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Infancy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Early Civilization for infants

A

Greek/Romans: harsh to build strong children with morals (infanticide)
China: foot binding
Maya: head binding
Bible: discipline

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2
Q

Middle Ages

A

teething is illness
Saints for children, use charms to protect children.
BUT, infants left to die for money consolidation. Parents had right to sell children into servitude.

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3
Q

Medical texts in late middle ages (1100-1300)

A

Few gave advice on childbirth and early infant care

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4
Q

Renaissance (1450-1650)

A

First written child-rearing philosophies

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5
Q

Enlightenment (18th century)

A

Emphasized value of children and importance of the body

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6
Q

Childhood time of privilege, children are good, education reform

A

Rousseau, Romanticism

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7
Q

Infants are tabula rasa, early education important, children need structure and disipline

A

Empiricism

Locke

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8
Q

19th century

A

Nuclear family (white)
Medical advances in infant care
Domesticity/full time mother role emerged
Public playgrounds/dolls appear

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9
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A

First to consider infants.
Natural Selection,, infants need to learn skills to survive.
Never studied children himself, but shaped how we think about infancy

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10
Q

G Stanley Hall (1847-1924)

A

First psychologist in US

Believed Science could help create better individuals and better society

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11
Q

James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)

A

Began research program in Toronto on infant psychology where he studied movement patterns and handedness

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12
Q 
Nature v. Nurture: 
Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)
A

NATURE:
Child study lab @ Yale 1911.
Genetic Maturation
First scientist to use one-way mirror, one of the first to study twins.
Focused on “average” child and developmental milestones.

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13
Q

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

A

NURTURE

Classical Conditioning

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14
Q

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

A

NURTURE
Behaviorism
Children can be trained to do anything

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15
Q

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

A

Operant conditioning

NURTURE

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16
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

Reward that INCREASES operant

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17
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

Removing aversive stimulus, INCRASING Operant

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18
Q

All reinforcement

A

INCREASES likelihood of behavior

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19
Q

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

A

First year important
He and Anna focused too much on NURTURE
recognized infants experience emotions, desires, and need love

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20
Q

First to explicitly integrate nature/nurture

A

Jean Piaget

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21
Q

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

A

knowledge is active process of co-construction

Intelligence is adaption to environment

What we know depends on environment and how environment responds

Stages of development

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22
Q

What theorist associated with maturation?

A

Arnold Gesell

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23
Q

_____ constructed the theory of attachment, and ____ observed mother-child interaction

A

John Bowlby

Mary Ainsworth

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24
Q

Interdisciplinary collaboration

A

Applying research on education, health care, public policy

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25
Q

Stage vs. continuous

A

Stage- piaget (object permanence)

Continuous- habituation

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26
Q

the interaction of genes with each other and with the organism’s internal and external environment to produce developmental outcomes, such as new structures, behaviors, and abilities

A

Epigenetics

Ex: PKU, differences in caregiving

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27
Q

Parens patriae

A

children are viewed as their parents’ possessions; the government may only interfere in extreme circumstances of abuse & neglect

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28
Q

Covers prenatal care for mothers and postnatal care for infants

A

Medicaid

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29
Q

Food vouchers up to 5 years old

A

Supplemental nutrition (WIC)

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30
Q

Some financial support to families of children under 3 years

A

Temporary assistance to needy families (TANF)

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31
Q

Provides tax refunds for working poor families

A

Earn income tax credit (EIC)

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32
Q

Prevents or protects children from abuse and neglect

A

State programs of child welfare

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33
Q

Promotes early child development for poor children under 3

A

Early Head Start

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34
Q

Parents can take up to 12 weeks off work without penalty, but usually without pay

A

Parental leave

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35
Q

Naturalistic Settings

A

Home, childcare, school etc.

Research is passive

Event sampling- only what you’re looking for

Narrative record- write what you see

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36
Q

Naturalistic settings have a high ____

A

External validity

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37
Q

Naturalistic settings need good _____ and can be used for cultural research called ___

A

operational definitions

Ethnographic research

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38
Q

Laboratory studies

A

• A specially designed research space that isolates the influence of selected independent variables on dependent variables

Internal validity tends to be high.

