, cowpox virus protected against smallpox

Question 10

Alexander Fleming

Answer 10

discovered first antibiotic, penicillin

Question 11

Francisco Redi

Answer 11

Rotting meat experiment:

1. open jar
2. Sealed jar w/cork
3. Sealed jar with gauze

Question 12

John Neednam

Answer 12

Boiled nutrient broth , cooled then sealed with cork lead to microbial growth. Flaw in experiment : did not boil long enough and flask was not sealed well with cork

Question 13

spontaneous generation

Answer 13

hypothesis that living organisms arise spontaneously form nonliving mater, a “vital force” forms of life

Question 14

biogenesis

Answer 14

hypothesis that living organisms arise form preexisting life

Question 15

Robert Koch

Answer 15

First to show that a specific microbe caused a specific disease (B. anthraces caused anthrax) koch postulates

Question 16

saturated fat

Answer 16

no double bonds

Question 17

unsaturated fat

Answer 17

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

Question 18

lipids

Answer 18

serves as primary components of cell membranes and energy storage, non-polar and insoluble in water

Question 19

steroids

Answer 19

4 carbon rings with an - OH group attached to one ring

Question 20

peptide bonds

Answer 20

connect amino acids to form polypeptides

Question 21

primary structure

Answer 21

a polypeptide chain

Question 22

secondary structure

Answer 22

occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix of pleats

Question 23

tertiary structure

Answer 23

overall 3-D stable structure of a single peptide sequence

Question 24

quaternary structure

Answer 24

aggregates of two or more polypeptides

Question 25

Resolution

Answer 25

ability of the lens to distinguish two points, can be improved by shorter light wavelength or immersion oil

Question 26

refractive index

Answer 26

light bending ability of a medium, light bends in air, immersion oil keeps light from bending

Question 27

phase contrast microscopy

Answer 27

use for viewing live specimen and internal structures

Question 28

fluorescence microscopy

Answer 28

use for detection of pathogenic bacteria within cells and tissues. cells stained with fluorescent dyes absorb IV light and emit visible light

Question 29

confocal microscopy

Answer 29

used fluorochrome dyes and laser, produces 3D image

Question 30

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)

Answer 30

measures sound waved reflected back from object , used to study cell attached to a surface

Question 31

Electron Microscopy (EM)

Answer 31

for viewing objects smaller than 0.2 micrometer, transmission EM and scanning EM

Question 32

scanning tunneling microscopy

Answer 32

uses metal prove to scan surface of a specimen, produces close range 3D images of molecules-DNA

Question 33

basic dye

Answer 33

chromophore is a cation: crystal violet, methylene blue, safranin, stains bacteria

Question 34

acidic dye

Answer 34

chromophore is a anion: eosin, nigrosin, acid fuchsin, stains background