Exam 1 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Organisms microbiology studies
A
bacteria fungi protozoans - algae, parasites viruses helminths
2
Q
Robert Hooke
A
thinly sliced cork and saw organized compartments which he called cells responsible for the cell theory
3
Q
cell theory
A
each cell, whether by itself or organized with another, must be doing the same thing the cell is the basic unit of organization for all living things
4
Q
vanLeeuwenhoek
A
- made the first hand held microscope - described microbes of various sizes/shapes he found on the head of a pin and in a drop of water - lived at a time when we didn’t know microbes existed
5
Q
Louis Pasteur
A
disproved spontaneous generation - showed living things come from other living things
6
Q
spontaneous generation
A
idea that living things could spontaneously generate from nonliving things
7
Q
Describe Louis Pasteur’s experiment
A
- boiled meat broth in flasks with crooked necks - allowed to sit - no growth was seen - when flasks were tilted, there was regrowth
8
Q
Lister
A
wondered why his patients got sick and died a few days after her removed the bullet from them - could it be microbe? used carbolic acid on bandages to keep the wound clean, preventing lethal infection
9
Q
father of antiseptics
A
Lister
10
Q
Koch
A
asked do all microbes cause disease and do certain ones cause certain disease
11
Q
Koch’s postulates
A
List of steps to prove one microbe causes one specific disease o The organism/microbe is identified in an individual with disease o Get the microbe cultivated in pure culture – only one microbe in the culture of broth or agar plate o Inoculate a susceptible animal with the organism leading to the same disease o Re-isolate the organism from the test animal into a pure culture and identify as the original organism
12
Q
bacteria
A
prokaryotes peptidoglycan wall
13
Q
archae
A
prokaryotes no cell wall or no peptidoglycan in cell wall live in extreme environments
14
Q
protozoa
A
eukaryotes single celled nonphotosynthetic often motile
15
Q
algae
A
eukaryotie photosynthetic
16
Q
fungi
A
eukaryote fine threads of cells or single cells not photosynthetic
17
Q
virus
A
made of dna or rna and surrounded by protein
18
Q
Cell membranes allow
A
certain molecules to enter and leave cell through semi-permeable osmotic barriers simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport
19
Q
simple diffusion
A
small, uncharged molecules from high to low concentration
20
Q
osmosis
A
movement of water driven by concentration
21
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
carrier proteins within the bilayer bind to the moelcules on one side of the membrane and release to the other side
22
Q
active transport
A
carrier proteins transport molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP
23
Q
where are respiratory enzyme in prokaryotes?
A
on the cell membrane
24
Q
What are the basic kingdoms of living organisms?
A
monera - bacteria Protista - algae, protozoan fungi animal - helminthes viruses
25
are viruses cells
no
26
eukaryotic cells
- any cell that is not bacteria - larger - more complex - membrane bound organelles - multiple strands of chromosome - go through mitosis and meiosis - in general do not have cell walls - may have flagella
27
prokaryotic cells
- bacteria - small - more surface area compared to volume - faster growth and reproduction - no nucleus - one circular chromosome - no membrane bound organelles - all cellular functions on the cell membrane - binary fissions - generally have cell walls
28
what is the benefit of having more surface area to cell volume as in prokarytoes?