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39
Q

Qualitative

A

Attempting to capture meaning/quality of the behavior while maintaining scientific stance.

The observers focus on the meaning of the situation for participants

The ROLE OF RESEARCH TAKEN EXPLICITY INTO ACCOUNT

Examines situation in broader context

Credibility depends on researcher’s skill, experience, rigor

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40
Q

Quantitative

A

Representing complex behavioral processes with numerical index (a variable)

Employs stats to analyze data
Collects a small amount of data from a large group of people
Allows generalization to larger population

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41
Q

Case Studies

A

In depth examination of one child

Baby Biographies- infants’ early development

Single subject: gives researcher more control, but the more unique the child, the harder to replicate

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42
Q

Quasi-experimental (nonexperimental) Studies

A

Groups of participants are already formed before study

ex: twin studies, alcohol exposure, etc.

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43
Q

Experimental Studies

A

Random Assignment

IV manipulated
DV measured

Control and Contrast group

Internal validity high
External validity low

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44
Q

Longitudinal:

What is it, examples, cons

A

Reveals continuity and change within the same individuals over a long period of time, can show long term effects of interventions

Ex: birth weight and reading ability later on

Cons: time consuming, expensive, attrition of participation, practice effects

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45
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Compares different age groups at one point in time.

Ex: ability of 12/18/24 month old to imitate

Need to be ware of cohort effects (generational differences)

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46
Q

Microgenetic

A

Documents the process of development over a relatively short period of time. (Example: The onset of walking over a period of months)

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47
Q

Infant research methods (name 3)

A
  1. Behavior responses
  2. Parental report
  3. Archival research
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48
Q

Paired-preference tests

A

researchers determine which of two stimuli is preferred by infants

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49
Q

Habituation procedures

A

decline in looking time over repeated trials of the same stimulus

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50
Q

Response-contingent procedures

A

Infants trained to change their behavior if they can detect certain features of stimuli and will alter their behavior to receive their favorite stimulus)

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51
Q

Physiological recording and Limitations

A

Automatic recording- heart rate, respiration, brain activity, hormones eye movements.

Limits: Hard to know precise meaning, hard to say when/where response originates or is encoded in body

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52
Q

Issues in infant research (logistics)

A

Behavioral State: more likely to cooperate when awake

Inference/interpretation: infants can’t respond verbally to questions.

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53
Q

Issues in infant research (ethics)

A

since infants cannot provide informed consent to participate in research, their parents must do so

if child can answer questions verbally can give assent (agreement)
researchers must pledge to keep the subjects’ identity confidential & to limit access to their data only to those persons directly involved with the research

Both parents do not always agree about consent

researchers must be careful when communicating any developmental concerns

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54
Q

How to reduce bias

A

attention to reliability, validity, observer bias, and representative smaples

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55
Q

Conception

A

Union of ovum and spermatozoon creating zygote

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56
Q

Gametes have __ chromosomes. Most cells have __

A

23.

46

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57
Q

Genotype

A

spiral shaped molecules of DNA, which contains genes

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58
Q

Chromosomes work in

A

pairs

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59
Q

Regions of related genes are called

A

alleles

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60
Q

Sex linked

A

23rd chromosomes

color blindness, baldness, hemophilia

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61
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

two ova fertilized and two different zygotes develop

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62
Q

Monozygotic

A

fertilized zygote divides and splits into two separate zygotes

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63
Q

Researchers like monozygotic twins because of the

A

different epigenetic markers

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64
Q

Measures of fetal behavior

A
  1. Spontaneous movement (around 9 weeks)
  2. Fetal Heart rate (110-180 bmp), used to test cognition, correlation to movements
  3. Breathing- begins around 10 weeks, increases in frequency
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65
Q

epigenome

A

biochemical markers that turn on or turn off actions of particular genes within DNA of each cell

