Exam 1 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
broken windows
A
- broken window is sign of neglected community, where crime thrives
- if police fix small problems, big ones will go away (e.g. turnstile jumpers, smoking in public, graffiti)
- used in NYC, and crime appeared to have gone down (but crime was already going down; failure to consider regression to the mean)
2
Q
concentrated disadvantage
A
social problems cluster together, e.g. welfare receipt, poverty, unemployment, incarceration rate, female headed households
3
Q
exposure to violence
A
- youth exposed to violence are 5x more likely to experience negative life effects
- highest for poor, urban, minority youth
- increased risk for antisocial behavior, justice sys involvement, antisocial psychopathology
mechanism of transmission: directly links env and individual’s behavior
4
Q
BIS/BAS
A
- BIS: inhib goal-dir behav when threats/novel stim detected
- BAS: mediates reaction to reward cues
- nonspecific arousal system (NAS) receives input
5
Q
neurotic/stable
A
neuroticism: being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody. high in prisoners
6
Q
extravert/introvert
A
extraversion: being outgoing, talkative, sociable, and enjoying social situations
7
Q
constraint (3 aspects)
A
- traditionalism (conservative social environment, high moral standards)
- harm avoidance: avoids excitement and danger, prefers tedious safe activities
- control: reflective, cautious, careful, rational
8
Q
five factor model (OCEAN)
A
- openness (curious, original, intellectual, creative)
- conscientiousness (organized, systematic, punctual, achievement-oriented)
- extraversion (outgoing, talkative, sociable)
- agreeableness (affable, tolerant, sensitive, warm, kind, trusting)
- neuroticism (anxious, irritable, temperamental, moody)
9
Q
negative affect/emotionality (3)
A
- aggression: hurts others for advantage, will frighten and cause discomfort for others
- alienation: feeling mistreated, victimized, betrayed, and target of false rumors
- stress reaction: feels nervous, vulnerable, sensitive, prone to worry
10
Q
psychopathy (4)
A
antisocial and impulsive behavior paired with callousness, low empathy, low IP emotions; attention problems and hypo-emotionality
25% of prison population, 1% of general population
11
Q
primary/secondary psychopathy (+cause)
A
primary: biological cause, low anxiety
secondary: social disadvantage, neuroticism/anxiety, other psychopathologies
12
Q
factor1/factor 2 (PCL-R) (8, 9)
A
- interpersonal-affective
(glibness, grandiosity, pathological lying, conning/manipulating, lack of guilt, shallow affect, lack of empathy, failure to accept responsibility) (rel to attn deficits) - behavioral-lifestyle/impulsive-antisocial
(need for stimulation, parasitic lifestyle, poor behav ctrl/early behav probs, lack of long term plans, impulsivity, irresponsibility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, criminal versatility) (rel to reactivity, EF issues)
13
Q
externalizing
A
problem behaviors directed towards external environment, e.g. physical aggression, disobeying rules, stealing, cheating, destroying property
14
Q
antisocial personality disorder. how prevalent?
A
persistent legal, social, and moral norms violations
conduct d/o before 15, adult antisocial behav
2% of gen pop, 50% of prison pop
15
Q
amygdala (2) (problem in psychopaths?)
A
important for 1. threat detection and 2. stimulus reinforcement learning (salience motivation detector)
- connects with OFC to encode expected outcomes in fear conditioning
- connects with vmPFC in somatic markers
- overactive PFC in pp may lead to underactivity in amygdala
16
Q
nucleus accumbens (NAc) (4). who has more NAcc activity?
A
important for 1. cognitive processing of aversion, 2. motivation, 3. reward (e.g. incentive salience, pleasure, and positive reinforcement) and 4. reinforcement learning
impulsive-antisocial traits mean more NAc activity
17
Q
prefrontal cortex
A
found to be important for a variety of complex behaviors, including planning, decisionmaking, moderating social behavior, and personality expression
overall ensures behavior is most efficiently directed towards satisfying needs
18
Q
OFC (3)
A
- integrating signals
- modulating activity of other brain regions
- representing affective value or reinforcers in stimulus reinforcement learning, decision making, executive function
19
Q
dlPFC (2)
A
- may be responsible for RM problems; attention
- essential for executive functions/on-line processing (ability to maintain and shift set, planning, response inhibition, working memory, etc)
20
Q
vmPFC (4)
A
- processing risk & fear
- inhibiting emotional responses
- cognitive evaluation of morality/empathy
- choosing between outcomes
connects with amygdala for somatic markers
21
Q
ACC
A
- involved in attention; reduced connectivity may be responsible for RM problems
- important for cognitive empathy
- flexible control of aversively-motivated behavior; tracks outcomes ot past choices and integrates reward info to allow for adaptive behavioral modification
- error-related negativity
22
Q
what does damage to the vmPFC cause?