helps transports nutrient into the cell and waste products out of the cell faster
29
function of cell wall
provide support and protection from osmotic lysis
30
prokaryotic shapes include
spirilla coccus bacillus
31
spirilla
spiral
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coccus
sphere
33
bacillus
rod
34
gram positive stains
purple
35
describe gram positive cell wall
- thicker peptidoglycan wall - 20-40 layers - cross linked layers - much less permeable than gram negative - no periplasm, binding proteins, or LPS layer - contain teichoic acid - a structure extending from the wall giving overall negative charge to cell's surface
36
gram negative stains
pink
37
describe gram negative cell wall
- thin peptidoglycan - long chains of polysaccharide linked by peptide - has 2nd lipid bilayer outside of the peptidoglycan containing LPS and lipid A - relatively permeable
38
describe second lipid bilayer of gram negative
contains LPS which contains Lipid A which extends out from the LPD
39
Lipid A
is in the 2nd lipid bilayer of the gram negative cell wall it is toixic to animals and humans
40
What allows a gram negative cell wall to be more permeable
- LPS layer contains porin channels allowing molecules to diffuse in - periplasm, a space between the cell membrane and outer bilayer, increases the permeability as well - porins extend into the periplasm where there are other binding proteins and enzymes to help larger and/or charged molecules move into the cell
41
smear
cloudy film of cells on a slide created by dropping a few drops of liquid containing microbes onto the glass slide
42
how are cells attached to a slide in a smear
heat-fixing - passing the glass slide through the flame
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when can you stain a smear
after it has been heat fixed
44
simple stains
used to color the entire cell evenly
45
basic simple stains
positively charged chromophore most commonly used
46
acidic simple stains
negatively charged chromophore
47
differential stains
react differently with different types of cells allowing identification of a key characteristic of these cells
48
gram stain
differential stain used to separate most disease-causing bacteria into gram neg or gram pos
49
why do gram pos and gram neg cells stain differntly
difference in their cell walls
50
why gram pos stains as it does
iodine makes complexes too large to rinse out of the thick peptidoglycan, the decolorizing agent has no effect the pink does bind, but it isn't seen because of the darker purple stain
51
why gram neg stains as it does
decolorizing agent washes away the outer membrane allowing the puple to wash out, making the cells colorless - when the pink is applied, it is visible
52
gram pos wall summary
cell wall made of thick peptidoglycan
53
gram neg wall summary
cell wall is made of thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by outer membrane made up of primarily lipids and proteins
54
gram stain steps
- prepare smear - crystal violet is droped to smear and allowed to bind to cells - crystal violet is washed away and a solution of iodine is applied attaching to the chormophores of the crystal violet making a larger structure that does not easily wash out of the cell - iodine is rinsed away - a solution of acetone and alcohol is applied to decolorize gram neg - the solution is rinsed - pink safranin is added
55
primary stain of gram stain
crystal violet
56
iodine is what in gram stain
mordant - it helps bind the dye to the cell
57
what is the decolorizing agent in gram stain
acetone and alcohol
58
counterstain in gram stain
safranin
59
acid fast stain
differential stain identifies disease causing bacteria including TB similar to gram stain: primary stain, decolorizer, counterstain
60
decolorizer in acid fast stain
acid-alcohol
61
results of acid-fast stain
not mycobacteria - decolorized and pick up blue of methylene blue mycobacteria - waxy wall resists decolorizer, making them stay pink
62
staining a capsule
- use negative stain - placed in solution containing dye which creates a dark background around the cell but does not stick to the capules, making it appear as halo in a dark background - cells stained with counterstain
63
staining endospore
- stain is applied and heated to drive it into the spore - smear then counterstained - most common uses malachite green to stain the spores and safranin to stain the cells
64
mycoplasm
- genus of bacteria - free living protoplasts - able to survive without a cell wall - do not stain with gram stain
65
protoplasts
cells with wall removed but lysis of cell has not occured
66
pili
- interchangeable with fimbrae - straight, hair-like appendage made of protein
67
pili functions in...
mating attachment
68
pili are found in all
gram neg bacteria
69
flagella
long, hair like structure made of protein called flagellin functions in locomotion
70
structure of flagella
hair like filament hook basal body
71
purpose of flagella hook
gives direction
72
purpose of flagella basal body
anchors the flagella to the cell and turns the filament
73
one flagella
monotrichous
74
one flagella at each end
amphitrichous
75
multiple flagella
peritrichous
76
endospores are found in...
two gram pos genus - clostridium - bacillus
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spore
- extremely hard, resting/nongrowing structure - can survive boiling for several hours - can withstand dehydration, toxic chemicals, radiation - formed when unfavorable growth conditions arise - once it sense favorable condition will germinate producing vegetative cell
78
spore formation
- formation of forespore - cortex is formed - spore accumulates calcium, dehydrates, and the vegetative cell produces lysozyme to lyse and release the spore
79
describe formation of forespore
- cell elongates - DNA distributes to each end of the cell - cell membrane invaginate
80
describe formation of cortex
peptidoglycan layers and protein layers are laid down around the forespore
81
mycolic acid layer is found in
mycobacteria
82
mycolic acid layer
extra layer outside of peptidoglycan layer made of waxy substance is resistant to substances entering or leaving the cell
83
What is microbiology?
the study of bacteria, fungi, and protozoans
84
What microbes will be studied in microbiology?
bacteria fungi protozoa worm virus
85
Who was responsible for disproving spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
86
Lister was responsible for
showing that cleaning a wound will kill microbes and prevent infection
87
Who was responsible for developing the idea that the cell was the smallest unit of all living things?