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66
Q

Period of Zygote

A

End of 2nd week zygote to blastocyst. Consists of embryonic disk, sacs, and HCG

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67
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

inhibits menstruation

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68
Q

endoderm (E)

A

digestive urinary and respiratory systems

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69
Q

mesoderm (E)

A

muscles bone circulatory system and reproductive system

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70
Q

Ectoderm (E)

A

CNS/brain, sense organs, skin, hair, nails, teeth

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71
Q

Yolk sac (E)

A

produces blood cells, becomes part of liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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72
Q

Amniotic sac (E)

A

grows to cover the embryo and contains the amniotic fluid (cushions fetus)

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73
Q

Chorion (E)

A

membrane that surround yolk and amniotic sacs- where placenta forms

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74
Q 
Heat beat- 
Limb differentiation- 
Faint spine-
Rudimentary sensory system- 
Face development-

(E)

A

Heart beat- end of 1st month

Limb differentiation- 8 weeks

Spine- 4 weeks

6.5 weeks- sensory system

Face- 5.5-8.5 weeks

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75
Q

Fetus Period
7-16 weeks
(2-3 months)

Fetal-1

A

Spontaneous movements, changes in glucose/oxygen levels, helps develop nerve endings in sensory receptors.
9 weeks- 2 hemispheres
15 weeks- communicates with sense organs/muscles
16 weeks- 3in/0.5 oz

Thalamocortical projections established- others give birth around now, but humans do not.

External genitals form

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76
Q

When does fetus look human

A

9 weeks

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77
Q

ultrasounds use

A

high frequency sound waves

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78
Q

Fetus-2
17-22 weeks
4-6 months

A

Rapid brain development- subcortical/cortical cells inhibit spasm movements.
24 weeks- movements specialized/control

Hair on body (lanugo)/eyebrows/eyelashes

Vernix caseosa protects skin

Nails/tooth buds

6 months- 2 lbs

79
Q

Fetus-3
23-36 weeks
7-9 months

A

Waking/sleep states= active/quiet
20-30%- less, but mom can feel

75% time in REM sleep

Pain between 26-30 weeks

Movement patterns - 8 m thumb sucking, grasping, adjustment movements, fetuses can see, hear, feel, and smell, cry and grunt/yawn

Distinguish voices, prefer certain songs

Prenatal learning

80
Q

Infertility

A

about 1/6 couples

unable to conceive successfully for at least 1 year

81
Q

Female infertility

A

failure to ovulate (treatable) or the unsuccessful journey of ovum to fallopian tubes (treated by surgery and drugs)

82
Q

Male infertility

A

potentially treatable factors (smoking, tight underwear, hot baths, saunas) or by injuries, underdeveloped testes, and some childhood diseases

83
Q

Enhancing fertility

A

NFP
good diet/exercise
Medical intervention: artificial insemination/in vitro

84
Q

Artificial insemination by donor

A

sperm from donor provided to woman during ovulation

85
Q

Egg donation

A

egg from donor is inserted in another woman’s uterus

86
Q

Fertility drugs

A

drugs given to stimulate the development and release of eggs from ovary

87
Q

Gamete intrafallopian transfer

A

surgical insertion of sperm and egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

88
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

eggs harvested from ovaries and fertilized in petri dish for subsequent implantation

89
Q

Surrogacy

A

woman carries fetus from her own egg and donated sperm or zygote from in vitro fertilization

90
Q

Issues with assisted reproductive tech

A

Surrogacy: attachment to gestation mother, compensation, child identity

Donating eggs: medical risks, coercison of donors

Good to have older parents?

Cloning

Couple divorces

Embryonic stem cells: when does human life begin.