A
difficulty detecting irony, sarcasm, deception, and moral norm-violating behavior
23
Q
cognitive empathy
A
theory of mind; understanding and representation of mental states that enables an individual to explain and predict others’ behavior (intact in pp; able to deliberately take perspective of a character in a story)
24
Q
emotional empathy
A
response to affective displays by others e.g. facial expressions and emotionally evocative stimuli e.g. phrases, stories (lower in pp; reduced autonomic resp to stimuli ass with other’s distress)
25
somatic marker
created during process of education and socialization through connection of certain stimuli and affective states
guide behav by focusing attn on negative or positive outcomes of given action and serve as automated alarm signal
crucial for decision making
26
VIM
1. activated by nonverbal communications of distress; initiates withdrawal response
2. prereq for dev of three aspects of morality: moral emotions, inhib of violent action, moral/conventional distinction
27
endophenotype (5)
biological marker associated with illness
1. associated with illness
2. heritable
3. state-independent
4. familial co-segregation (occurs more often in externalizing family members than non-externalizing)
5. reliable and specific to illness of interest (stable across situation and time)
28
P300; how is it tested?
1. nonspecific measure; indexing stimulus evaluation and intensity of concomitant executive function processes (e.g. updating working memory, applying cognitive control to inhib dominant response, integrating info)
2. ASPD lower P3 in response to rare events
3. oddball test: repetitive stimuli presented, interruption of deviant stimulus
4. endophenotype for externalizing
29
reactive vs instrumental aggression
reactive: frustrative aggression reacting to a threat in the moment (psychopaths and externalizing)
instrumental: designed to achieve goal (psychopaths)
30
serious mental illness (4)
1. mental or behav disorder (excl developmental or SUD)
2. diagnosable now or in past year
3. sufficient duration to meet DSM criteria
4. serious functional impairment that substantially interferes with one or more major life activities
31
error-related negativity
component of ERP; robust ERN after errors committed during choice tasks
decreased in impulsive, risk-tasking, cocaine dependent, internet addicts
32
error-related negativity
component of ERP; robust ERN after errors committed during choice tasks
decreased in impulsive, risk-tasking, cocaine dependent, internet addicts
33
Low Fear: 4 main types of evidence/studies
1. fear conditioning (mustache faces)
2. passive avoidance (response tests, reward and punishment)
3. emotiona modulated startle when viewing images
4. facial affect and tone recognition
34
setup of fear conditioning study
mustached faces or unmustached, one associated with shock
35
how was response different in pp in fear conditioning study (5)? the same?
pp had low skin conductance, low activity in OFC, anterior cingulate, anterior insula, and amygdala, but same heart rate elevation
36
mechanism of passive avoidance study
S+ requires response, S- causes you to lose if you respond; pp had higher errors of commission (bad responses to S-)
37
emotiona modulated startle experiment & results
psychopaths did not have normal startle response to unpleasant images when response was measured quickly, but had normal startle when the probe was presented later in viewing
38
ways pp brains were activated/not activated in emotion modulated startle
1. too little amygdala and OFC activation
| 2. too much perceptual activity
39
facial affect and tone recognition study and results
pp have difficulty recognizing fearful faces, depending on the clarity of the emotion, and bad at fearful vocal tone
40
facial affect and tone recognition study and results
pp have difficulty recognizing fearful faces, depending on the clarity of the emotion, and bad at fearful vocal tone
41
3 inconsistencies found in evidence for low fear
1. pp do anticipate fearful events based on HR
2. pp have normal startle when measured later
3. pp can perceive emotion on faces
42
3 inconsistencies found in evidence for low fear
1. pp do anticipate fearful events based on HR
2. pp have normal startle when measured later
3. pp can perceive emotion on faces
43
4 studies for response modulation
1. passive avoidance
2. stroop and modified stroop
3. flanker test
4. lexical decision test
44
lexical decision test & results
asked if letters are a word or nonword (people usually recognize emotion words better; emotional facilitation)
pp did not ID emotion words better, but could identify whether word was emotional at same speed
45
what broadly observable brain abnormality do psychopaths have?
thinner cortex in multiple areas related to integrating information
46
emotion modulated startle experiment & results
psychopaths did not have normal startle response to unpleasant images when response was measured quickly, but had normal startle when the probe was presented later in viewing
47
what broadly observable brain abnormality do psychopaths have?
thinner cortex in multiple areas related to integrating information
48
how are ERPs related to pp? what do ERPs measure? what study showed this?
