EXAM 1

Question 1

Electronegativity is a measure of an atoms ability to attract a shared electron pair when it is participating in a covalent bond with another atom.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The production of a large molecule from smaller subunits is referred to as a catabolic reaction.

Answer 2

False; anabolic reaction

Question 3

An enzyme is a biological carbohydrate-based catalyst.

Answer 3

False; protein-based

Question 4

Cells can control metabolic processes by restricting the location of enzymes and enzyme complexes within the cell.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various function.

Answer 6

False; relatively slow, controlled

Question 7

Enzymes lower activation energy.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Ribosomes move along mRNA in a 5’–>3’ direction.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Some restriction endonucleases make zigzag cuts in double-stranded DNA leaving blunt cells.

Answer 9

False; leaving sticky ends

Question 10

Contractions that increase in strength during pregnancy are an example of a negative feedback mechanism.

Answer 10

False; positive feedback mechanisms

Question 11

Kidney’s remove waste, balance blood pH, and maintain water balance.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Wastes are filtered from the blood by the kidneys and conducted to the urinary bladder by the urethra.

Answer 12

False; ureter

Question 13

A cross section of the kidney shows an oiter layer called the medulla, an inner layer called the cortex, and a hollow chamber called the renal pelvis.

Answer 13

False; outer layer called the cortex, inner layer called the medulla

Question 14

When a person sweats and does not drink water, the pituitary gland releases ADH.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Insulin is produced in a healthy person when blood sugar is low.

Answer 15

False; blood sugar is high

Question 16

People with diabetes feel tired because of low levels of glucose in the blood.

Answer 16

False; low levels of insulin

Question 17

As follicles develop in the ovary, estrogen concentration in the blood decreases.

Answer 17

False; increases

Question 18

Information from your brain is moved to your leg muscles by motor neurons.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Myelin sheath is very important for the transferring of information along the medulla.

Answer 19

False; axon

Question 20

Electrochemical messages are carried by the movement of ions through the nerve membrane.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

When the nerve cell is excited, it becomes more permeable to potassium ions than sodium ions.

Answer 21

False; sodium ions then potassium ions

Question 22

Sharks, snakes, and crocodiles are able to grow new teeth all of their lives. This is considered to be an example of analogous structures.

Answer 22

False; homology

Question 23

Islands are very important places in which speciation occurs because the populations they contain are spatially isolated from other populations.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Over time, the total number of species in existance deos not change.