91
Q

Changes in mother during pregnancy

A

Failure to menstruate
80%- nausea/vomiting (adaptive, prolactin/estradiol, help avoid bad food)

Fatigue/frequent urination

20% do not get prenatal care during 1st trimester

weight gain 25-35 pounds

92
Q

placenta

A

secretes hormones that nurture the fetus and prepare the mother’s body for birth and that induce changes in breasts to become ready for lactation

93
Q

Colostrum

A

yellowish liquid high in protein/antibodies that is first food for infant may be secreted by 4th month of pregnancy

94
Q

Nutritional Requirements

A

Micronutrients, vitamins, minerals
Folic acid, b9, zinc, iodine

Healthy nutrition (micronutrients, omega-3s) and weight gain are essential

95
Q

Exercise during pregnancy

A

Moderate exercise- fetal neurodevelopment

Intense exercise only during first trimester

96
Q

Brain growth in some areas

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex

97
Q

Mothers- successful adaption to pregnancy

A

knowledge of pregnancy and childbirth

presence of father
marital satisfaction
low levels of family stress

Social support from friends and family

Ability to remain active

emotional well-being

stress reduction

98
Q

Fathers- successful adaption

A

Emotionally distant/cheating/abuse (1/6)

Better if knowledge, social support, marital satisfaction, low levels of family stress, emotional well-being

99
Q

Siblings- successful adaptation

A

preparing a first child for the second DOES NOT WORK

Conflict between mom and first child predicts more interfering behavior of the first child with new baby

100
Q

Most defects occur

A

1st trimester, organs developing

101
Q

Two main types of birth defects

A
  1. structural defects

2. Defects resulting from genetic and chromosomal abnormalities

102
Q

Neural Tube Defect

A

1st month
Spina bifida/Anencephaly

prevent by folic acid before and during pregnancy

103
Q

Spina bifida

A

spinal columa doesn’t close completely.

Nerve damage/paralysis

104
Q

Anencephaly

A

most of brain/skull don’t develop

Death

105
Q

Congenital heart defects

A

structure of heart

MOST COMMON BIRTH DEFECT

106
Q

3 types of genetic disorders

A
  1. Single gene
  2. chromosomal
  3. complex
107
Q

Single gene: Cystic fibrosis

A

inherited. buildup of sticky mucus that can damage the body’s organs.

Autosomal recessive

108
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

hemoglobin
slow blood flow

autosomal recessive

109
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

connective tissue

heart, blood vessels, bones, joints, eyes

110
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

progressive brain disorder caused by defective gene

symptoms 30-50 years.

defect is dominant

111
Q

Chromo: Turner’s

A

missing/incomplete X

Girl’s short, ovaries don’t work

112
Q

Chromo: Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY on sex chromosomes (occurs in men)

infertility/small testicles

113
Q

At what age of genetic/chromosomal errors more common?

A

Mother 35+

Fathers 40+

114
Q

Study of birth disabilities and behavioral problems from environmental influences during prenatal period

A

Teratology

ex: alcohol drugs, radiation, disease

115
Q

Thalidomide (tranq)

A

Heart defects, missing limbs

116
Q

DES hormones

A

vaginal cancer in girls and sterility and genital abnormality in boys

117
Q

Tertogens: what makes it worse

A

2/3 during 1st trimester

risk in embryotic when organs forming

118
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

44% higher risk in heavy drinkers
1/3 per 1,000 births in US

mental retardation, facial abnormalities, hyperactivity, growth retardation, more premature births & miscarriages, lower birthweight,
heart defects

119
Q

Smoking (tabacco)

A

respiration problems, antisocial, learning, excitability, gastrointestinal, obesity, asthma

lowers sperm count

passive smoking hurts too

effect of lower birth weight same regardless of who is smoking (mom or dad)

120
Q

Cocaine

A

Low birthweight
circulatory/respiratory/urinary problems

Sudden infant death, attention difficulties, language delay

other problems due to environment

121
Q

Maternal depression

A

9-14% during pregnany

35% take SSRIs, no birth defects

122
Q

Maternal anxiety/stress cortisol effects on fetus

A

fetuses higher activity level, cry more as infants and difficult emotion regulation

more likely to have ADHD/anxiety/low IQ, mental illness

123
Q

Maternal Illness: Diabetes

A

extra sugar, large babies, birth defects/miscarriage

124
Q

Maternal Illness: Rh disease

A

mom rh-
baby rh+
firstborn babies not effect, but bad later

125
Q

Maternal illness: rubella (german measles)