Stroop test
ERPs measure early attention processing; more negative ERP leads to more interference
pp had no relation between ERP and behavior
49
how are ERPs related to pp? what do ERPs measure? what study showed this?
Stroop test
ERPs measure early attention processing; more negative ERP leads to more interference
pp had no relation between ERP and behavior
50
letter cues study mechanism (3 types)
green and red letters; shocks for some red letters
1. threat focus: ID threat or not
2. alt focus/low load: identify whether letter upper or lowercase
3. alt focus/high load: press button if letter was the same as the letter 2 before
51
results of letter cues study
1. similar fear potentiated startle in threat focus, less in others
2. greater early ERP, suggests that abnormalities are in the early processing attention stage
52
results of letter cues study
1. similar fear potentiated startle in threat focus, less in others
2. greater early ERP, suggests that abnormalities are in the early processing attention stage
53
two theories of selective attention (+ mechanism)
1. early selection: fixed bottleneck that blocks processing of secondary information that isn't goal relevant
affects processing in visual cortex, filters processing of sensory info, prevents perception of secondary info
2. info initially encoded and selection occurs as function of top-down processes like memory and response that bias attn
54
separated letter cues study methods (4 conditions)
n or N and color box (red = threat)
1. early alt focus: N, then color; ID case
2. late alt focus: color, then N; ID case
3. late threat focus: N, then color; ID if threat
4. early threat focus: color, then N; ID color
55
results of separated letter cues study
deficient fear response was only present in the early alt focus condition, when the goal-relevant info (N) was presented first
56
if the later attention processing hypothesis was correct, what would have been the results of the separated cues study?
reduced fear response in late alt focus, because higher order processes would have been able to take in the threat info and then ignore it for the goal of IDing the case
57
what were the brain imaging results in sep letter cues study?
reduced amygdala activation
| increased lateral PFC activity (which mediates amygdala activation in psychopaths)
58
attention bottlenecks engage ___, not ___
1. serial attention
| 2. simultaneous integration of information
59
attention bottlenecks engage ___, not ___
1. serial attention
| 2. simultaneous integration of information
60
bottleneck picture study: methods and what was measured
1. shown pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pics; novel and familiar pics
2. startle and late positive potential
61
what does late positive potential measure?
ERP sensitive to emotional nature of info, reflects elaboration on affective content
62
results of bottleneck pic study on startle (+ implications)
1. startle deficit in novel pictures, not in familiar
2. higher perceptual demands for pics meant less affective response; pp have slowed perception because of attention bottleneck
63
results of bottleneck pic study on LPP (+ implications)
1. same LPP for novel pics, but less emotional modulation of LPP (less difference between pleasant and unpleasant images) when images were familiar
2. pp had more elaboration of LPP during familiar trials, but the elaboration didn't go up as much as it did for non pp
3. surprising, because you'd think the perceptual demand would slow emotion processing
64
results of bottleneck pic study on LPP (+ implications)
1. same LPP for novel pics, but less emotional modulation of LPP (less difference between pleasant and unpleasant images) when images were familiar
2. pp had more elaboration of LPP during familiar trials, but the elaboration didn't go up as much as it did for non pp
3. surprising, because you'd think the perceptual demand would slow emotion processing
65
3 attention bottleneck studies
1. picture study
2. letter cue study
3. separated letter cue study
66
3 attention bottleneck studies
1. picture study
2. letter cue study
3. separated letter cue study
67
DLPFC involvement in EF
online processing of information; ability to keep or shift set, plan, inhib response, working mmry
68
ACC involvement in EF
flexibility of aversively-motivated behavior; tracks outcomes; integrates reward-specific information to mediate behavior
69
OFC involvement in EF
integrates value of reinforcers in decisionmaking; impuls control, set maintenance, behavioral regulation
70
3 results of neuroimaging studies in externalizing individuals (EF)
1. structural and functional abnormalities in frontal cortex, e.g. ACC and OFC
2. deficits in OFC, ACC, dlPFC
3. 11% reduction in PFC brain grey matter
71
truth vs. lie EF study methods and results
1. fMRI while answering questions and being either truthful, inversive, or deceitful
2. people with ASPD had less contrasted brain activity of various brain regions (they're good at deception)
72
what do the results of the truth v lie study mean for ASPD?
