Exam 1

Question 1

The Scientific Method

Answer 1

Make observations
Formulate a hypothesis
Devise a testable prediction
Conduct a critical experiment
Draw conclusions, make revisions

Question 2

Cell Theory

Answer 2

Living organisms are made of 1 or more cells

All cells arise from other pre-existing cells

Question 3

Scientific Theory

Answer 3

An explanatory hypothesis for natural phenomena that is exceptionally well-supported by empirical data

Question 4

Nucleic acid

Answer 4

Macromolecule; Involved in information storage and transfer; DNA and RNA are both examples

Question 5

Protein

Answer 5

Macromolecule; Chief building blocks of life; Made of amino acids

Question 6

Carbohydrate

Answer 6

Macromolecule; The primary fuel for cellular activity; Forms much of the cell structure in all life; Sugars (ex: glycogen in animals, starch in plants)

Question 7

Lipids

Answer 7

Macromolecule; Fats; Energy storage and insulation; Insoluble in water and greasy to the touch

Question 8

Transport protein

Answer 8

In the plasma membrane, allows various types of molecules to enter cell

Question 9

Receptor protein

Answer 9

In the plasma membrane, allows only specific things to enter cell

Question 10

Covalent bond

Answer 10

Very strong bond, holds the oxygen to the hydrogen in a single molecule of water

Question 11

Hydrogen bond

Answer 11

Weak, “flirty” bond, holds multiple water molecules together

Question 12

Enzyme

Answer 12

Made of proteins, acts as a catalyst to speed up reactions by breaking things down; Their specific function is determined by their shape

Question 13

Hormone

Answer 13

A chemical signal that responds to environmental variables

Question 14

Cohesion

Answer 14

Water molecules stick to other water molecules

Question 15

Adhesion

Answer 15

Water molecules stick to different water molecules, allows water to defy gravity when supplying nutrients to plants

Question 16

Solvent

Answer 16

The liquid in which a substance is dissolved

Question 17

Promoter

Answer 17

Part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the sequence of base pairs that make up a gene begins. Tells RNA polymerase where to START “unzipping” the DNA

Question 18

Terminator

Answer 18

Part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the sequence of base pairs that make up a gene end. Tells RNA polymerase where to STOP “unzipping” the DNA

Question 19

Ribosome

Answer 19

Connects amino acids into a polypeptide by catalyzing the formation of the covalent bonds

Question 20

mRNA

Answer 20

The “product” of transcription, temporary copy of DNA

Question 21

tRNA

Answer 21

Uses an anticodon that matches a specific codon to bring an amino acid to the ribosome to be connected into an amino acid chain (protein); bring amino acid to ribosome

Question 22

Initiation

Answer 22

First step of transcription, promoter tells RNA where to start copying DNA

Question 23

Elongation

Answer 23

Second step of transcription, the “unzipping” and copying of DNA

Question 24

Termination

Answer 24

Third step of transcription, terminator tells RNA where to start copying DNA

Question 25

RNA polymerase

Answer 25

Does the "unzipping" of DNA

Question 26

Genotype

Answer 26

The genes that an organism carries for a particular trait. Influences phenotype

Question 27

Phenotype

Answer 27

Physical traits, the expression of a genotype, the manifested structure, function, and behaviors of an individual

Question 28

Dominant

Answer 28

An allele that masks the phenotypic affect of another allele

Question 29

Recessive

Answer 29

An allele that is masked by the phenotypic affect of another allele

Question 30

Law of Segregation

Answer 30

Mendel's law that states a gamete receives just one gene copy from each parent organism, which is selected randomly

Question 31

Codominant

Answer 31

When two alleles are dominant at the same time with neither allele being dominant over the other. Ex: AB blood type

Question 32

Incomplete dominance

Answer 32

When two alleles when an allele is not completely dominant or recessive over it's other allele. Ex: a red and a white flower breed a pink flower

Question 33

Autosomal chromosome

Answer 33

Any chromosome that it not a sex-linked chromosome

Question 34

Sex-linked chromosome

Answer 34

Genetic linkage with either an X or Y chromosome