Hooke
88
Why was Koch an important researcher in microbiology?
He developed the set of steps needed to determine which microbe causes a specific disease
89
T or F: VanLeewoenhoek is known for recognizing only bacteria in water.
false
90
Why are helminths a part of microbiology?
Option 3: helminths can be parasites that eat off of us Option 2: Part of the life cycle of helminths is microscopic
91
Do all Eukaryotic cells have cell membranes and cell walls?
All eukaryotes have cell membranes, some also have cell walls.
92
Eukaryotic cells have ___ (give most complete answer)
both membrane bound organelles and they are larger, more complex than prokaryotes are true statements
93
Inside the eukaryotic cell, we see ___ (give most complete answer)
cytoplasm containing membrane bound organelles and ribosomes
94
B
chromosome
95
C
chromosome
96
D
pili
97
E
flagella
98
F
cell membrane
99
G
cell wall
100
H
capsule
101
membrane bound organelles
can include mitochondria
have specific functions to help the cell work
are part of a eukaryotic cell only
102
One major difference between a Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell is
prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles
103
Prokaryotes\_\_\_\_\_\_
Answers:
do not have a nucleus
have a nucleus
all have flagella for locomotion
have cell membranes but not cell walls
contain membrane bound organelles
none of these answers are correct
do not have a nucleus
104
Ribosomes are necessary for...
synthesizing proteins
105
The DNA in a eukaryotic cell ___ (give most complete answer)
Answers:
is a circular chromosome
is located in the nucleus and has multiple strands
is a chromosome strand
is located in the nucleus
is located in the nucleus and has multiple strands
106
The cell wall ___ (give most complete answer)
Answers:
is seen on some cells
is outside the cell membrane on prokaryotic cells only
is seen on all cells
is outside the cell membrane on prokaryotic cells and some eukaryotic cells
is outside the cell membrane on prokaryotic cells and some eukaryotic cells
107
When we look at a eukaryotic cell, we know that it is eukaryotic because we see that
Answers:
it has no nucleus
it has a nucleus
It has DNA
it is very small
it has a nucleus
108
What process do these diagrams show? Place them in order.
Koch's Postulates
C
A
D
B
E
109
What type of cell is this? How do you know?
prokaryote
no membrane bound organelles
doesn't have a nucleus
110
Label this
1. pili
2. capsule
3. cell wall
4. cell membrane
5. ribosome
6. chromosome
111
Function of pili
attachment and mating
112
function of capsule
provides protection from drying out
helps cell adhere to another surface
provides protection from phagocytosis
113
cell wall function
support and protection from osmotic lysis
114
cell membrane function
determine what molecules enter and leave the cell
115
ribosome function
site of protein production
116
function of chromosome
117
What type of cell wall? Lable the parts.
gram negative
A. lipid A
B. thin peptidoglycan layer
C. out membrane containing LPS
D. plasma membrane
118
What type of cell wall? Label the parts.
gram positive
E. techoic acid
F. thick peptidoglycan layer
G. plasma membrane
119
Put in order
4
3
1
2
120
Label this
A. flagellar hook
B. basal body
C. filament
121
The cell membrane of a prokaryotic cell
Answers:
is permeable
allows for transport of substances depending on its permeability
allows for transport of substances and respiration
allows all substances in and out of the cell
Selected Answer:
allows for transport of substances and respiration
122
What is the periplasm?
Answers:
It is the space between the cell membrane and the LPS layer
It is the protein channels and enzymes that help the permiability of the cell
It is a space between the peptidoglycan layer and the LPS layer
It is the space between the cell wall and the LPS layer
Selected Answer:
It is the space between the cell membrane and the LPS layer
123
When comparing a G(+) cell wall to a G(-) cell wall
Answers:
G(-) have strong peptidoglycan while G(+) do not
G(+) is able to protect the cell from lysis because of its peptidoglycan layer
G(-) are not protected from osmotic lysis but are more permeable than G(+)
G(-) contain lipid A while G(+) do not
Selected Answer:
G(-) contain lipid A while G(+) do not
124
Spores are formed
Answers:
in order for a specific species to survive an unfavorable condition
by all cells when the environment is unfavorable
by two G(+) cells when the environment is unfavorable
in order for the cell to create problems for us humans
by two G(+) cells when the environment is unfavorable
125
From all of these true statements, what is the importance of protein to a cell is that
Answers:
proteins help transport substances across the membrane
have many functions including transporting substances and enzymes for metabolism
it is the most abundant component in the cell
their monomers are amino acids
Selected Answer:
have many functions including transporting substances and enzymes for metabolism
126
DNA
Answers:
are seen as a double stranded helix
makes protein
gives the cell instructions
is a double stranded helix that gives cellular instruction
is a double stranded helix that gives cellular instruction
127
How can you tell the difference between a catabolic reaction and a dehydration reaction?