people with ASPD have less self-monitoring or internal conflict while lying
73
default mode network
responsible for emotional regulation, planning, and self-inspection; deficits mean difficulty adaptively regulating behavior
74
attention (vs DMN); brain region?
frontal gyrus
| resp for self regulation, control, and reduction in antisocial behavior
75
problem with DMN and ATTN in ASPD
1. reduced connectivity
| 2. DMN detects conflict and ATTN uses control to resolve future conflict
76
problem with DMN and ATTN in ASPD
1. reduced connectivity
| 2. DMN detects conflict and ATTN uses control to resolve future conflict
77
oddball task and results in ASPD
1. regular circle or oddball; press one or other button
2. P300 measured (indexes stimulus evaluation and shows intensity of EF)
3. ASPD lower cognitive control (lower P300 indicates fewer EF resources)
78
reductions in P300 in people with externalizing may be an ___
endophenotype
79
reductions in P300 in people with externalizing may be an ___
endophenotype
80
Flanker task (ERN)
1. press R button if H in middle, left if S in middle
| 2. lower ERN (activated when someone makes an error) in externalizing individuals
81
is psychopathy related to EF deficits?
no
82
what type of executive functions are most impaired in antisocial people?
"hot EF" - delay of gratification, affective decisionmaking
83
strongest link between externalizing and EF are seen in ___
affective self-regulatory processes
84
Monetary Incentive Dealy Task; activation in brain of ext individs?
1. must make response w/in a time window, may be rewarded depending on reaction times
2. ext sensitive to reward; higher NAcc activ and medial frontal activ
85
Iowa gambling task (and brain regions?)
1. 4 card decks; some 'bad' (more frequent losses) and some 'good' (less frequent losses)
2. APD continue to pull from bad decks and don't take advantage of good decks
3. overreactive amygdala
86
hypersensitivity: fear conditioning (3 results)
1. APD increases amygdala reaction when acquiring CS+
2. less dlPFC activation when acquiring CS+ v CS- association, b/c fewer regulation EF resources
3. increased SCR and HR
87
affective cognitive control hypothesis
ext individs have excessive reward seeking, which overwhelms their cognitive control; they overreact to emotional information causing EF deficits, but only when processing emotions and using EF is required
88
distress tolerance study
have to add numbers in a sequential order, if wrong loud noise. ext quit earlier
89
go/no-go task
press a button when letters match; withhold if they don't. sometimes incentive (reward or punishment)
decreased P300 in externalizing when inhibiting or when there was reward/punishment
90
fear conditioning study methods (affective cognitive control)
same N and color test, asked to focus on threat
1. early focus: color first, then letter
2. late focus: letter first, then color
91
fear conditioning study results (3 brain regions/aspects) (affective cognitive control)
1. ext had increased startle response, amyg & mPFC activation in early threat
2. decreased in late threat
92
why did externalizers respond differently in the fear conditioning study of cognitive control?
1. early threat: increased activity because highly focused on threat
2. late: lower processing of threat because have to reallocate cognitive resources due to initial presentment of distractor; overallocation to salient information
93
attention blink task
1. 2 targets presented in a row of distractors. when too close together, people often don't notice the second
2. impulsive-antisocial people had longer window where they wouldn't detect T2
3. impulsive-antisocial overallocate attentional resources to salient information
94
modified oddball for affective cognitive control
1. measured P3 amplitude reduction
| 2. externalizing teens and & YA had P3AR
95
what does P3AR mean?
deficits in response inhibition
96
at what points can disinhibition occur? (6)
1. encoding/early selective attention (filtering sensory info & preventing processing of less impt info)
2. interpretation/late selective attention/EF (selection of encoded info; top down processes & response selection towards goal-dir behav)
3. clarify goals
4. response construction (integ situation and individ variability to put pieces together)
5. decision
6. emotion
97
how do the paths to disinhibited behavior differ in pp vs. externalizing?
