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Physiological Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the top and back

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2
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the stomach

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front end

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the rear end

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5
Q

Superior

A

Above another part

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6
Q

Inferior

A

Below another part

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7
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side (away from the midline)

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8
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline, away from the side

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Located close (approx) to the point or origin of attachment

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10
Q

Distal

A

Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

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12
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

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13
Q

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

A

Shows brain structures as seen from the front

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14
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Shows brain structures as seen from the side

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15
Q

Horizontal plane (traverse plane)

A

Shows brain structures as seen from above

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16
Q

MYENcephalon “marrow brain”

Hindbrain “rhomboncephalon”

A

Medulla oblongata-heartbeat, respiration, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

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17
Q

METENcephalon “afterbrain”

Hindbrain

A

Pons-arousal; dorsal raphé- SEROTONIN, locus coeruleus-NOREPINEPHERINE
Cerebellum (“little brain”)-balance, coordination, classical conditioning, associative learning, attention

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18
Q

MESENcephalon “middle brain”

Midbrain

A

Tectum-roof over tegmentum, superior colliculus-vision, inferior colliculus-hearing, substantia nigra-DOPAMINE pathway for the brain

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19
Q

DIENcephalon “between brain”

Forebrain “prosencephalon”

A

Thalamus-sensory relay, hypothalamus-feeding, fleeing, fighting, sexual behavior

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20
Q

TELENcephalon “forward brain”

Forebrain “prosencephalon”

A

Cerebral cortex-information processing, basal ganglia-voluntary movement, limbic system-(olfactory ball-smell, hippocampus-declarative memory, amygdala-approach/avoidance behaviors, cingulate gyrus-emotion, learning, and memory)

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21
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Works with hypothalamus to release hormones

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex-Degree of ungelation

A

Gyrus-Hills
Sulcus-Valleys
Fissures-Deep valleys

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23
Q

Cerebral cortex meninges (membranes surrounding brain)

A

From birds-eye view:

  1. Dura mater-“tough mother” leathery first layer
  2. Arachnid mater-spider like from blood vessels
  3. Pia mater-lays on cortex surface, makes it look murky
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24
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Two hemispheres attached by axons

Commissure means the left and right hemispheres connect-ex. anterior commissure, posterior commissure

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25
Lateralization
Left and right hemisphere have specialized functions | Nearly every behavior involves both sides, but activity may be greater in one
26
Frontal lobe
Planning of movements, recent memory, some aspects of emotions
27
Parietal lobe
Body sensations
28
Occipital lobe
Vision
29
Temporal lobe
hearing, advanced visual processing
30
Prefrontal cortex
Judgement, planning, behavior based on social cues
31
Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Volitional movement
32
Postcentral gyrus
Touch, stretch, space
33
Broca's area (frontal lobe)
Motor component of speech
34
Wernickie's area (Intersection of parietal lobe and temporal lobe-left hemisphere only)
Understanding speech
35
Neuroanatomical markers
1. Longitudinal fissure-Line down the middle 2. Lateral fissure-Separates temporal/frontal lobes 3. Central sulcus-Separates frontal/parietal lobes 4. Parieto-occipital sulcus-Separates parietal/occipital lobes
36
Steps of an action potential
1. Resting potential 2. Action potential 3. Refractory period
37
Resting potential
Difference in voltage (negative inside, positive outside)
38
The neuron's membrane has selective permeability
Somethings can enter, others can't
39
Concentration gradient
Difference in distribution of ions across the membrane
40
Any depolarization > or equal to the threshold
produces an action potential
41
All-or-none law (ex. flushing a toilet-certain force required to make it actually flush)
Amplitude and velocity of an AP are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it
42
The molecular basis of an action potential
1. Na ions mostly outside the neuron, K ions mostly inside 2. When the membrane is depolarized, Na and K voltage-gated ion channels open, Na rushes into the axon 3. At the peak of the action potential, Na channels close 4. K continues to leave the axon, returning the membrane to depolarization
43
Hyperpolarization
Drops to -76 on it's way to -70
44
Sodium-Potassium pump
Forces 3 Na out and lets 2 K into the membrane (active transport=requires energy)
45
Action potentials are
Messages sent by axons
46
At the END of the neuron, Ca releases NT from vesicles to terminal bouton to synaptic gap. Three things can happen:
1. Reuptake 2. Diffuse away 3. Attach to auto receptor
47
Glia
Other components of the nervous system
48
Several types of glia
- Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Schwann cells - Radial glia
49
Astrocytes (star shaped)
Synchronize action potentials, act like sponges
50
Oligodendrocytes
Create myelin sheath (brain and spinal cord)
51
Schwann cells
Create myelin sheath in the periphery of the body
52
Radial glia
Guide migration of neurons
53
Blood-brain barrier
Keeps bacteria and viruses away, uses active transport. | What crosses? Fat-soluble/uncharged/small molecules
54
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
Some Na enters cell producing blips towards AP
55
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
Inability to produce an AP for a period of time
56
TEMPORAL summation
Close in time (Sherrington pinching the dog quickly) Impulses were summed
57
SPATIAL summation
In the same location (Sherrington pinching the dog in the same spot)
58
Ionotropic receptor
How an EPSP is created | Allows Na to enter the cell
59
Metabotropic receptor
NTs bind and are more varied and slower
60
Acetyl coenzyme A + Choline =
Acetylcholine: learning and memory, helps muscles contract
61
Phenylalanine ->Tyrosine -> Dopa -> (catecholamines)
(All chemically similar) Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine
62
Tryptophan -> hydroxytryptophan -> (indolamines)
Serotonin and Melatonin
63
Monoamines broken down into
Catecholamines (Dopamine, (Nor)epinephrine) | Indolamines (Serotonin, Melatonin)
64
Medulla oblongata
heart rate, respiration, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
65
Cerebellum
Balance, coordination, attention, classical conditioning, associative learning
66
Pons
Arousal, sleep
67
Superior colliculus
Vision
68
Inferior colliculus
Hearing
69
Thalamus
Sensory processing (except smell)
70
Cerebral cortex
Information processing (Four lobes-Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)
71
Cingulate gyrus
Emotion, learning, memory
72
Corpus callosum
Connects the left and right hemisphere
73
Hypothalamus
Food, fight, flight, finding a mate
74
Pituitary gland
Releases hormones to circulatory system
75
Ventricles
Create cerebro-spinal fluid
76
Lobes
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
77
Frontal lobe
Planning of movements, recent memory, some aspects of emotion
78
Parietal lobe
Body sensations
79
Occipital lobe
Vision
80
Temporal lobe
Hearing, advanced visual procession
81
Longitudinal fissure
Separates the two hemispheres
82
Central sulcui
Splits frontal and parietal lobes
83
Lateral fissures
Separate temporal lobes from other lobes
84
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Separates parietal and occipital lobes
85
(before)PreCENTRAL gyrus=Primary motor cortex
Volitional movement
86
(after)PostCENTRAL gyrus=Primary somatosensory cortex
Touch, stretch, space
87
Prefrontal cortex
Judgement, planning, behavior based on social context,

Physiological Psychology (6 decks)

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