Answers:
Catabolic reaction breaks down a molecule, dehydration adds water to a reaction
Both are the same, they both break down molecules
Dehydration reaction builds a molecule, catabolic reaction breaks down a molecule
Catabolic reaction always cause loss of water, dehydration reaction causes the breakdown of a molecule
catabolic reaction builds a molecule, dehydration breaks down a molecule
Selected Answer:
Dehydration reaction builds a molecule, catabolic reaction breaks down a molecule
128
What are the major components in Aerobic Metabolism?
Answers:
Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle
Respiration and Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis and Respiration
Glycoclysis and Fermentation
Selected Answer:
Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
129
Question
Movement at the Electron Transport Chain
Product(s) of Kreb cycle (per our lecture)
Product(s) of Glycolysis
All Answer Choices
A. CO2, NADH
B. Hydrogen moves through chain
C. Electron move through chain
D. ATP and CO2
E. Electron moves across membrane
F. ATP, NADH, CO2
G. NADH, Pyruvate, ATP
H. NADH, pyruvate, CO2
C
A
G
130
here is the Electron Transport Chain located in a Prokaryotic Cell?
Answers:
it is in the mitochondrial membrane
it is in the cell wall
it is in the cell membrane
it is inside the cell
Selected Answer:
it is in the cell membrane
131
What happens at the Electron Transport Chain? (choose all that apply)
Answers:
electrons move through the chain
hydrogen moves through the chain
electrons move across the chain
NADH moves into the chain
hydrogen moves across the membrane
NADH moves across the membrane
NADH moves through the chain
Selected Answers:
electrons move through the chain
hydrogen moves across the membrane
132
What are the two major processes involved in the Electron Transport Chain?
Answers:
Respiration and Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis and Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration
oxidation and ATP
Water and ATP
oxidation and reduction
Selected Answer:
Respiration and Chemiosmosis
133
When the H+ ion is removed from NADH, where does it go first?
Answers:
crosses the membrane at the ETC
moves back into the cell through the ATP synthase channel
moves out of the cell through the ATP synthase channel
attaches to Oxygen to form water
moves back into the cell at the ETC
attaches to the electron inside the cell
crosses the membrane at the ETC
134
What is the purpose for the ATP synthase channel?
Answers:
Allows the H+ ion back into the cell
Allows H+ ion movement to cause ATP production
H+ movement allows the electron to attach to the H+ again
H+ ion movement allows water to be formed
allows the Oxygen to bind to the H+ ion
Selected Answer:
Allows H+ ion movement to cause ATP production
135
What is the difference between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration?
Answers:
Which molecule attaches to the electron
Which molecule attaches to the H+ ion
How much ATP is generated
Whether H+ ion can move into the cell or not
Selected Answer:
Which molecule attaches to the electron
136
What are the products of Anaerobic Respiration (based on our lecture)?
Answers:
ATP, H2N (and CO2 as waste)
ATP, H2O (and CO2 as waste)
ATP and CO2
ATP, H2S (and CO2 as waste)
ATP, Pyruvate, CO2
Selected Answers:
ATP, H2N (and CO2 as waste)
ATP, H2S (and CO2 as waste)
137
Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
A.
Chemiosmosis
B.
H2O, ATP
C.
ATP, Lactic Acid
D.
Lactic Acid and Alcohol
E.
H2O/H2N/H2S
F.
H2N/H2S, ATP
C
B
F
138
Fermentation involves respiration
Answers:
True
False
Selected Answer:
False
139
Substrate Level Phosphorylation (as discussed in lecture)\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Answers:
is involved in chemiosmosis
is responsible for production of ATP and conversion of pyruvate to another substance
is involved in anaerobic respiration only
is involved with Kreb cycle
Selected Answer:
is responsible for production of ATP and conversion of pyruvate to another substance
140
Which major component is common in all of metabolism?