1. pp: bottleneck disrupts processing, circumvents EF because fewer conflicts & cog demands, affective info peripheral or embedded in complex info doesn't influence behavior or decisionmaking
2. ext: overallocation of attn to motivationally significant info (reward/punish/drug), fewer resources for EF, increased emotion response
98
what are two areas that psychopaths and externalizers differ?
1. EF: pp normal, ext less
| 2. affective reactivity: pp less, ext more
99
lexical decision: women v. men (implication?)
1. women with ASPD had superior emotional facilitation (faster RT when IDing emotional words), while ASPD men were not faster than controls
2. ASPD violence in women may be because of emotional hypersensitivity
100
emotion modulated startle: women v men
pp women had less EMS when viewing unpleasant images than control, but only when the probe was soon (suggesting a conditional rather than fundamental emotion deficit); same as male
101
fear potentiated startle: women v men (psychopaths)
female pp had greater FPS when focused on threat, but less with a demanding task (alt focus high load - match letter to one that occurred two times before). overreactive when threat focused, same as men in alt focus
102
fear potentiated startle: women v men (ASPD)
1. ASPD women less FPS, esp when focused on threat-relevant stimuli; greater FPS as cognitive load increased
2. sapping executive function in APD women normalizes their startle deficit
3. men had increased FPS in threat focus, women didn't
103
card perseveration, M v F
externalizing men kept picking bad cards, while women didn't
104
passive avoidance M v F
male psychopaths do not inhibit behavior that was previously punished; women do
105
modified stroop M v F
same results; pp filter out peripheral info better
106
passive avoidance, W v B
white pp: don't learn from punishment when pursuing reward
| black: no difference
107
lexical decision, W v B
white pp: less emotional facilitation
| black: no diff
108
fear potentiated startle, W v B
white pp: deficit in alt focus
| black: no diff
109
picture word stroop, W v B
black pp show less interference, but diff pattern than in white
110
why might failures to replicate in black psychopaths not actually indicate that they are different?
insufficient samples; more variability in standard errors and effect sizes; different environments (black more likely to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, be exposed to violence, experience maltreatment, have harsh parents)
111
fearful faces, nonincarcerated
(pp were low BIS/high BAS)
| pp less accurate in assessing fearful faces
112
EMS, nonincarcerated
male pp showed same time delay for EMS, but female pp did not show a difference
113
startle potentiation, nonincarcerated
high level of fearless dominance had less startle potentiated and less SCR in response to aversive images; high levels of impulsive-antisocial associated with smaller SCRs, mimicking pp autonomic dysfunction
114
fear conditioning, nonincarcerated
high levels of fearless dominance meant less startle when goal focused (not on threat), but only in the low load alternative (incarcerated pp show reduced startle in low and high load)
115
reward sensitivity, nonincarcerated
high impulsive-antisocial meant increased reward sensitivity in the nucleus accumbens (externalizing)
116
4 differences in succesful psychopaths vs unsuccessful (or externalizing)
1. increased heart rate stress reactivity (incarcerated pp have lower HR)
2. enhanced executive functioning
3. no neural differences in amygdala, PFC, or hippocampus volume
4. no reduction in P300 during oddball
117
passive avoidance same in nonincarcerated?
yes
118
emotional empathy deficits same in nonincarcerated?
yes
119
psychopaths show ___ deficits when viewing moral violation
vmPFC activation
120
how do psychopaths respond to the trolley problem?
very utilitarian
121
how do psychopaths respond to economic decisionmaking?
less likely to accept offers, and make low offers
122
externalizing monetary tasks
higher NAcc activation during monetary tasks when anticipating incentives
123
are schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with violence?
no
124
what makes some schizophrenics and people with bipolar more violent?
comorbidity with antisocial traits and substance use disorders
125
externalizing performance on Stroop tasks
worse performance on EF tasks
126
what is the mechanism behind psychopathic cold rationality and failure to generate somatic markers?
amygdala fails to feed info to vmPFC
127
where do externalizers show the biggest EF deficits?
when there are both demands on EF & focus on salient/motivational/emotional information; n back task where they had to press a button for mismatch and withhold for match. become so distracted by goal that they do not process affectively
128
passive avoidance; newman findings?
context under which learning about punishment matters; only an issue when learning about reward and punishment, but able to learn about punishment when only focused on that