Answer 24

False; changes

Question 25

A species is a group of individuals that are reproductively compatible with each other but not with individuals from other groups.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

``` The following structural formula is representative of which functional group? -C=O \ O | H ```

Answer 26

carboxyl

Question 27

An amino acid always has an amino group, as its name suggests. What other group is also present in all amino acids?

Answer 27

a carboxyl group

Question 28

The hydrolysis (breakdown) of a dipeptide results in the production of which of the following?

Answer 28

Two amino acids

Question 29

In aerobic respiration, which is a typical oxidation/reduction reaction, the energy...

Answer 29

Required for reduction is the same as that released in oxidation

Question 30

The key point about oxidation is that it is a process in which....

Answer 30

There is a loss of electrons

Question 31

Which of the following statements about enzymes is not true?

Answer 31

They will bind their substrate and any isomer of their substrate.

Question 32

The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react?

Answer 32

The activation energy is reduced by enzymes.

Question 33

The following molecules can be found at various stage during cellular respiration: I. Acetly-CoA II. Carbon Dioxide III. Glucose IV. Glyceraldehyde V. Pyruvate Which of the following sequences represents the above molecules in order from the largest to the smallest amount of chemical energy?

Answer 33

III, IV, V, I, II | Glucose, glyceraldehyde, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide

Question 34

Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways?

Answer 34

Anaerobic and catabolic

Question 35

Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?

Answer 35

Less ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration.

Question 36

The alternate fates of pyruvate in various organisms is primarily due to...

Answer 36

Regenerating NAD+ for further reduction in the cytoplasm.

Question 37

DNA replication...

Answer 37

Occurs before cytokinesis

Question 38

DNA is stable because hydrogen bonds are formed between...

Answer 38

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 39

An enzyme, which excuses a mismatched base in a newly synthesized strand of DNA, is called...

Answer 39

An exonuclease

Question 40

A section of mRNA 9 codons long would most likely result in the addition of how many amino acids to a growing polypeptide (the stop codon is absent front the section of mRNA)?

Answer 40

9

Question 41

There are differences in the amino acid sequence of rabbit and frog haemoglobin polypeptides. If mRNA for rabbit red blood cells, and is then placed in frog eggs, the cells will produce rabbit haemoglobin polypeptides. This shows that...

Answer 41

The genetic code and the machinery of translation are substantially the same in widely-different organisms.

Question 42

Which of the following is true with respect to the lac operon?

Answer 42

The repressor is bound to the operator, except when it is bound to the inducer.

Question 43

When recombinant DNA is formed, it is necessary to join the sugar-phosphate backbones of the plasmid DNA and the introduced DNA. Which of the following is used to do this?

Answer 43

Ligase

Question 44

In a hypothetical experiment, human subjects were placed in a room, the temperature of which was higher than body temperature (37 degrees Celsius). At the same time, blood, cooler than 37 degrees Celsius, was infused into the subjects. Choose the correct effect of this experiment on the subjects.

Answer 44

no effect is noticed by the subject.

Question 45

A family doctor has a patient with the following symptoms: very high blood sugar levels; high sugar level in the urine; is very thirsty; produces large quantities of urine. Which condition should the doctor investigate?

Answer 45

diabetes mellitus

Question 46

The term used to describe the ability of a living organism to adjust to changing environmental conditions by regulating their internal processes is...

Answer 46

homeostasis

Question 47

Which of the following analogies would best fit the action of the kidney?

Answer 47

removing all the items and returning what is still useful.

Question 48

Interneurons are most commonly located in which of the following?

Answer 48

central nervous system

Question 49

The term phenotype is defined as which of the following?

Answer 49

Observable traits that are formed by the interaction of genes and the environment.

Question 50

Part of the sides of the DNA ladder

Answer 50

phosphate group

Question 51

Results in the formation of water

Answer 51

condensation reaction

Question 52

Class of compounds has the most energy per gram

Answer 52

lipids

Question 53

Describes the breakdown of macromolecules

Answer 53

catabolic reactions

Question 54

Class of compounds is principally used for energy

Answer 54

carbohydrates

Question 55

Forms strong tertiary structures

Answer 55

disulfide bridge

Question 56

Referring to the Krebs Cycle: | What molecule, derived from glycolysis, is at the start of the cycle?

Answer 56

acetyl-CoA

Question 57

Referring to the Krebs Cycle: | How many NADH is produced in each turn of the cycle?

Answer 57

3

Question 58

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | What are the electron donor molecules at the beginning of the chain?

Answer 58

NADH/FADH2

Question 59

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | In what order are the components of the chain arranged?

Answer 59

increasing electronegativity

Question 60

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | What moves into the intermembrane space?

Answer 60

protons

Question 61

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | What accepts the electrons at the end of the chain?

Answer 61

oxygen

Question 62

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | What is the first protein complex of the chain?

Answer 62

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 63

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | Where do electrons, protons, and oxygen meet to become water?

Answer 63

cytochrome oxidase

Question 64

Referring to ETC and Chemiosmosis: | Where do protons re-enter the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 64

ATP synthase

Question 65

Process which results in each new DNA molecule consisting of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand

Answer 65

semi-conservative replication

Question 66

Unwinds DNA

Answer 66

primase

Question 67

removes RNA primers

Answer 67

DNA polymerase 1

Question 68

Short lengths of DNA produced during synthesis of lagging strand.

Answer 68

Okazaki Fragment

Question 69

New DNA strand which is synthesized continously

Answer 69

leading strand

Question 70

links sugars and phosphates together

Answer 70

ligase

Question 71

builds RNA primers

Answer 71

primase

Question 72

special glial cells

Answer 72

schwann cells

Question 73

recieve information from sensory receptors or nerve cells

Answer 73

dendrites

Question 74

extension of the cytoplasm of a nerve cell.

Answer 74

axon