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Linguistics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nature-nurture debate

A

What has a greater influence on who we are: genetics or environment?

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2
Q

Nature

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Nurture

A

Environment

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4
Q

Plato’s Problem

A

“How do people come to know so much on the basis of so little experience?”

All ideas are innate; coming from nature.

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge is derived from the senses; we learn from nurture rather than nature

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6
Q

What point of view does Aristotle have?

A

Empiricist

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7
Q

Rationalism

A

Knowledge is innate; there are modules that guide our comprehension

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8
Q

What point of view does Descartes have?

A

Rationalist

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9
Q

Epistemology

A

How the mind/knowledge develops; the study of knowledge

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10
Q

The Innateness Hypothesis

A

Most of language is innate; we are born with instincts which helps us learn

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11
Q

Who proposed the Innateness Hypothesis?

A

Noam Chomsky

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12
Q

Empirical Science

A

Science should be based on real, measurable, observable data

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13
Q

Mind-Body Dualism

A

Mind and body are separate

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14
Q

Who Proposed mind-body system

A

Descartes

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15
Q

Idealism

A

Everything is in the mind; there is no “reality”

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16
Q

Materialism

A

There is no such thing as mind

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17
Q

Physicalism

A

The term “mind” is just a label for the chemical/electrical processes which takes place in the brain.

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18
Q

Behaviorism

A

We can only study observable behavior

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19
Q

What theory is J.B. Watson associated with?

A

Behaviorist

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20
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorist who studied conditioned behavior

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21
Q

Cognitive Science

A

Interdisciplinary study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge, creation, and the brain.

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22
Q

Tri-Level Hypothesis

A

Computational Level
Algorithmic Level
Implementational Level

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23
Q

Computational/Functional Level

A

Description of problem being solved by the system

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24
Q

Algorithmic Level

A

Description of steps being carried out to solve a problem

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25
Implementational Level
Description of the physical characteristics of the information processing system
26
Functionalism
We need to focus on the function of the various part of the mind and worry less about studying the actual brain; measuring brain processes is not going totell us much.
27
Structural Analogy
Different modules of the mind are structure in the same way
28
Sociobiology
Social behavior is based on social instincts
29
Serialsim/classical Approach
Step-wise system; there is a serial structure, one thing after another
30
Parallelism/Connectionist Approach (Cog. Sci.)
The mind works in many steps that run parallel to each other
31
Modularity
The idea that a system consists of separate independent parts
32
Phrenology
Early modularity; advocated by Fodor
33
Fodor's Criteria for Modules
``` Domain-specificity Mandatory Informational encapsulation Shallow Speed Subconscious ```
34
Domain Specificity
Modules are made for specific tasks
35
Modules are Mandatory
Automatic; cannot block
36
Information Encapsulated in Modules
No information exchange between them
37
Modules are shallow
We only know their output/result
38
What kind of speed does modules have?
Fast
39
Modules are subconscious meaning...
We are not aware of them/how they work
40
Evolutionary Psychology
The human mind is large collection of modules, each being selected in the course of evolution to solve a specific problem
41
Natural Language
Human languages that are spoken by many people
42
Artificial Language
Humanlike languages created for amusement or for some practical purpose
43
Three Dimensions of a word
1. Form 2. Category 3. Meaning
44
Relationship Between Form/Meaning/Category
Arbitrary; therefore, must be learned
45
Phoneme
Mental unit that represents an infinite set of speech sounds; smallest unit of form
46
Phoneme System
Every language has a specific inventory of consonant and vowel phonemes
47
Phonotactic Constraints
Restrictions on how phonemes combine
48
Allophone
"speech variety" of a phoneme; differences in pronunciation of a new phoneme
49
Simplex Words
Consist of just one morpheme
50
Complex Words
Consist of more than one meaningful part
51
Morpheme
Minimal meaningful units of language
52
What is the responsibility of the Lexicon
Responsible for everything that grammar can't do.
53
Morphology
Study of complex words; establishes the rules for making words by adding affixes to words or by combining words
54
Syntax
Making sentences; study of the category of structure of words/sentences
55
Dimensions of Linguistic Expressions
Phonological, Morpho-syntactic, and Semantic
56
Phonology
Study of the form of words and sentences
57
Semantics
Study of the meaning of words and sentences
58
Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phonetics studies how sounds are made and perceived; phonology studies how sounds function in the language
59
Grammaticality Judgement
Native speaker of language decides if a string of words is a syntactically well-formed/grammatical phrase in their language.
60
Units in Phonology
Phonemes
61
Units in Morphology
Morphemes
62
Units in Syntax
Words
63
Tree Diagram
Represents unit created when "A" and "B" are combined
64
Terminal/Daughter Node
What is being combined
65
Intermediate Node
Nodes between terminal and top nodes
66
Top/Mother Node
Unit that is formed
67
Syllable
Group of phonemes
68
Morphological Rules
Set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
69
Two kinds of syntax
Morphology/builds morpheme sentences | Syntax/builds word sentences
70
--> Symbol
A --> C D | A can consist of C and D
71
Recursion
A structure of type A inside a structure of type A
72
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet
73
Speaking with an accent
Languages often have the same phonemes, but they can realize them differently; the differences form what we call accents
74
Descriptive Linguistics
How languages are actually used
75
Prescriptive Linguistics
How we are supposed to choose from/pronounce our words and form our sentences
76
Methods of Linguistics
``` Spontaneous data collection Guided production of utterances Grammaticality judgements by native speakers Phycholinguistics Neuroscience ```
77
List people associated with Empiricist views
Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Sampson
78
List people associated with Rationalist views
Kant, Leibniz, Spinoza, James, Chomsky, Pinker
79
What does the Lexicon contain?
``` Morphemes Complex Words Phrases Simple Sentences Complex Sentences ```

Linguistics (3 decks)

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