Answers:
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthase channel
Kreb's cycle
respiration
Selected Answer:
Glycolysis
141
142
monomer
built from one part
143
polymer
built from many parts
144
another name for polymer
macromolecule
145
chemical reaction to build macromolecules
dehydration - releases water
146
chemical reaction to break macromolecules
hydrolysis - requires water
147
biologically important molecule groups
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
148
most abundant organic components in the cells
proteins
149
proteins are made from…which are then combined to make…
amino acids; peptides
150
peptides are
chains of amino acids
151
Peptide chains are folded into 3D structures which are held in place by…
hydrogen bonds
152
enzymes have the ability to…
catalyze chemical reactions
153
denaturation
unfolding or destruction of protein
154
denaturation can occur by
adding excess heat; changing the pH of the environment; changing the salt concentration of the environment
155
why does denaturation occur when heat is added
the weak hydrogen bonding will break because as it is heated molecules move faster
156
why does denaturation occur when pH is changed
either add more H+ (which will compete with th H that is binding the protein) or more OH- (which will cause the H in the peptide to release to form water with it)
157
why does denaturation occur when salt concentration is changed
alters ionic bonds
158
ionic bonds
attraction of opposite charges
159
examples of nucleic acids
RNA, DNA, ATP, NAD
160
nucleotides are composed of
sugar, phosphate groupe, and nitrogen bases
161
DNA bases
cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
162
RNA bases
cytotosine, guanine, adenine, uracil
163
DNA function
gives instructions for cellular function
164
RNA function
critical in the building of proteins; is part of the ribosome
165
NAD function
transporters of hydrogen between molecules during cellular metabolism
166
commonly seens as 5-6 carbon sugar rings
monosacchardies
167
examples of simple sugars
glucose, fructose
168
main function of simple sugars
energy and nutrient source
169
examples of disaccharides
sucrose and lactose
170
examples of polysaccharides
components in plant cell walls and bacterial cell walls - structural componenet of the cell
171
lipids are not…
polymers
172
forms of lipids
fats, phospholipids, sterols
173
what contains fatty acid chains
fats and phospholipids - not sterols
174
fats store energy as…
twice the amount of ATP as CHO
175
cholesterol are …in nature
globular
176
biochemical reactions
the chemical reactions that happen within a body or cell
177
metabolism
a collection of chemical reactions in a cell - the pocess in which raw materials are converted into finished protducts
178
broad steps of metabolism
1. entry mechanism, 2. catabolic reactions, 3. anabolic reactions; 4. polymerization; 5. assembly
179
describe what is meant by entry mechanism in steps of metabolism
raw materials are brought into cell
180
describe what is meant by catabolic rxn in steps of metabolism
the cell begins refining raw materials into building materials as needed
181
describe what is meant by anabolic rxn in steps of metabolism
the cell begins producing the basic building materials - ex producing amino acids
182
describe what is meant by polymerization in steps of metabolism
joining of the building materials to produce macromolecules
183
describe what is meant by assembly in steps of metabolism
the cell puts any finishing touches on the macromolecule - ex assembling a complete ribosome
184
oxidation
the removal of electrons from a molecule or compound
185
reduction
the addition of electrons to a molecule or compound
186
aerobic respiration overview
1. substances enter the cell, 2. substances are broken down into metabolites, 3. substances move through glycolysis and krebs cycle, 4. substances move to the ETC for chemiosmosis and respiration
187
glycolysis
glucose enters the pathway and produces NADH, pyruvate, and ATP
188
krebs cycle
pyruvate enters the pathway and produce NADH/FADH, CO2
189
chemiosmosis
NADH releases a hydrogen and electron, the H+ moves across the membrane, it must be brought back in by a protein channel due to its charge and the higher concentration in the cell, as the H+ is brought back into the cell, ATPase channel converts ADP to ATP
190
respiration
during this the electron moves down the electron transport chain, at the end it bombines with the hydrogen brought back into the cell during chemiosmosis
191
what allows cells to grow in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
192
strict aerobes
cells that need oxygen
193
strict or obligate anaerobes
grow only in the absence of oxygen
194
faculative anaerobes
can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
195
types of anaerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration, fermentation
196
cells that use anaerobic respiration use what as the final acceptor on the ETC
sulfur or nitrogen
197
fermentation
there is no ETC, generation of ATP is by substrate level phosphorylation
198
fermentation generates
much less ATP, only 2-3 per glucose molecule
199
fermentation does not use…
ETC, krebs cycle
200
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid
201
alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to ethanol and CO2