A

mother during embryonic period, birth defects

126
Q

Zika

A

microcephaly

127
Q

AIDS

A

risk reduced if antiretrovirals

128
Q

Paternal influences associated with tetrogens

A

lower sperm count/abnormal sperm

Cocaine risk birth defects

smoking leads to lower birthweight and childhood cancer

129
Q

Amniocentesis

A

sample of amniotic fluid

130
Q

Chrorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

diagnosing wider range of disorder

131
Q

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis PGD

A

detect genetic disorders early

132
Q

prenatal screening

A

terminate healthy child that does not meet expectations

133
Q

CRISPR

A

Gene editing tool for correcting disease mutations

134
Q

Teen pregnancy risk

A

Poor, low academics, end in divorce, children prone to delinquency

Birth defects, infant death, low birthweight

135
Q

Prevent teen pregnancy

A

internal locus of control

academic achievement

life choices/poverty alleviation

conception/contraception

136
Q

Babies expected to be born

A

280 days from last menstrual period

137
Q

Timing of birth controlled by

A

CRH

138
Q

3 stages of labor

A
  1. opening of cervix
  2. Passage through vagina
  3. birth of placenta
139
Q

Opening of cervix

A

dilation widening to 10 cm.

Effacement- thinning of cervix

loss of mucus plug.

Latent phase- spaced contractions

active-intense/frequent

140
Q

Delivery of Infant

A

gradually pushed out head first

141
Q

placental expulsion

A

placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled through final set of contractions

remaining tissue could cause postpartum hemorrhage

After expulsion, placenta examined for abnormalities

142
Q

Induction of labor

A

hormone stimulates uterine muscles

143
Q

Fetal monitoring

A

only for high risk deliveries

144
Q

Forceps

A

may cause brain/spinal cord injuries, used only during early phases of labor (high forceps)

145
Q

Vacuum Extraction

A

soft/rigid cup with handle and vacuum pump applied to baby’s head to help guide baby out of canal

risks lower than with forceps

146
Q

Risks of drugs

A

mothers might have fevers, not remember birth, newborns high temp, cried more, slow to respond, affect organs

147
Q

C-sections

A

Approx. 1/3 of births were C-sections in 2015.

Save lives, but risk- of infection/stress. longer to heal

no ill effects

148
Q

a practitioner who has been trained to assist women who are giving birth. They also offer pre- and postnatal care. They often work alongside doctors

A

midwife

149
Q

works alongside doctors and midwives to offer emotional support during labor and delivery

A

doula

150
Q

The Newborn Appearance

A

covered in vernix caseosa, lose weight due to loss of meconium and drinking colostrum

brain doubles in size, myelination during first year. Born with all nerve cells

151
Q

Screening Assessments

A

APGAR

indication of newborn’s ability to survive, immediate medical needs

152
Q

Neurological assessments

A

problems with CNS/PNS, major brain/spinal cord or sensory damage

153
Q

Behavioral Assessments

A

used to rate presence and strength of behavior responses to stimulate spontaneous activity

154
Q

Dubowitz scale

A

used when infants born preterm to estimate gestational age

155
Q

NBAS

A

examination used w/infants to assess reflexes/social behaviors

Useful for screening instrument for gross neurological dysfunction

156
Q

Newborn behavioral observation (NBO)

A

structured set of observations designed to help clinician and parents. Identify kind of support infant needs for his successful growth and development.

157
Q

Perinatal period is 1 month before birth to 1 month after: problems?

A

disorder of delivery, infections, asphyxia, hypoglycemia, etc.

3-5 children show severe developmental problems before school- 85% due to prenatal/perinatal causes

158
Q

Short term effects of prematurity

A

Newborn death, esp. ELBW babies

More likely to have lack of oxygen during birth, jaundice, physical/mental impairments

Gestational age is better indicator of developmental status than birth age (feeding/sleeping)

34 weeks- the age at which premature infants show increase in ability to respond to stimulation

159
Q

Long term effects

A

shorter/smaller than full-term individuals (catch-up growth: more rapid growth than term infants)

deficits until adolescence: behavior, cognition, language, motor, emotion, at risk for illness

160
Q

Kangaroo care

A

skin-to-skin contact

161
Q

Premature

A

vestibular-proprioceptive stimulation

Successful intervention depends on gestation age/health

open beds, low lights, gentle touch, pain control, monitor oxygen

162
Q

postdate birth

A

weight more

problems due to malnutrition or oxygen deprivation due to placenta aging

163
Q

Macrosomic

A

weight more than 8lbs 13oz

164
Q

Spontaneous abortions

A

embryo stage (up to 8 weeks)

165
Q

Stillbrith

A

Full-term infant who dies before or during delivery

166
Q

Perinatal death biggest causes

A
  1. poverty
  2. Disease

prevent by supplemental nutrition for mothers/infant, breast feeding, growth monitoring, rehydration, immunization

167
Q

Are basic brain connections laid down b4 birth?

A

True

168
Q

Greatest density of brain cell connectors

A

by age 3

169
Q

After age 3 does window close

A

no

170
Q

majority info comes from

A

animal research

171
Q

Glial Cells (support cells)

A

perform a variety of critical support functions.

more numerous,

provide oxygen, remove waste, myelin

white matter

172
Q

Brain stem

A

ANS- respiration, heart rate, bp, sucking, swallowing, digestion

Cerebellum- balance, posture, coordination

173
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

prepares the body for action

174
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

allows body to relax

175
Q

Limbic System

A

emotion, memory, regulation

hornmones

Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus,

Thalamus- attention span, sensing pain,

176
Q

Stress

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus, pituitary adrenal

Hypo: CRH
pit: ACTH
Adrenal: Cortisol

177
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The frontal lobe is one of four lobes in the cerebral hemisphere. This lobe controls a several elements including creative thought, problem solving, intellect, judgment, behavior, attention, abstract thinking, physical reactions, muscle movements, coordinated movements, smell and personality.

178
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Governs spatial processing and integrates sensory input with information in memory. Located in the cerebral hemisphere, this lobe focuses on comprehension. Visual functions, language, reading, internal stimuli, tactile sensation and sensory comprehension will be monitored here.

179
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

, receives information relayed from the spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and how they are moving. This middle area of the brain can also be used to relay information from the sense of touch, including pain or pressure which is affecting different portions of the body.

180
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

involved in memory, visual recognition, and processing of emotion and auditory information. The temporal lobe controls visual and auditory memories. It includes areas that help manage some speech and hearing capabilities, behavioral elements, and language. It is located in the cerebral hemisphere.

181
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

temporal lobe

understand speech

182
Q

Broca’s

A

facial neruons, understand speech and language

located in triangular and opercular section of intferior frontal gyrus

183
Q

What lets us voluntarily regulate body states and behaivor

A

prefrontal cortex

184
Q

by time baby born

A

50% prental neurons died

185
Q

2nd half development

A

synaptogenesis

186
Q

initial wiring of brain complete by

A

7th month

fetuses begin to feel pain and control movement

187
Q

Experience Expectant neural pathways

A

prepare infant for survival

more or less fully developed at birth allowing infant to adapt to environmental stimuli

Brain is expecting specific experiences, for which specific skills are best adapting (pain=crying)

188
Q

Experience dependent neural pathways

A

Pathways and regions that are not fully formed and need environment stimuli to develop

189
Q

Most important factor regulating individual differences in brain development

A

Stress

190
Q

When does stress occurs?

A

can’t find balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

191
Q

__ is result of prolonged sympathetic activiation in depletion of boidly resources

A

trauma

192
Q

nonconscious evaluation of environment

A

neuroception

193
Q

Cortisol when

A

prolonged SNS

suppression PNS

Infancy (3 decks)

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